Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation E-Book

Andreas Tolk

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1612

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Explore the military and combat applications of modeling and simulation

Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation is the first book of its kind to address the three perspectives that simulation engineers must master for successful military and defense related modeling: the operational view (what needs to be modeled); the conceptual view (how to do combat modeling); and the technical view (how to conduct distributed simulation). Through methods from the fields of operations research, computer science, and engineering, readers are guided through the history, current training practices, and modern methodology related to combat modeling and distributed simulation systems. Comprised of contributions from leading international researchers and practitioners, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the engineering principles and state-of-the-art methods needed to address the many facets of combat modeling and distributed simulation and features the following four sections:

• Foundations introduces relevant topics and recommended practices, providing the needed basis for understanding the challenges associated with combat modeling and distributed simulation.
• Combat Modeling focuses on the challenges in human, social, cultural, and behavioral modeling such as the core processes of "move, shoot, look, and communicate" within a synthetic environment and also equips readers with the knowledge to fully understand the related concepts and limitations.
• Distributed Simulation introduces the main challenges of advanced distributed simulation, outlines the basics of validation and verification, and exhibits how these systems can support the operational environment of the warfighter.
• Advanced Topics highlights new and developing special topic areas, including mathematical applications fo combat modeling; combat modeling with high-level architecture and base object models; and virtual and interactive digital worlds.

Featuring practical examples and applications relevant to industrial and government audiences, Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation is an excellent resource for researchers and practitioners in the fields of operations research, military modeling, simulation, and computer science. Extensively classroom tested, the book is also ideal for courses on modeling and simulation; systems engineering; and combat modeling at the graduate level.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedicated Page

Preface

Contributors

Biographies

Biographical Sketches of Chapter and Annex Authors

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Challenges of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation

Simulation Engineers and Their Multiple-View Challenges

Selected Challenges the Simulation Engineer Will Encounter—Where to Find What in this Book

Some Critical Remarks

Part 1: Foundations

Chapter 2: Applicable Codes of Ethics

Why Teach about the Codes of Ethics

IEEE, MORS, and SCS

Code of Professional Ethics for Simulationists

Chapter 3: The NATO Code of Best Practice for Command and Control Assessment

Context and Overview

The Initialization Phase

The Preparation Phase

The Execution, Evaluation, and Assessment Phase

Chapter 4: Terms and Application Domains

Introduction to Domains and Terms of Military Simulation

Some Basic General Definitions

Application Domains

Summary on Terms and Domains

Chapter 5: Scenario Elements

What Needs to be Modeled?

Environment, Terrain, and Weather

Land Components

Air Components

Naval Components

Joint Operations and Command and Control

Summary

Part 2: Combat Modeling

Chapter 6: Modeling the Environment

What is the Environment?

SEDRIS

Environment Services

Summary on Modeling the Environment

Chapter 7: Modeling Movement

High Resolution Models and Aggregate Models

General Remarks on Movement Modeling

Example for Grid and Patch Parameters: The Army Mobility Model

Point Movement and Automated Route Planning

Distributions in Aggregated Models

Additional Movement Modifications

Chapter 8: Modeling Sensing

Ground Truth and Perception

Sensors and Sensor Results

Line-of-Sight Algorithms

High Resolution Sensing

Aggregate Sensing

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

Chapter 9: Modeling Effects

What are Effects on the Battlefield?

Direct Fire, Indirect Fire, and Smart Weapons

Entity Level Engagement and Attrition Models

Aggregate Level Engagement and Attrition Models

Alternatives to Lanchester

Chapter 10: Modeling Communications, Command, and Control

Combat in the Information Age

Command and Control Modeling

Communication Modeling

Command and Control Messages

The Information Age Combat Model

New Command and Control Concepts

Part 3: Distributed Simulation

Chapter 11: Challenges of Distributed Simulation

General Distributed Simulation Challenges

Distributed Systems

Entities, Events, and States for Federations

Synchronizing Time

Multi-resolution, Aggregation, and Disaggregation

Some Limits of Federations

Chapter 12: Standards for Distributed Simulation

What are Standards for Distributed Simulation?

Modeling and Simulation Interoperability Standards

Chapter 13: Modeling and Simulation Development and Preparation Processes

Modeling and Simulation Processes for Problem Solving

The Problem Solving Process

Federation Development Processes

Scrum for M&S Services

Chapter 14: Verification and Validation

Objectives of Verification and Validation

Academic Foundations

Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) Recommended Practice Guide (RPG)

IEEE Std 1516.4-2007: Recommended Practice for VV&A of a Federation

Additional VV&A Efforts

Chapter 15: Integration of M&S Solutions into the Operational Environment

Defining the Operational Environment

Operational C2 Environment

Frameworks and Current Research

Concluding Remarks

Part 4: Advanced Topics

Chapter 16: History of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation

Introduction

History of Combat Modeling

History of Distributed Simulation

Live, Virtual, Constructive Simulation Architectures

Epilogue

Chapter 17: Serious Games, Virtual Worlds, and Interactive Digital Worlds

Introduction

Background

Issues, Controversies, Problems

Solutions and Recommendations

Future Directions

Conclusion

Chapter 18: Mathematical Applications for Combat Modeling

Introduction

Military Planning Decision Support

Deterministic Lanchester Systems

Stochastic Lanchester Systems

Criticisms of Lanchester

Game Theory Introduction

Game Representation

Solution Methods

Search Games

Colonel Blotto

Game Theory Applications and Issues

Colonel Blotto and Lanchester Equations

Conclusions

Chapter 19: Combat Modeling with the High Level Architecture and Base Object Models

