Epilepsy and the Interictal State E-Book

Erik K. St Louis

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 813

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Epilepsy care traditionally focuses on seizures, yet for most epilepsy sufferers, other interictal factors such as mood, cognitive abilities, and treatment adverse effects most influence how they feel and function day to day.

Epilepsy and the Interictal State is a practical and comprehensive text that covers quality of life issues, cognition and therapy, adverse effects of epilepsy treatments, mood state and psychiatric co-morbidity and general health aspects of epilepsy. Each chapter employs a standard structure providing background, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and further practical advice.

From an international team of expert editors and contributors, Epilepsy and the Interictal State is a valuable resource for specialist epileptologists and neurologists, as well as for neurosurgeons, neurology nurses, psychiatrists, family physicians and general practitioners.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of contributors

Preface

References

Section I: Quality of life and the interictal state in epilepsy

CHAPTER 1: Quality of life in epilepsy: the key importance of the interictal state

Introduction

Tools for measuring QOL

Ictal factors: seizure frequency and severity

Interictal factors

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 2: Comorbidities in epilepsy: range and impact

Introduction

Psychosocial factors

Socioeconomic factors

Somatic health issues

Physician–patient interactions

Health behavior and lifestyle factors

AEDs and nutritional factors

AEDs and comorbidity risk factors

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 3: Epilepsy, comorbidities, and consequences: implications for understanding and combating stigma

Disclaimer

Introduction

Understanding stigma

The burden of epilepsy stigma

Epilepsy comorbidities and stigma

Impact on QOL

Combating stigma

References

Section II: Cognition and epilepsy

CHAPTER 4: Causes and types of cognitive domain impairments in epilepsy

Sections

Introduction

Impairment of consciousness in epilepsy

References

Ictal cognitive impairments due to nonconvulsive status epilepticus

References

Memory and dysexecutive impairments in epilepsy

References

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disordered attention, and epilepsy

References

Behavioral and developmental disorders in epilepsy

References

CHAPTER 5: Cognitive effects of epilepsy therapies

Introduction

Cognitive effects of anticonvulsant medications

Cognitive effects of surgical epilepsy treatments

Treatment of cognitive deficits

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 6: Autism and epilepsy

Introduction

Autism: definition, subtypes, and etiology

Autism in epilepsy

Epilepsy and epileptiform EEG abnormalities in autism

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 7: Cognitive rehabilitation strategies in epilepsy

Introduction

Background

Cognitive rehabilitation

Assessment

Primary cognitive complaints

Other important factors

Burden of normalcy

Conclusion

References

Section III: Adverse effects of epilepsy therapies

CHAPTER 8: Adverse effects in epilepsy: recognition, measurement, and taxonomy

Introduction

Assessing antiepileptic medication adverse effects: a historical perspective

Available instruments for assessment of seizure medication adverse effects

Classification and taxonomy of adverse seizure medication effects

Clinical utility of systematic screening for adverse effects

References

CHAPTER 9: Clinically important antiepileptic drug interactions and their influence on adverse effects in epilepsy

Background

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology/etiology

Diagnosis

Practical aspects and treatment

Pearls

References

CHAPTER 10: Minimizing the adverse effects of epilepsy therapies: principles and practice

Introduction

Adverse effects encountered during antiepileptic drug polytherapy

Defining and identifying antiepileptic drug adverse effects

General strategies for minimzing adverse effects

Drug selection principles for minimizing adverse effects

Practical approaches to minimizing adverse effects during antiepileptic drug polytherapy

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 11: Idiosyncratic adverse side effects of antiepileptic drugs: risk, prevention, and counseling

Introduction

Therapeutic considerations and idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions in infantile spasms treatment

Therapeutic considerations and idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome treatment

Idiosyncratic allergic rash risk associated with antiepileptic drug therapies

Idiosyncratic adverse effects associated with valproate and ethosuximide

Idiosyncratic adverse effects associated with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine

Idiosyncratic adverse effects associated with topiramate and zonisamide

Idiosyncratic adverse effects associated with rufinamide

Idiosyncratic adverse effects associated with ezogabine

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 12: Antiepileptic drug therapy and fetal development

Introduction

The burden of epilepsy

Epidemiology

Pregnancy registers

Polytherapy considerations

Folate

Results emerging from studies of AED exposure in pregnancy

Teratogenicity of individual AEDs

New (second-generation) AEDS

Cognitive developmental defects and AED exposure

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section IV: Mood state, psychiatric comorbidity, and epilepsy

CHAPTER 13: Mood state, anxiety, and psychosis in epilepsy

Introduction

Mood disorders and epilepsy

Anxiety disorders and epilepsy

Psychoses and epilepsy

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 14: The contribution of sleep and anxiety disorders to quality of life in people with epilepsy

Introduction

Anxiety and epilepsy

Epilepsy and sleep disorder

Investigating the prevalence and nature of psychological distress in people with epilepsy

What does this study add to the current picture?

