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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This book provides complete step by step instruction, practical examples, guidance, and worksheets to meet the needs of a company licensed or competent unlicensed engineer that, by education or experience, understands the concepts presented in this book. This book will help engineers ensure that their company is in compliance with the new standard of dust collection systems by mitigating the exposed risks. The data is presented in tables and graphs along with examples that are based on actual, proven, practical designs to clearly illustrate application of the information provided. The book is broken down into two parts. Part 1 details structural analysis and design for reinforcing dust handling systems including Design criteria and general theory, Dust collector wall, roof and hopper sections, Access doors, hinges and latches, explosion vent ducts, blast deflectors, and filter bag cage design, Explosion vent duct weather covers, etc. Part 2 covers explosion relief elements and explosion flowing pressure analyses.
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Seitenzahl: 174
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Introduction
Part 1: Structural Analysis
Part 2: Venting Analysis
How to Use This Book
Symbols
Typical Dust Collection System Checklist
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Structural Analysis and Design for Reinforcing Dust Handling Systems
1 Design Criteria and General Theory
2 Square/Rectangular Dust Collector Wall, Roof, and Hopper Sections
Rectangular Panel Stresses
Dust Collector Side and Rear Panels
Hopper Panels: Reinforcing Horizontal and Vertical Members
Hopper Panels: Using Horizontal Members Only
Ribbed Dust Collectors
3 Round/Cylindrical Dust Collectors
Ports: (Nozzles)
Vessel Head Not Flat
4 Reinforcing Member to Panel Weld Analyses and Port (Nozzle) Weld Analyses
Corner Miter Joint Reinforcing Weld Analysis
Port (Nozzle) Reinforcing Weld Analyses
5 Access Doors, Hinges, and Latches
Access Door
Hinges and Latches
6 Explosion Vent Ducts, Mill Inlet Air Ducts, Blast Deflectors, and Filter Bag Cage Design
Vent Duct Flange Bolt Loading and Stress
Hammermill Air Inlet Duct
7 Explosion Vent Duct Weather Covers
8 Dust Collector Stability
Wind Force (
F
w
)
Floor or Ground Anchor
9 System Explosion Isolation
Pressure Profile
10 Screw Conveyors, Rotary Airlock Valves, and Isolation Valves
Rotary Airlock Valves
Isolation Valves
General
11 Grounding of Systems
12 Housekeeping and General Information
General Information
Appendix A: Part 1: Worksheet
Structural Tubing – Panel Worksheet (Example)
Structural Tubing – Panel Worksheet
Structural Angle – Panel Worksheet (Example)
Structural Angle – Panel Worksheet
Structural Channel – Panel Worksheet
Reinforcing Rib – Panel Worksheet
Detail 1: Panel to Panel Corner Joint Worksheet
Detail 2: Panel to Panel Corner Joint Reinforced Worksheet
Detail 3: Reinforcing Member Miter Joint Weld Worksheet
Detail 4: Square/Rectangular Bolted Flange Worksheet
Detail 5: Round Duct Bolted Flange Worksheet
Part 2: Explosion Relief Element and Explosion Flowing Pressure Analyses
13 Know Your Process Dust Characteristics
14 Venting Analysis of Dust Handling Systems
Square/Rectangular Dust Collector
Cylindrical Dust Collector
15 Duct Back Pressure Considerations
Duct Back Pressure Correction
Summary of the Examples
16 Other Methods of Explosion Pressure Reduction
Chemical Suppression System
Ten bar Rated Mills
Flameless Venting System
Appendix B: Part 2: Worksheet
Dust Collection System Checklist
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Material properties and allowable stresses.
Table 1.2 Steel sheet gauges.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Panel edges fixed.
Table 2.2 Rib reinforcing section modulus,
S
c
.
Table 2.3 Structural angle – panel composite sections.
Table 2.4 Rectangular tube – panel composite sections,
S
c
.