Introduction

Distributed Simulation and the High Level Architecture

Examples of Combat Modeling Applications of HLA

Combat Modeling using the Base Object Model (BOM) Standard

Additional Developments and Capabilities

Summary

Chapter 20: The Test and Training Enabling Architecture (TENA)

Introduction

TENA's Driving Requirements

Requirements of Distributed Real-Time LVC Systems

TENA Overview

The TENA Meta-Model

TENA Object Model Compiler (OMC)

TENA Standard Object Models

TENA Repository

TENA Middleware

TENA Tools and Utilities

Technical Decisions and the Advantages of the TENA Approach to Interoperability

Related Activities and Future Directions

Future Directions

Summary

Acknowledgements

Chapter 21: Combat Modeling using the DEVS Formalism

Introduction

Modeling Framework using DEVS Formalism

Discussions on Modeling Procedure using DEVS Formalism

Case Study: Naval Air Defense

Conclusion

Chapter 22: GIS Data for Combat Modeling

Introduction

Types of Synthetic Environments

Geospatial Data Collection

Summary

Chapter 23: Modeling Tactical Data Links

Introduction

History

Tactical Data Link Types

Tactical Data Link Training

Conclusions

Chapter 24: Standards-Based Combat Simulation Initialization using the Military Scenario Definition Language (MSDL)

Introduction

Background

The Principal MSDL Elements

Future Direction and Research

The Expanding MSDL User Base

Conclusion

Chapter 25: Multi-Resolution Combat Modeling

Introduction

Concepts and Operations of a Multi-Resolution Combat Model

Implementations and Applications

Challenges

Related Research

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 26: New Challenges: Human, Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling

Background and Motivation

Mission, Area, Level, and Operator (MALO) Concerns

Understanding Socio-Cultural Data

In Search of a Common Vocabulary

Role of Architectures

Conclusions and Remaining Challenges

Chapter 27: Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation

Introduction

Background on Software Agents

A Generic Agent Architecture for Combat Systems

Agent Supported Simulation for Combat Decision Support Systems

Agent Based Simulation for Non-Kinetic Decision Support Systems

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Chapter 28: Uncertainty Representation and Reasoning for Combat Models

Capturing the Fog of War

Bayesian Reasoning for Combat Modeling

Conclusion and Future Work

Acknowledgements

Chapter 29: Model-Based Data Engineering for Distributed Simulations

Introduction

Data Interoperability Challenges for Combat Modeling

Model-Based Data Engineering

Summary

Chapter 30: Federated Simulation for System of Systems Engineering

Introduction

Systems of Systems Engineering

Engineering Requirements for Federated Simulation

Systems Engineering Process for the Development of Federated Simulations

Technical Management Approach for Federated Simulation Development

Conclusion

Chapter 31: The Role of Architecture Frameworks in Simulation Models: The Human View Approach

Introduction

Architecture Frameworks

The Role of Architecture Frameworks in Simulations

Types of Analyses

Conclusion

Chapter 32: Multinational Computer Assisted Exercises

Introduction

Training Audience and Exercise Control Staff

CAX Support Tools

MEL/MIL Synchronization

Conclusion

Annex 1: M&S Organizations/Associations

Annex 2: Military Simulation Systems

Introduction

Simulation Systems

Final Remarks

Acknowledgements

Index

For further information visit: the book web page http://www.openmodelica.org, the Modelica Association web page http://www.modelica.org, the authors research page http://www.ida.liu.se/labs/pelab/modelica, or home page http://www.ida.liu.se/~petfr/, or email the author at [email protected]. Certain material from the Modelica Tutorial and the Modelica Language Specification available at http://www.modelica.org has been reproduced in this book with permission from the Modelica Association under the Modelica License 2 Copyright © 1998–2011, Modelica Association, see the license conditions (including the disclaimer of warranty) at http://www.modelica.org/modelica-legal-documents/ModelicaLicense2.html. Licensed by Modelica Association under the Modelica License 2.

Modelica© is a registered trademark of the Modelica Association. MathModelica© is a registered trademark of MathCore Engineering AB. Dymola© is a registered trademark of Dassault Syst`emes. MATLAB© and Simulink© are registered trademarks of MathWorks Inc. Java is a trademark of Sun MicroSystems AB. Mathematica© is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research Inc.

Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Tolk, Andreas.

Engineering principles of combat modeling and distributed simulation / Andreas Tolk.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Chapters 1-15 written by Andreas Tolk; chapters 16-32 written by various authors.