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

CHAPTER 15: Epilepsy and personality

Introduction

Personality assessment in epilepsy

TLE and Geschwind syndrome

JME and Janz syndrome

Studies of personality disorder in patients with mixed epilepsy

Effect of epilepsy surgery

Relationship between personality and QOL

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 16: Psychogenic attacks and epilepsy

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Diagnosis

Clinical features

Diagnostic investigations

Treatment

Prognosis

Follow-up

The grey zone: driving and psychogenic attacks

Conclusion

References

Section V: General health and epilepsy

CHAPTER 17: Obesity and epilepsy

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Evaluation

Treatment

Prognosis

References

CHAPTER 18: Epilepsy in the elderly: vascular disease, the aging brain, and selection of appropriate therapies

Introduction

Epidemiology/etiologies/pathophysiology

Diagnostic evaluation

Treatment

Psychosocial implications of seizures in older people

Practical advice and pearls

References

CHAPTER 19: Balance disorders and falls in epilepsy

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Etiology

Diagnosis/evaluation

Management

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 20: Bone health in epilepsy

Introduction

Fracture rates

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis and evaluation

Management

Prognosis

References

CHAPTER 21: Sleep and epilepsy

Introduction

Pathophysiology

The common sleep-related epilepsies

Evaluation and differential diagnosis

Treatment

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 22: Use of complementary and alternative medicine in epilepsy

Introduction

Use of CAM by people with epilepsy in Western countries

Mind–body medicine

Biologically-based practices

Energy medicine

Whole medical systems

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 23: Epilepsy and alcohol and substance abuse

Introduction

Alcohol

Marijuana

Cocaine

Heroin

Amphetamines, methamphetamine, and MDMA

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates

Drug use in persons with preexisting epilepsy

Conclusion

Practical advice and pearls

References

CHAPTER 24: Driving, employment, and related issues in epilepsy

Introduction

Driving

Employment

Recreation and socialization

Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Section I: Quality of life and the interictal state in epilepsy

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 3.1

Figure 6.1

Figure 7.1

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 14.1

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 5.1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 14.1

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Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 15.1

Table 17.1

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

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Table 19.1

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Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 22.1

Table 22.2

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Epilepsy and the interictal state

Co-morbidities and quality of life

EDITED BY

Erik K. St. Louis

Department of NeurologyMayo Clinic and FoundationUSA

David M. Ficker

University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute Epilepsy CenterDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Cincinnati Academic Health CenterUSA

Terence J. O'Brien

Professor of MedicineRoyal Melbourne HospitalAustralia

This edition first published 2015; © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The interictal state in epilepsy : comorbidities and quality of life / [edited by] Erik K. St. Louis, David Ficker, Terence J. O'Brien.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-65623-5 (cloth)

I. St. Louis, Erik K., 1965- editor. II. Ficker, David (David M.), 1965- editor. III. O'Brien, Terence J. (Terence John), 1964- editor.

[DNLM: 1.Epilepsy–complications. 2.Epilepsy–psychology. 3.Cognition–physiology. 4.Comorbidity.

5.Quality of Life. 6.Seizures.WL 385]

RC372

616.85'3–dc23

2014018401

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

The Editors wish to dedicate this book foremost to our families (Kerith, Aren, Kjersti, Siri, Ken and Karen St. Louis; Angela, Lauren, Anna and Kerstin Ficker; and Louise, William, Patrick, Lawrence and Alice O'Brien); to our epilepsy care mentors (Gregory D. Cascino, Frank W. Sharbrough, and Elson L. So); to all the chapter authors; and especially, to our patients.