Table 2.5 Channel – panel composite sections,
S
c
.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Allowable load on welds: intermittent welds occur in pairs.
Table 4.2 Structural angle – panel composite sections:
I
C,
Y
′,
A
p
, and
W
p
.
Table 4.3 Structural tubing – panel composite sections:
I
C,
Y
′,
A
p
, and
W
p
.
Table 4.4 Structural channel – panel composite sections:
I
C,
Y
′,
A
p
, and
W
p
.
Table 4.5 Rib – panel composite sections:
I
C,
Y
′,
A
p
, and
W
p
.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Bolt material and 67% yield strength.
Table 5.2 Bolt sizes and stress areas.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Explosion characteristics of various dusts.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Conversion factors.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Pressure versus time example.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Typical dust collector unreinforced.
Figure 2.2 Typical dust collector reinforced.
Figure 2.3 Width of loading small panel.
Figure 2.4 Reinforcing member loading.
Figure 2.5 Actual unsupported panel width.
Figure 2.6 Width of loading large panel.
Figure 2.7 Cross reinforcing member loading
Figure 2.8 Reinforcing member for Example 2.2, shear and moment diagrams.
Figure 2.9 Side and rear panel reinforcing.
Figure 2.10 Hopper panel reinforcing members.
Figure 2.11 The horizontal reinforcing member.
Figure 2.12 Vertical reinforcing member (conservative analysis).
Figure 2.13 Hopper panel horizontal members only.
Figure 2.14 Panel reinforcing rib loading.
Figure 2.15 Panel reinforcing rib.
Figure 2.16 Square/rectangular vessel.
Figure 2.17 Panel to panel corner joint worksheet.
Figure 2.18 Panel to panel corner joint reinforcing worksheet.
Figure 2.19 Panel to panel corner joint worksheet.
Figure 2.20 Panel to panel corner joint reinforcing worksheet.
Figure 2.21 Reinforcing cross member miter joint.
Figure 2.22 Bolted flange detail.
Figure 2.23 Bolted flange stress.
Figure 2.24 Typical dust collector ribbed.
Figure 2.25 Panel reinforcing rib loading.
Figure 2.26 Panel reinforcing rib.
Figure 2.27 Panel reinforcing rib and tube.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Cylindrical vessel.
Figure 3.2 Cylinder and head stresses.
Figure 3.3 Reinforcing member 1 loading.
Figure 3.4 Reinforcing member 2 loading.
Figure 3.5 Reinforcing member 3 loading.
Figure 3.6 Reinforcing members summary.
Figure 3.7 Rib reinforcing edges.
Figure 3.8 Tube reinforcing edges.
Figure 3.9 Small nozzle example 1 on a flat head.
Figure 3.10 Small nozzle example 2 on a curved surface.
Figure 3.11 Ellipsoidal head.
Figure 3.12 Torispherical head.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Weld spacing.
F
a
, allowable load per pair of fillet welds (lbs, T...
Figure 4.2 Head reinforcing rib member 1.
Figure 4.3 Head reinforcing member 3.
Figure 4.4 Head reinforcing angle member 3.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Panel reinforcing loading.
Figure 5.2 Main reinforcing member for access door.
Figure 5.3 Weld spacing.
Figure 5.4 Access door latch (bolted).
Figure 5.5 Access door hinge (bolted).
Figure 5.6 Access door toggle clamp.
Figure 5.7 Hinge/latch reinforcing tube.
Figure 5.8 Eyebolt bracket.
Figure 5.9 Tear out analysis.
Figure 5.10 Clevis pin.
Figure 5.11 Bending analysis.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Explosion vent duct: roof.
Figure 6.2 Explosion vent duct: wall.
Figure 6.3 Blast deflector.
Figure 6.4 Explosion vent duct – reinforcing.
Figure 6.5 Blast deflector: reinforcing.
Figure 6.6 Gasketed duct flange bolt load diagram.
Figure 6.7 Square vent duct with no bend at end of duct.