ISBN 978-0-470-87429-5 (cloth)

1. War games–Data processing. 2. Military art and science–Computer simulation.

3. Combat–Mathematical models. 4. Combat–Simulation methods. I. Title.

U310.T63 2012

355.4'80285–dc23

2011031418

Preface

Looking through the present volume, I am struck by how long such a book has been needed and how the fact of the book coming together is a tangible indication of how much the field of modeling and simulation has matured in the last 20 years. Computer models of combat have been a major element in force planning, training, and system development for roughly 40 years—give or take a decade and depending on the criteria used. For most of that period, however, the computer models were built individually by talented individuals and teams who plunged ahead with courage, innovation, and hard work, but without the benefit of a discipline to guide them or the technology to make modeling and simulation systematic and adaptive. None of them had been educated to do what they did.

Many of the early combat models were pure attrition models shaped by the role of massive firepower in World War II, mathematical methods familiar to that era's defense scientists, and what computers of the era could and could not do. Other models were much more “micro” in nature, representing the low level physics of combat. Over time, researchers moved toward more systemic treatments that included such critical functions as mobilizing reserves, transporting them to where war was to be fought, and fighting the mostly separate air, land, and sea battles. Some of the detailed models of the era became extraordinarily accurate in their representation of, for example, missile trajectories, accuracy, and effectiveness. By the late 1980s, integrated models were emerging that could deal with multi-theater conflict, better represent the air–land battle, and (in at least some work) represent adaptive alternative military strategies.

Despite such progress, and many substantial accomplishments, those of us helping the Department of Defense to review the state of combat modeling in the early 1990s were very troubled by the haphazard and often mysterious relationships among models, issues of validity (especially where models could not realistically be tested against hard data), the continued failure to incorporate the “soft factors” known to be crucial in warfare (e.g. the related effects of leadership, troop quality, morale, training, the second-class treatment of command and control), and the failure to deal well with uncertainty (which has been and remains a profound problem to this day). There were concerns as well about the severe limitations of the era's modeling and simulation methods, which were lagging what was possible technologically as computer science was yielding technologies with major implications for software engineering in the large (e.g. composable rather than monolithic systems), in specific methods (e.g. object-oriented programming and agent-based modeling) and for such then-still-visionary concepts as distributed interactive simulation and exceedingly accurate entity level simulations of battlefield operations such as were demonstrated by DARPA's path-breaking SIMNET program.

In imagining what might be possible in the way ahead, a recurring observation was that the field of combat modeling needed to be more professionalized: those building the increasingly complex and important simulations should have shared foundational knowledge of subject matter, the art and science of actually building simulations, and the technology that was allowing far more advanced modeling and simulation. At the time, there was no academic infrastructure for collecting or conveying such knowledge systematically. Not surprisingly, there were few dedicated professional journals and textbooks, and no real “community” of what the current book properly refers to as simulationists.

And now we come to the present. Many problems and challenges remain and I remain one of the more impatient of critics. However, what has been accomplished is stunning. Distributed war games and simulations are taken for granted as part of the way we do business in training and exercising. In actual war, command and control includes near-continuous interaction of component commanders in geographically dispersed locations who share incredible amounts of information and have a remarkable degree of shared awareness. Mission rehearsal can sometimes use the same simulations as for training and even weapon system analysis. The more privileged workers routinely bring to bear powerful, reasonably standardized software engineering methods for model composition and federation. To be sure, the best versions of all this are very different from what is often the norm, but a craft and profession has been emerging. The current book reflects this evolution. In one volume it combines a wealth of information relating to everything from foundational knowledge on representing the key elements of military operations; to technology for building powerful, adaptive, and interoperable simulations; to assuring that the simulation products relate well to the mindsets, needs, and language of military users. Remarkably, and as another indication of how far we have come, the book even contains material on professional ethics and good practices. Much of the book reflects Professor Tolk's experience building a coherent academic curriculum and teaching many of its related courses. Other chapters bring in the insights and experience of diverse experts from a number of organizations. The book is a milestone accomplishment for which the editor and authors should be congratulated.

Paul K. Davis

The RAND Corporation

July, 2011

Contributors

Gnana K. Bharathy, PhD

Systems Engineering/ACASA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Jose (Joe) L. Bricio

Combat Direction Systems Activity Dam Neck, US Navy, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA

Erdal Cayirci, PhD

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway

Salim Chemlal

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Andrew Collins, PhD

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Paulo C. G. Costa, PhD

C4I Center and SEOR, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA

Saikou Y. Diallo, PhD

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Robert W. Franceschini, PhD

Science Applications International Corporation, Orlando, Florida, USA

Paul Gustavson, CTO

SimVentions Inc., Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA

Holly A. H. Handley, PhD, PE

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Heber Herencia-Zapana, PhD

National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia, USA

Patrick T. Hester, PhD

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Robert C. Holcomb Jr

VT-MAK Technologies, Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Robert H. Kewley, PhD

Systems Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, USA

Tag Gon Kim, PhD

Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

J. David Lashlee, PhD, CMSP

Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office, OSD AT&L/ASD(R&E), Alexandria, Virginia, USA

Kathryn Blackmond Laskey, PhD

Systems Engineering and Operations Research, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA

Margaret L. Loper, PhD

Information & Communications Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Il-Chul Moon, PhD

Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

J. Russell Noseworthy, PhD

TENA SDA, Science Application International Corporation Alexandria, Virginia, USA