List of contributors

Sophia J. Adams

Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre

University of Melbourne

and

Neuropsychiatry Unit

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

Gus Baker

Walton Centre for Neurology & Neurosurgery

University of Liverpool

UK

Yvan A. Bamps

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education

Rollins School of Public Health

Emory University

USA

Selim R. Benbadis

Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery

University of South Florida

and

Tampa General Hospital

USA

Frank M.C. Besag

South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust

Twinwoods Health Resource Centre

Bedford and Institute of Psychiatry

UK

Colleen K. DiIorio

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education

Rollins School of Public Health

Emory University

USA

Joe Drazkowski

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

USA

David W. Dunn

Department of Psychiatry and Neurology

Indiana University School of Medicine

USA

Jonathan C. Edwards

Department of Neurosciences

Medical University of South Carolina

USA

Dana Ekstein

Epilepsy Center

Department of Neurology

Hadassah University Medical Center

Israel

John O. Elliott

Department of Medical Education

Ohio Health Riverside Methodist Hospital

and

College of Social Work

Ohio State University

USA

Ashley M. Enke

Creighton University

USA

David M. Ficker

University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute Epilepsy Center

Department of Neurology

University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center

USA

Frank G. Gilliam

Department of Neurology, Penn State University

Hershey, USA

Keith D. Hill

School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science

Curtin University

and

Department of Allied Health

La Trobe University

Northern Health and National Ageing Research Institute

Australia

R. Edward Hogan

Washington University in St. Louis

Adult Epilepsy Section, Department of Neurology

USA

Ann Jacoby

Department of Public Health and Policy

Institute of Psychology, Health and Society

University of Liverpool

UK

Robert D. Jones

Department of Neurology

University of Iowa

USA

Simon Jones

Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre

University of Melbourne

and

Neuropsychiatry Unit

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

Irakli Kaolani

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

USA

Rosemarie Kobau

Division of Population Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

USA

Vladimír Komárek

Department of Pediatric Neurology

2nd Faculty of Medicine

Charles University

Motol University Hospital

Czech Republic

William G. Kronenberger

Department of Psychiatry

Indiana University School of Medicine

USA

Ekrem Kutluay

Department of Neurosciences

Medical University of South Carolina

USA

Beth A. Leeman

Department of Neurology

Emory University

USA

Esmeralda L. Park

Rush Epilepsy Center

Rush University Medical Center

USA

Luigi Maccotta

Washington University in St. Louis

Adult Epilepsy Section, Department of Neurology

USA

Bláthnaid McCoy

Division of Neurology

The Hospital for Sick Children

Canada

Kimford J. Meador

Department of Neurology

Emory University

USA

J. Layne Moore

Department of Neurology

Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine

USA

Katherine H. Noe

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

USA

Terence J. O'Brien

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

Alison M. Pack

Neurological Institute

Columbia University

USA

Philip N. Patsalos

Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy

UCL Institute of Neurology

UK

Piero Perucca

The Montreal Neurological Institute

Canada

Sandra J. Petty

The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health

and

Ormond College

and

Department of Medicine

Royal Melbourne Hospital

University of Melbourne

Australia

Michael Salzberg

Department of Psychiatry

St. Vincent's Hospital

University of Melbourne

Australia

Joseph I. Sirven

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

USA

Michael Smith

Rush Epilepsy Center

Rush University Medical Center

USA

Dee Snape

Department of Public Health and Policy

Institute of Psychology, Health and Society

University of Liverpool

UK

Laura S. Snavely

Department of Neurology, Penn State University

Hershey, USA

Cher Stephenson

Stephenson Counseling LLC

USA

Erik K. St. Louis

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

USA

Nancy J. Thompson

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education

Rollins School of Public Health

Emory University

USA

Lily H. Tran

Department of Pediatrics and Neurology

University of California at Irvine

and

Children's Hospital of Orange County

USA

Christopher Turnbull

Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre

University of Melbourne

and

Neuropsychiatry Unit

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

Frank J.E. Vajda

Department of Medicine and Neuroscience

University of Melbourne

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

Clemente Vega

Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology

Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard University

USA

Dennis Velakoulis

Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre

University of Melbourne

and

Neuropsychiatry Unit

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

John D. Wark

Department of Medicine

University of Melbourne

and

Bone & Mineral Medicine

Royal Melbourne Hospital

Australia

Elizabeth Waterhouse

Department of Neurology

Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

USA

Kristine Ziemba

Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic

USA

Mary L. Zupanc

Department of Pediatrics and Neurology

University of California at Irvine

and

Children's Hospital of Orange County

USA

Preface

According to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE), epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, and by the neurobiologic, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition [1]. This conceptual definition explicitly states that there is more to epilepsy than seizures. The ILAE and IBE conclude that for some people with epilepsy, “behavioural disturbances, such as interictal and postictal cognitive problems can be part of the epileptic condition…” and that “patients with epilepsy may suffer stigma, exclusion, restrictions, overprotection, and isolation, which also become part of the epileptic condition” [1].