Figure 6.8 Square vent duct with bend at end of duct.
Figure 6.9 Square vent duct with 90° bend at end of duct.
Figure 6.10 Square vent duct bolt spacing example.
Figure 6.11 Vent duct flange detail.
Figure 6.12 Flange stress with no bend.
Figure 6.13 Flange stress with a 45° bend at the end of the duct (for the sq...
Figure 6.14 Flange stress with a 45° bend (for the square bolted flange, ref...
Figure 6.15 Flange stress with a 90° bend at the end of the duct (for the sq...
Figure 6.16 Flange stress with a 90° bend (for the square bolted flange, ref...
Figure 6.17 Round vent straight duct with no bend at end of duct.
Figure 6.18 Round vent straight duct with 45° bend at end of duct.
Figure 6.19 Round vent straight duct with 90° bend at end of duct.
Figure 6.20 Round vent duct bolted flange 16 blots example.
Figure 6.21 Round flange stress with a 45° bend at the end of the duct (for ...
Figure 6.22 Flange stress with a 45° bend (for the round flange Refer to Fig...
Figure 6.23 Flange stress for the round flange with 90° bend at end of duct ...
Figure 6.24 Flange stress (for the round flange refer to Figures 6.19 and 6....
Figure 6.25 Flange stress (for the round flange refer to Figures 6.19 and 6....
Figure 6.26 Hammermill air inlet duct.
Figure 6.27 Filter bag cage detail.
Figure 6.28 Wall penetration vent duct non‐loss‐in‐weight vessel.
Figure 6.29 Wall penetration vent duct loss‐in‐weight vessel.
Figure 6.30 Vent duct flange detail.
Figure 6.31 Bird screen detail.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Support frame bevel cut weather cover round duct.
Figure 7.2 Installation procedure square cut weather cover round duct.
Figure 7.3 Installation procedure bevel cut round duct.
Figure 7.4 Support frame bevel cut weather cover rectangular duct.
Figure 7.5 Installation procedure bevel cut weather cover rectangular duct....
Figure 7.6 Installation procedure square cut weather cover rectangular duct....
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Inside location of dust collector: with vent duct.
Figure 8.2 Outside location of dust collector: with vent duct.
Figure 8.3 Dust collector leg anchors.
Figure 8.4 Angled vent duct column support.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Explosion vent surrounding area exposure.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Screw conveyor choke.
Figure 10.2 Screw conveyor with rotary airlock valve.
Figure 10.3 Screw conveyor cover.
Figure 10.4 Section A–A.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Grounded filter bag and cage assembly design detail.
Figure 11.2 Flanged connection bonding and grounding details.
Figure 11.3 Morris coupling connection bonding and grounding details.
Figure 11.4 Flexible connection between grounded components detail.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Explosion area warning sign.
Figure 12.2 Vent identification plate (example).
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Square/rectangular dust collector with explosion vent close to h...
Figure 14.2 Square/rectangular dust collector with explosion vent high on th...
Figure 14.3 Square/rectangular hopper volume.
Figure 14.4 Cylindrical dust collector with an explosion vent on the side of...
Figure 14.5 Cylindrical dust collector with an explosion vent on the top of ...
Figure 14.6 Cylindrical hopper volume.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Explosion vent duct‐roof.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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Explosion Vented Equipment System Protection Guide
Robert C. Comer, P.E.
This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Robert C. Comer to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Comer, Robert Charles, 1934– author.Title: Explosion vented equipment system protection guide / Robert Charles Comer.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, 2020. | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020022867 (print) | LCCN 2020022868 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119640035 | ISBN 9781119640066 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119640073 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Dust control–Equipment and supplies. | Fire prevention–Equipment and supplies.Classification: LCC TD884.5 .C655 2020 (print) | LCC TD884.5 (ebook) | DDC 628.9/22–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022867LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020022868
Cover design : WileyCover Images: (background) © Jose A. Bernat Bacete/Getty Images (graph) Courtesy of Robert Comer
This book is dedicated to my beautiful, extraordinary wife Jean and the beautiful, talented family that we have been blessed with. Daughter Lynn, her husband Jack, their son Adam, his wife Jessica, their son Andrew, his wife Sarah; daughter Donna, her husband George, their son Jonathan, their daughter Jacqueline; and daughter Kerry Ann, her husband John, their daughter Samantha, their sons Christopher and Stephen.
