"Farewell, My Nation" E-Book

Philip Weeks

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: The American History Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 575

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The fully updated third edition of "Farewell, My Nation" considers the complex and often tragic relationships between American Indians, white Americans, and the U.S. government during the nineteenth century, as the government tried to find ways to deal with social and political questions about how to treat America’s indigenous population.

• Updated to include new scholarship that has appeared since the publication of the second edition as well as additional primary source material
• Examines the cultural and material impact of Western expansion on the indigenous peoples of the United States, guiding the reader through the significant changes in Indian-U.S. policy over the course of the nineteenth century
• Outlines the efficacy and outcomes of the three principal policies toward American Indians undertaken in varying degrees by the U.S. government – Separation, Concentration, and Americanization – and interrogates their repercussions
• Provides detailed descriptions, chronology and analysis of the Plains Wars supported by supplementary maps and illustrations

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 The “Indian Question”

In Need of a Solution

Breaching the Ohio Country Barrier

The Shooting Star and the Prophet

2 The Initial Solution

The Relocation Debate

Tribal Strategies in the South

The Cherokee–Georgia Conundrum

Removing the Southern Tribes

The Indian Territory and Its People

Undermining Forces

Dashed Hopes

3 The Travails of Mid Century

Western Troubles and the New Solution

Making Way for the Railroads

The Texas Challenge

Whether or Not to Be a Confederate

Civil War in the Indian Territory

Unrest in Minnesota

Colorado and Sand Creek

4 The Plains Wars, Phase I: Realizing Concentration

Those Who Resisted: An Inescapable Fate?

Indian Policy and Who Controlled It

Defending the Powder River Country

Dualism: Peace and Force Policies

Commotion in Kansas

Implementing Concentration

With the Olive Branch and the Sword

5 The Plains Wars, Phase II: Enforcing Concentration

Again, Indian Affairs and Who Controls Them

The Grant Peace Policy

At the Watershed

The Red River War

The Peace That Slipped Away

The Great Sioux War Commences

The Great Sioux War Concludes

6 The Search for a New Order

Reforms and Jurisdictional Disputes

Reappraising the Concentration Policy

The Government’s Newest “Solution”

Ending “Old and Injurious Habits”

Americanization: White Rationalizations and Tribal Responses

Dead Dreams

Bibliographical Essay

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Map 1.1 1783.

Map 1.2

Figure 1.1 Tecumseh, Shawnee chieftain, warrior, orator, and statesman. Leader of the pan-Indian movement that attempted to block further westward expansion of the United States in the early nineteenth century.

Figure 1.2 Lalawethika, brother of Tecumseh, changed his name to Tenskwatawa, meaning “the Open Door.” Americans called him the “Shawnee Prophet.” He led a purification movement, preaching to Indians a hatred of white people; a rejection of their culture and habits; and a return to traditional native values and lifestyle.

Chapter 02

Map 2.1 1816.

Figure 2.1 Major Ridge, one of the most prominent leaders of the Cherokee nation, is primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835). It exchanged the Cherokees’ land east of the Mississippi River for a parcel in the newly developed Indian Territory, leading to the infamous Trail of Tears.

Map 2.2 Indian Removal 1832–1842.

Figure 2.2 The excruciating horror of death and suffering through which the Cherokees trudged during their removal migration from Georgia to their new residence in the Indian Territory in 1838 is remembered as the “Trail of Tears.”

Map 2.3 Location of the Indians in the Indian Territory, after Removal.

Figure 2.3 Cheyenne mother and child. The Cheyenne lived in the area of present-day Minnesota at the time of their first contact with the Europeans. They migrated west across the Mississippi River and into North and South Dakota in the early eighteenth century, where they adopted the buffalo and horse culture.

Figure 2.4 Three Blackfeet chiefs—Four Horns, Small Leggings, and Mountain Chief—on the upland prairies of Montana. Once agrarians who lived north of the Yellowstone, by 1700 the Blackfeet, like some thirty other tribes, had adopted a new lifestyle based on the horse and moved to the Great Plains.