S. K. Numrich, PhD, CMSP

Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, USA

Tuncer Ören, PhD

Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

José J. Padilla, PhD

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, Virginia, USA

James Panagos

Gnosys Systems Incorporated, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

Mikel D. Petty, PhD

University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA

P. M. Picucci, PhD

Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, USA

Edward T. Powell, PhD

Science Applications International Corp., Fairfax, Virginia, USA

William T. Richards

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Roger D. Smith, PhD

Nicholson Center for Surgical Advancement, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA

Joe Sorroche

Flight and Embedded Software/Simulation, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Andreas Tolk, PhD

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

Charles D. Turnitsa

Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation, Center, Old Dominion University, Suffolk, Virginia, USA

Robert L. Wittman Jr, PhD

MITRE Corporation, Orlando, Florida, USA

Marc Wood, ME

Systems Engineering, United States Military, Academy, West Point, New York, USA

Levent Yilmaz, PhD

Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

Biographies

Andreas Tolk is Professor for Engineering Management and Systems Engineering at the Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. He received his PhD in Computer Science (1995) and MS in Computer Science (1988) from the University of the Federal Armed Forces, Germany.

Andreas Tolk joined the faculty of Old Dominion University in 2006, where he is instrumental in faculty involvement in the National Centers for Systems of Systems Engineering (NCSOSE) as well as in the Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC). He was a Senior Research Scientist at VMASC from 2002 to 2006. He was Vice President for Land Weapon Systems with the German company IABG from 1998 to 2002. He was Project Manager for decision support systems and integration of M&S into command and control systems from 1995 to 1998 with the German company ESG. From 1983 to 1995, Andreas Tolk served as an Officer in the air defense branch of the German Army, followed by army reserve assignments from 1995 to 2002. He left the army as a Major of the Reserve.

Andreas Tolk's research focuses on model-based systems engineering, which includes research on modeling and simulation interoperability challenges in particular in the context of complex systems and system of systems. His research on simulation interoperability documented in more than 200 publications is internationally recognized by over 30 outstanding paper awards. In 2008, he received the Award for Excellence in Research by Old Dominion University's Frank Batten College for Engineering and Technology. In 2010, he received the first Technical Merit Award from the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO). He contributed to textbooks on Agent-Directed Simulation and Systems Engineering, Conceptual Modeling for Discrete-Event Simulation, and Modeling and Simulation Fundamentals. He has edited books on Complex Systems in Knowledge-Based Environments and Intelligence-Based Systems Engineering. He is also on the editorial board of several journals.

Andreas Tolk is senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Society for Modeling and Simulation International (SCS). He is a member of the American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group Simulation (SIGSIM), the Military Operational Research Society (MORS), the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), and the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO).

Biographical Sketches of Chapter and Annex Authors

Gnana K. Bharathy is a Researcher, Project Manager and Consultant at the University of Pennsylvania. His areas of research broadly include risk management, analytics, and modeling and simulation, particularly of social systems. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and the National Institute of Technology (formerly Regional Engineering College), Trichy, India. He also holds Project Management Professional certification and is a full member of the Institution of Engineers Australia (MIEAust).

Joe L Bricio is an Engineer in the US Navy, Combat Direction Systems Activity Dam Neck, Virginia Beach. He holds a Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering and a Master of Science in Modeling and Simulation, both from Old Dominion University. As a Navy Engineer, he is the Co-Chair of the Maritime Theater Missile Defense Forum Modeling and Simulation Working Group and NAVSEA Modeling and Simulation Forum Chair. Prior to the Navy, he worked both in large and small businesses, Project Scientist at Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC), and the Center for Advanced Engineering Environments at NASA Langley as a Modeling and Simulation Engineer. He is currently a PhD student in Engineering Management and Systems Engineering at Old Dominion University.

Erdal Cayirci is currently Chief, Computer Assisted Exercise Support Branch in the NATO Joint Warfare Center in Stavanger, Norway, and also a faculty with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of University of Stavanger. He graduated from the Turkish Army Academy in 1986 and from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1989. He received his MS degree from Middle East Technical University and the PhD degree from Bogazici University in Computer Engineering in 1995 and 2000, respectively. He retired from the Turkish Army as a colonel in 2005. He served on the editorial board of IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier Science) and ACM Kluwer Wireless Networks. He received the 2002 IEEE Communications Society Best Tutorial Paper Award and the Excellence Award in ITEC 2006. He co-authored three books published by Wiley and Sons. His research interests include sensor networks, mobile communications, tactical communications, and military constructive simulation.

Salim Chemlal is a PhD candidate in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Old Dominion University. He received Dual Bachelor Degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering and an MS in Computer Engineering from Old Dominion University. His areas of interest include medical modeling and simulation, mobile applications, data mining, augmented reality and scientific visualization, and combat modeling and simulation. To date, his projects in these areas have led to several publications and outstanding awards.

Andy Collins is a Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) where he applies his expertise in game theory and agent-based modeling and simulation to a variety of projects including foreclosure and entrepreneur modeling. He earned his PhD and MSc in Operational Research from the University of Southampton in the UK. He has spent the last 10 years, while conducting his PhD and as an Analyst for the UK's Ministry of Defence, applying game theory to a variety of practical problems.