Preface
This book presents practical applications and guidance for engineers. It provides a reference to meet the needs of a company licensed or competent unlicensed engineer, that by education or experience understands the concepts presented in this book. It provides guidance to analyze and design or retrofit dust collection equipment to resist dust explosions, to protect employees and reduce production down time. The intent of the book is not to encourage licensed or competent unlicensed engineers to practice outside of their field of expertise, but to provide guidance to competent engineers to enhance their knowledge and approach to the narrow area of dust handling explosion venting and system reinforcing. Dust collector systems are not very complicated in scope and design. The reinforcing of thin panels is common to all square/rectangular dust collectors as are cylindrical dust collector roofs and access doors. Bolted flange connections, hinges, and latches are common and easily analyzed. This book provides guidance for these conditions. Licensed engineers and engineering consulting firms may find this book to be an advantage in obtaining the business of mitigating hazards for the many facilities that will have their hazards exposed by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) mandate of providing a dust hazard analysis of all facilities by September 2020. Many facilities do not have an engineer on staff, and they will be obligated to hire an outside consultant to mitigate their hazards.
Detailed explanations of formulas and tedious derivations are not necessary and are avoided. The data are presented in tables and graphs along with examples to illustrate the actual applications.
For each topic, the general principles and theories are stated, followed by extensive tables and worksheets for use in calculations of stress and strain and to design reinforcing of equipment with adequate and economical reinforcing members.
The examples are based on actual proven designs developed by the author by analyzing over 200 systems to clearly illustrate application of the information provided.
The book is arranged to provide a means of solving practical engineering problems.
Although every effort has been made to avoid errors, it is possible some could exist. I will be grateful for any needed corrections.
Robert C. ComerRockaway, NJ09 June 2020
Introduction
Be aware: Your dust collection system, though properly vented per National Fire Protection Agency, NFPA 68 (2013) “Standards on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting,” may not survive the vented explosion without having permanent deformation or catastrophic failure allowing hot gasses or shrapnel to be expelled into the surrounding area causing personnel injury or death, and exceedingly long production lost time while new equipment is ordered or failed equipment is rebuilt. The new NFPA 652 “Standard on the Fundamentals of Combustible Dust,” applies to all agriculture and food production facilities. All facilities must complete a Dust Hazard Analysis (DHA) by September 2020. Required is a systematic review to identify and evaluate potential dust fire, flash fire, and explosion hazards in a process or facility where combustible/explosible material is handled or processed. There are over 130 000 plants that handle sugar, flour, starch, dried milk, egg whites, gluten, and artificial sweeteners and are dealing with combustible dusts and potential dust explosions. Milling, grinding, spray drying of liquids, and handling of grains are processes that generate combustible dust. Combustible dusts are common in the food, plastics, metals, agriculture, chemical, and wood industries. There are many documented cases of dust explosions causing injury and death to workers due to a lack of understanding of the equipment requirements. Many plants have been in operation for years without an explosion and without being cited by OSHA. This does not mean that they are in compliance, and their facility processes will not injure or cause death to employees.
The expense of retrofitting equipment is justified when, in the event of a dust explosion, there is major production down time, or employees have not been protected properly. A recent minor dust explosion in a 3D printing company caused third degree burns on an employee. The fine by OSHA was US$ 64 500. Proper equipment reinforcing design would have cost a small fraction of that fine. The US Chemical Safety Board reports 316 dust explosions over the last 30 years that caused 145 workers killed and 846 injured with extensive damage to facilities.