Although it has long been known, increasing attention has recently been directed to the fact that comorbidities often add significantly to the burden of epilepsy, whether they are causative (e.g., cerebrovascular conditions or traumatic brain injuries causing epilepsy), resultant (caused by seizure, epilepsy, or its treatment), or related to a common cause underlying both the epilepsy and the comorbidity (e.g., learning disabilities or some psychiatric conditions). Such comorbidities not only add to the burden of epilepsy, but can also lead to poorer response to treatment with antiepileptic drugs, increased risk of adverse drug reactions, and even increased risk of death [2].

The theme of this book, “Epilepsy and The Interictal State: Co-Morbidities and Quality of Life,” is therefore very timely, and it addresses some of the most urgent issues for the successful management of people with epilepsy.

This volume takes a very broad approach to the Co-Morbidity and Quality of Life theme. Some emphasis is on cognitive impairments in epilepsy, including chapters on difficulties caused by neurodevelopmental disorders and other co-morbidities, as well as on cognitive impairments caused by the treatment of epilepsy. Several chapters address other aspects of adverse effects of epilepsy therapies, ranging from idiosyncratic to dose/serum concentration-related, and even to second-generation effects on the unborn child. A particular strength of this book is that, in addition to identifying and describing these aspects of the burden of epilepsy, several chapters discuss ways to prevent, reduce, or manage adverse consequences of epilepsy and its treatment. Chapters on rehabilitation and the use of complementary medicine make this overview of possible interventions to improve everyday life for people with epilepsy most comprehensive. In conclusion, this book reminds us of the wider implications of the diagnosis of epilepsy, of the burden beyond seizures, and of our opportunities to assist in easing this burden. The editors have assembled world-renowned experts as authors to each of the 24 chapters, which contributes to making this book a most useful read for every physician involved in the management of people with epilepsy.

Torbjörn Tomson, MD, PhDProfessor in Neurology and EpileptologyDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden

References

1 Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W et al: Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE).

Epilepsia

2005;

46

:470–472.

2 Moshé SL, Perucca E, Ryvlin P, Tomson T: Epilepsy: new advances.

Lancet

2014 (Sep 23). pii: S0140-6736(14)60456-6, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60456-6.

Section I

Quality of life and the interictal state in epilepsy

CHAPTER 1Quality of life in epilepsy: the key importance of the interictal state

David M. Ficker

University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, USA

Introduction

Quality of life (QOL) has become recognized as a critical concept in a wide range of disease states in medicine over the last several decades, especially in chronic medical conditions such as epilepsy. The traditional clinical measures used by clinicians in treating patients with epilepsy are seizure frequency and medication adverse effects. A patient with epilepsy is considered to be controlled when they are seizure-free and are having few or no adverse effects from their antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Patients, however, may be more concerned about psychosocial issues such as driving, independence, and employment than about AED adverse effects or seizure unpredictability [1]. These aspects of QOL are infrequently assessed in routine clinical care. Although epilepsy is a disorder that only produces neurologic symptoms on an intermittent basis (i.e., only during the seizure), psychosocial problems, AED therapy, and side effects may be the major factors that a patient perceives as interfering with daily living. Other interictal factors have been explored as potential contributors to QOL and will be briefly reviewed here.

QOL is clearly subjective in nature and may be difficult to measure. In the simplest terms, QOL can be defined as how a patient feels and functions. There are three essential elements [2, 3]: 1) physical health, 2) psychological health, and 3) social health. Physical health includes aspects such as daily function, general health, pain, endurance, and specific epilepsy-related variables such as seizure frequency, severity, and medication-related side effects. Psychological health includes aspects such as emotional well-being, psychiatric and emotional health, self-esteem, and cognition. Social health includes aspects of relationships with friends and family, occupational status, and issues pertaining to independence.