Paulo C. G. Costa is a Research Associate Professor at the George Mason University (GMU) C4I Center and an Affiliate Professor of the Systems Engineering and Operations Research Department at GMU. He received a PhD and MSc from GMU and a BSc from the Brazilian Air Force Academy. He is a retired Air Force Officer from the Brazilian Air Force with expertise on integrating semantic technology and uncertainty management, and a pioneer in the field of probabilistic ontologies. He developed PR-OWL, a probabilistic ontology language, and is a key contributor to UnBBayes-MEBN, a probabilistic reasoning framework that implements PR-OWL. His research path also includes work as a W3C invited expert in the area of uncertainty reasoning, as a leading organizer of workshops and conferences on semantic technologies (e.g. URSW, STIDS), and as program committee member in diverse academic fields. Paulo Costa teaches courses on decision theory, decision support systems design, and models for probabilistic reasoning. He holds courtesy affiliations from the University of Brasilia and the Instituto Tecnológico da Aeronáutica (Brazil).

Saikou Y. Diallo is a Research Assistant Professor at the Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) of the Old Dominion University (ODU) in Norfolk, VA. He received his MS and PhD in Modeling and Simulation from ODU and currently leads the Interoperability Lab at VMASC. His research focus is on command and control to simulation interoperability, formal theories of M&S, web services and model-based data engineering. He participates in a number of M&S related organizations and conferences and is currently the Co-Chair of the Coalition Battle Management Language drafting group in the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization.

Robert W. Franceschini is a Vice President, Chief Engineer, and Technical Fellow at SAIC, where he is a technology leader for modeling, simulation, and training. He earned a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Central Florida. His modeling and simulation research work, documented in over 50 research publications, includes multi-resolution simulation, course of action analysis, terrain reasoning, modes of human interaction with simulation, and simulation interoperability. He has proposed and directed over $19 million in modeling and simulation research and development projects.

Paul Gustavson is a Chief Technology Officer and Co-Founder of SimVentions Inc. He has over 22 years of experience including the design, development and integration of US DoD systems, simulations, standards, and software applications, and has authored numerous technical publications and tutorials on modeling and simulation, and software development. He supports the US M&S Coordination Office in identifying key metadata for M&S assets. He is an active leader within the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) involved in multiple standards efforts including the Base Object Model (BOM), Distributed Simulation Engineering and Execution Process (DSEEP), and HLA Evolved. He is a co-author of several books, including “C++Builder 6 Developer's Guide.” He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Engineering from Old Dominion University and is a certified John Maxwell Team coach and speaker.

Holly Ann Heine Handley is an Assistant Professor in the Engineering Management and System Engineering Department at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, VA. Dr Handley applies systems engineering principles and experience in computational modeling to conduct research and perform analysis on challenging problems of complex organizational systems. Her education includes a BS in Electrical Engineering from Clarkson College (1984), an MS in Electrical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley (1987) and an MBA from the University of Hawaii (1995). She received her PhD from George Mason University in 1999. Before joining ODU, Dr Handley worked as a Design Engineer for Raytheon Company (1984–1993) and as a Senior Engineer for the Pacific Science and Engineering Group (2002–2010), as well as in various academic research positions. Dr Handley is a Licensed Professional Electrical Engineer and a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Senior Grade, the International Council on System Engineers (INCOSE) and Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society.

Heber Herencia-Zapana is a Research Scientist at the National Institute of Aerospace in Hampton, Virginia. He holds a PhD in Electrical and Computer Science Engineering from Old Dominion University. His topics of interest are formal methods research on aviation systems at NASA Langley Research Center, designing formal specifications of conflict detection and resolution of aircraft transportation system, proving theorems of formal specification of the detection and resolution of aircraft using the Prototype Verification System (PVS), and mathematical foundations of modeling and simulation.

Patrick T. Hester is an Assistant Professor of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering at Old Dominion University and a Principal Researcher at the National Centers for System of Systems Engineering. He received a PhD in Risk and Reliability Engineering at Vanderbilt University. His research interests include multi-attribute decision making under uncertainty, complex system governance, and decision making using modeling and simulation. He is a member of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Society for Judgment and Decision Making, and the International Society on Multiple Criteria Decision Making.

Robert C. Holcomb Jr is a Solution Architect for VT-MAK Technologies. He holds a MS in Modeling and Simulation from Old Dominion University and a BS in Software Engineering from the US Military Academy at West Point. He has significant practical experience supporting his company's worldwide distributed customers with modeling and simulation architectures, large scale software development, teaching development, and application of standards, including the integration of geospatial information of various formats into simulation systems.