Map 2.4 The Plains Indians and Western Trails.

Chapter 03

Map 3.1 1851.

Figure 3.1 John Ross was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1828 to 1866, serving during the crisis of the relocation to Indian Territory and Cherokee involvement with the Southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.

Figure 3.2 Stand Watie was a leader of the Cherokee nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army in the war against the United States. He was the last Confederate general in the field to surrender at the war’s end in 1865.

Map 3.2 Scene of 1862 unrest in Minnesota.

Figure 3.3 The United States government, locked in a struggle with a determined Southern Confederacy during the Civil War (1861–1865), of necessity was forced to give Indian affairs a low priority. This resulted in two eruptions of violence. One involved the Santee Sioux in Minnesota, the other the Southern Cheyennes in Colorado. Here, the execution of thirty-eight Sioux at Fort Mankato, Minnesota, December 26, 1862.

Map 3.3 Central and Southern Plains, 1858–1865.

Chapter 04

Map 4.1 1866.

Figure 4.1 Lieutenant General William Tecumseh Sherman became the military commander of the Great Plains in 1865.

Map 4.2 Great Plains, ca. 1868–1875.

Figure 4.2 Crow warriors during a winter campaign in a valley of the Pryor Mountains in Montana.

Figure 4.3 Red Cloud, Oglala Sioux, in old age, the only Plains Indian leader to defeat the United States in war. His role in defending the Powder River Country was critical in securing the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, which turned the western half of South Dakota into the Great Sioux Reservation.

Figure 4.4 Chief Black Kettle, a prominent Southern Cheyenne leader, was a peacemaker who accepted treaties with the United States to safeguard his people. Black Kettle escaped the Colorado Cavalry's Sand Creek Massacre on the Cheyenne reservation in 1864, but died four years later when George Armstrong Custer led US Army troops in attacking his village along the Washita River.

Chapter 05

Map 5.1 1873.

Figure 5.1 Major General Philip Sheridan was appointed by General U.S. Grant in 1867 to head the Department of the Missouri and “pacify” the Plains Indians. He subsequently conducted the winter campaign of 1868–1869 against southern Plains tribes, and then the Red River War and the Great Sioux War of 1876–1877, the concluding conflicts of the Plains Indian Wars.

Figure 5.2 Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) holy man, led his people as a tribal chief in determined resistance to United States government policies during the era of the Plains Wars.

Map 5.2 The Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Figure 5.3 George Armstrong Custer seated with his wife, Elizabeth (Libby) Bacon Custer, and his younger brother, Thomas W. Custer, standing. The two brothers died on June 25, 1876, as combatants at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Outliving George by almost fifty-seven years, Elizabeth Custer became a key person responsible for constructing, molding, and protecting her husband’s legend.

Map 5.3 Sioux land reduction.

Chapter 06

Map 6.1 1887.

Map 6.2 Flight of the Nez Percé.

Figure 6.1 Chief Joseph was one of the most able Indian leaders in the trans-Mississippi West. In 1877, he led several hundred Nez Percé over the northern Rockies in an incredible effort to escape the army and seek haven in Canada.

Figure 6.2 The Carlisle Indian School, founded in 1879, was the prototype for government off-reservation boarding schools. At Carlisle, hundreds or even thousands of miles from the influences of family and tribe, Indian youths could be acculturated in the ways of the dominant American society. In March 1880, these Kiowa boys posed stiffly in their Carlisle uniforms.

Map 6.3 The Sioux reservations at the time of the Ghost Dance troubles.

Figure 6.3 After the Plains Wars, some western Indians resisted the United States by means of new spiritual directions that stressed regeneration, like the Ghost Dance. Sioux Chief Big Foot, a proponent of the Ghost Dance, lying dead in the snow, frozen, at the Wounded Knee (South Dakota) massacre site, January 1891.

Map 6.4 2010.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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