Robert H. Kewley is a Professor and Department Head in the US Military Academy (USMA) Department of Systems Engineering. He is a Colonel in the US Army. His research interests include systems engineering and distributed simulation for integration of military systems. He has also done research in command and control systems. He has analytic experience as the Director of West Point's Operations Research Center and as an Analyst in the Center for Army Analysis. He has an MS in Industrial Engineering and a PhD in Decision Science and Engineering Systems, both from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Tag Gon Kim received his PhD in Computer Engineering with a specialization in Systems Modeling and Simulation from University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, in 1988. He was an Assistant Professor at the Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, from 1989 to 1991. He joined the Electrical Engineering Department at the KAIST, Tajeon, Korea, in Fall 1991 and has been a full Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department since Fall 1998. He was the President of the Korea Society for Simulation (KSS) and the Editor-in-Chief for Simulation: Transactions for Society for Computer Modeling and Simulation International (SCS). He is a co-author of the textbook Theory of Modelling and Simulation, Academic Press, 2000. He has published about 200 papers in M&S theory and practice in international journals and conference proceedings. He is very active in research and education in defense modeling and simulation in Korea. He was/is a Technical Advisor for defense M&S in various Korean government organizations, including the Ministry of Defence, the Defence Agency for Technology and Quality, the Korea Institute for Defence Analysis, and the Agency for Defence Development. He developed a tools set, call DEVSimHLA, for HLA-compliant wargame models development, which has been used for the development of three military wargame models for the Navy, Air Force and Marine force in Korea. He is a Fellow of the SCS, a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Eta Kappa Nu.

J. David Lashlee is an Associate Director for Data at the US Department of Defense Modeling and Simulation Coordination Office in Alexandria, Virginia. He has 25 years of experience developing digital terrain databases for combat modeling and simulation applications. He has Graduate Degrees in Geographic Techniques, Physical Geography, and Earth Information Science and Technology. His dissertation research involved hyperspectral modeling of arid and tropical environments using laboratory, field, and imaging spectrometry data. His Postdoctorate study examined the appropriate use of digital terrain data for developmental and operational testing of Army battle command systems. In 2009, he served as Assistant Operations Officer at the Korea Battle Simulation Center during Exercise Key Resolve, a developmental assignment sponsored by the US Army Simulation Proponent Office. He is a Certified Mapping Scientist in both geographic information systems and remote sensing, a Level III Certified Member of the Acquisition Workforce, and a Certified Modeling and Simulation Professional (CSMP).

Kathryn Blackmond Laskey is an Associate Professor of Systems Engineering and Operations Research at George Mason University and Associate Director of the Center of Excellence in Command, Control, Communications, Computing and Intelligence (C4I Center). She received her PhD in Statistics and Public Affairs from Carnegie Mellon University in 1985, her MS degree in Mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1978, and her BS degree in Mathematics from the University of Pittsburgh in 1976. Laskey teaches and performs research on computational decision theory and evidential reasoning. Her research involves methods for representing knowledge in forms that can be processed by computers, extending traditional knowledge representation methods to represent uncertainty, eliciting knowledge from human experts, applying probability theory to draw conclusions from evidence arising from multiple sources.

Margaret L. Loper is the Chief Scientist for the Information and Communications Laboratory at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. She holds a PhD in Computer Science from the Georgia Institute of Technology, an MS in Computer Engineering from the University of Central Florida, and a BS in Electrical Engineering from Clemson University. Margaret's technical focus is parallel and distributed simulation, and she has published more than 50 papers as book chapters, journal contributions, or in conference proceedings. She is a senior member of the IEEE and ACM, and member of the Society for Modeling and Simulation. She is a founding member of the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) and received service awards for her work with the Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) and High Level Architecture (HLA) standards and the DIS/SISO transition. Her research contributions are in the areas of temporal synchronization, simulation testing, and simulation communication protocols.

Il-Chul Moon received his PhD in Computation, Organization, and Society from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. He is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, KAIST, from 2011. His theoretic research interests include social network analysis, multi-agent modeling and simulation, game theory, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. His practical research interests include military C2 structure, counter-terrorism, and disaster modeling and simulation.

J. Russell Noseworthy received his PhD in Computer Systems Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1996. At Rensselaer, he researched distributed and real-time computing systems at the NASA Center for Intelligent Robotic Systems for Space Exploration. After working a year at Lockheed Martin's Distributed Processing Lab, he became employee number three of Object Sciences Corporation (OSC) in 1997. OSC, which he helped to make the second fastest growing technology company in Northern Virginia in 2004, was acquired by Science Application International Corporation in 2005. Since the year 2000, Dr Noseworthy has served as the Chief Software Engineer and the Development Team Leader for the TENA software development activity. For the three years prior to that, he performed the same role on the team that created the HLA RTI-NG, a distributed simulation infrastructure. His experience helped to shape the evolution of work done with the HLA RTI-NG into TENA.

S. K. Numrich holds an AB, MA and PhD in Physics. Her experience includes underwater sound in the Arctic, fluid–structure interactions, parallel processing, modeling and simulation and virtual reality. Recent studies focused on irregular warfare, the impact of cultural awareness on military operations, and culturally “aware” modeling and simulation tools. She is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

Tuncer Ören is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Ottawa in Canada. He has been involved in simulation since the early 1960s. He authored/co-authored over 450 publications and has been active in about 380 conferences and seminars held in 30 countries. In the 2000s alone, he has been a keynote, plenary, or invited speaker or was involved at honorary positions in over 50 conferences/seminars. In 2011, he was inducted to the Society for Modeling and Simulation International Hall of Fame, a Lifetime Achievement Award, with the following citation: “For his outstanding contributions to the field, particularly new M&S methodologies and synergies that increase the effectiveness and broaden the application of simulation, and a Code of Ethics that have significantly impacted the use of simulation throughout the world.”

José J. Padilla is a Research Scientist with the Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA. He received his PhD in Engineering Management from Old Dominion University. He also holds a BSc in Industrial Engineering from la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia, and a Master of Business Administration from Lynn University, Boca Raton, Florida. His research interest is on the nature of the processes of understanding and interoperability and their implications in human social culture behavior (HSCB) modeling.

James Panagos is the Founder and President of Gnosys Systems Incorporated, a small company applying artificial intelligence and other advanced software techniques for challenging command and control computer simulation problems. He is one of the pioneers in the early work on computer generated forces through the SIMNET project and was the lead in the first successfully fielded commercial computer generated forces system a few years later—the Leopard II tactical tank trainer. Subsequently, he has worked on many large Department of Defense initiatives such as Joint Precision Strike Demonstration, Synthetic Theater of War, Warfare Simulation, and the What-If Simulation System for Advanced Research and Development. He presently researches and develops techniques for virtual simulations in the areas of combat behaviors and multi-resolution modeling. He is also working on first-principles simulations of electron beams and microwave device design tools. He received his SM Degree from MIT in 1985.

Mikel D. Petty is the Director of the University of Alabama in Huntsville's Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis and a Research Professor in both the Computer Science and the Industrial and Systems Engineering and Engineering Management Departments. Prior to joining UAH, he was Chief Scientist at Old Dominion University's Virginia Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation Center and Assistant Director at the University of Central Florida's Institute for Simulation and Training. He received a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Central Florida in 1997. Dr Petty has worked in modeling and simulation research and development since 1990 in areas that include simulation interoperability and composability, human behavior modeling, multi-resolution simulation, and applications of theory to simulation. He has published over 160 research papers and has been awarded over $14 million in research funding. He served on a National Research Council committee on modeling and simulation, is a Certified Modeling and Simulation Professional, and is an Editor of the journals SIMULATION and Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation. While at Old Dominion University he was the Dissertation Advisor to the First and Third students in the world to receive PhDs in Modeling and Simulation and is currently Coordinator of the M&S degree program at UA Huntsville.

P. M. Picucci is a Research Staff Member at the Institute for Defense Analyses. He holds an MA in National Security Studies from California State University, San Bernardino, and a PhD in Political Science from the University of Kansas. His primary research efforts have centered on non-traditional conflict (irregular warfare and terrorism) and the use of computerized content analysis for the study of Islamic terrorism.

Edward T. Powell is a Senior Scientist and Program Manager for SAIC. Currently, he is the Lead Architect for the Test and Training Enabling Architecture. After receiving his PhD in Astrophysics from Princeton University, he worked for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory performing simulation-based analysis. He moved to SAIC in 1994, and participated as Lead Architect in some of the most complex distributed simulation programs in the DoD, including the Joint Precision Strike Demonstration (JPSD), the Synthetic Theater of War (STOW), and the Joint Simulation System (JSIMS). He then worked in the intelligence community for two years on architectures for integrating large scale diverse ISR systems. He is working on expanding the applicability of TENA, and integrating multiple interoperability architecture approaches using ontology-based systems.

William T. Richards is a Project Scientist for the Virginia Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center in Suffolk, Virginia. He holds an MS and a BS from Christopher Newport University in Newport News, Virginia. He has worked in the field of modeling and simulation since 1995 concentrating in automated geospatial terrain database generation and software development. He has supported numerous military simulation exercises such as Cobra Gold, Unified Endeavor and Tandem Thrust. As a result he is familiar with several different simulation systems that require and use geospatial terrain data. He has also written a number of papers regarding the use of terrain and environmental data in simulations.

Roger D. Smith is the Chief Technology Officer for the Nicholson Center for Surgical Advancement at Florida Hospital. He previously served as the Chief Technology Officer for US Army Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO STRI) and Research Scientist for Texas A&M University. He is applying simulation and related technologies to surgical education and military training. He has published three books on simulation, created multiple commercial simulation courses, published over 150 papers and presentations on technical and management topics, and has served on the faculties of four universities. Dr Smith holds a BS in Applied Mathematics, MS in Statistics, Master's and Doctorate in Business Administration, and PhD in Computer Science.

Joe Sorroche is a Principal Member of the Technical Staff for Sandia National Laboratories. He currently works in the Flight and Embedded Software/Simulation Group supporting satellite systems design, modeling, and simulation. Previously, Mr Sorroche worked as a Senior Systems Engineer with Arctic Slope Regional Corporation Communications (ASRCC) for 15 years at the USAF Distributed Missions Operations Center (DMOC) for the System Architecture Group. He was the DMOC Engineering lead for JEFX, Blue Flag, and Virtual Flag exercises. He chaired the SISO TADIL TALES Product Support Group, the Link 11/11B Product Development Group, and was the SISO Liaison for the NATO Tactical Data Link Interoperability Testing Syndicate. Mr Sorroche has Bachelors and Masters of Science Degrees in Electrical Engineering from New Mexico State University. He is a member of the IEEE, and Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nu Honor Societies.

Charles D. Turnitsa is a Research Scientist with the Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) at Old Dominion University, Suffolk, VA. He received his BS in Computer Science (1991) from Christopher Newport University (Newport News, Virginia), and his MS in Modeling and Simulation (2006) from ODU. He is a PhD candidate in the Modeling and Simulation program. He authored or co-authored multiple conference papers and book chapters on combat modeling and distributed simulation. He also supported teaching of Principles of Military Modeling and Simulation with focus on the history. Prior to his work at VMASC, he spent a decade doing research for the US Army and NASA in the areas of data interoperability, knowledge representation and modeling. Most of his life he has enjoyed the hobby of military wargaming, including activities such as publishing, organizing national events, and game design and development.

Robert L. Wittman Jr is a Principal in Modeling and Simulation for the MITRE Corporation in Orlando, Florida, and is the Chief Architect for the Army's OneSAF Simulation. He holds a PhD in Industrial Engineering/Interactive Simulation from the University of Central Florida, an MS in Software Engineering from the University of West Florida, and a BS in Computer Science from Washington State University. He has supported US DoD simulation development across the training, experimentation, analysis, and testing domains over the past 20 years. He continues to lead the evolution of the Military Scenario Definition Language (MSDL) international standard and has played critical roles in its initial development as Vice-Chair and Co-Editor on the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) MSDL Product Development Group.

Marc D. Wood served as an Aviation Officer in the US Army for 11 years in a variety of assignments, where he experienced the value of combat simulation as a training tool. After earning a Master of Engineering Degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering from Texas A&M University, he joined West Point's Department of Systems Engineering where he now teaches combat modeling and serves as an Analyst in the Operations Research Center.

Levent Yilmaz is an Associate Professor of Computer Science and Software Engineering and holds a joint appointment with the Industrial and Systems Engineering at Auburn University. He received his MS and PhD degrees from Virginia Tech. His research interests are in modeling and computer simulation, agent-directed simulation, and complex adaptive systems. He serves as the Editor-in-Chief of Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International and is the founding organizer and General Chair of the annual Agent-Directed Simulation conference series.

Acknowledgments

My first thank you note must go to all chapter authors who contributed, in particular, to Part IV of this book. Most of them served in several roles, as they were not only chapter authors, but also peer reviewers and editorial supporters. The mutual support of all authors in improving the chapters of this book helped to make it become a compendium of knowledge capturing the state of the art in combat modeling and distributed simulation as simulation engineers should know it.

This book could not have been written without the help of many additional peer reviewers and expert discussions conducted in support of writing the various chapters. I therefore would like to thank all colleagues and friends who helped in contributing recommendations for improvement to at least one of the chapters. Your constructive criticism and innovative ideas are hopefully shining through. Particular thanks go to:

Robert Aaron, US Army Test and Evaluation Command

Khaldoon Al-Harthi, Carleton University

Lisa J. Bair, Weisel Science and Technology Corporation

Osman Balci, Virginia Tech

Catherine M. Banks, Old Dominion University

Jerry M. Couretas, Lockheed Martin Corporation

Paul K. Davis, RAND Corporation

Paul Fishwick, University of Florida

Johnny J. Garcia, SimIS Inc.

Randall B. Garrett, Northrop Grumman Technical Services

Dean S. Hartley III, Hartley Consulting

Jean-Louis Igarza, Antycip Simulation Inc.

Max Karlström, BAE Systems Sweden

Charles B. Keating, Old Dominion University

Thomas Kreitmair, NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A)

Staffan Löf, Pitch

Thomas W. Lucas, Naval Postgraduate School

Robert R. Lutz, Johns Hopkins University

Katherine L. Morse, Johns Hopkins University

Eckehard Neugebauer, Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H. (IABG)

Karl-Heinz Neumann, Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H. (IABG)

Q.A.H. (Mimi) Nguyen, NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A)

Michael Proctor, Institute for Simulation Technology

Paul F. Reynolds Jr, University of Virginia

Dave Taylor, Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) International, Inc.

James A. Wall, Texas A&M University

My personal thanks go to Kim B. Sibson who read in minuscule detail through all my chapters making legions of corrections to ensure that my German roots and interesting interpretations of the English language will not get into the way of understanding the book. She also ensured that the writing style remained consistent over the long time of compiling and writing these chapters.

My personal thanks go furthermore to Colonel Roy Van McCarty. His military expertise and feedback on how to describe conceptual and technical challenges of combat modeling and distributed simulation better for master level students and practitioners in the field helped to improve the chapters.

Last but not least, I thank Haseen Khan and her team at Laserwords for the minuscule detail of the final editing process. Their contributions to creating the index, aligning the reference styles, and turning this book from a good idea into a professional product is very much appreciated.

Abbreviations

AARAfter Action ReviewABCSArmy Battle Command SystemsABLAirborne LaserACAircraftACASAAckoff Collaboratory for Advancement of Systems ApproachACEAdaptive Communication EnvironmentACMAssociation for Computing MachineryACSISArmy C4ISR and Simulation Initialization System