Fifty Formulas that Changed the World E-Book

Balungi Francis

• Herausgeber: Balungi Francis
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

Balungi has discovered the secret formulas behind the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Coca-Cola, Facebook, Google, the Theory of Everything, Quantum Gravity and the list is endless. Fifty of the most important equations in physics, economics, mathematics, catering, beverages are all given and expalined in his bestselling book.

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Leseprobe

50 FORMULAS

THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

BALUNGI FRANCIS

Copyright © Balungi Francis, 2019

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The moral right of the author has been asserted.

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study or critism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Contents

Introduction

1 Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

2 Dirac equation

3 The Schrödinger equation

4 Bernhard Riemann’s formula

5 Maxwell’s laws

6 Second law of thermodynamics

7 Pi

8 The Euler-Lagrange equation

9 Newton’s law of gravity

10 Einstein Energy –Mass equation

11 Einstein Field equation

12 Wave equation

13 The Yang-Baxter equation

14 Bayes’ theorem

15 Planck – Einstein relation

16 The Pythagorean Theorem

17 Boltzmann entropy

18 Newton’s second law

19 Euler’s Identity

20 Heron’s formula

21 The logistic map

22 Quaternion formula

23 The Black-Scholes model- The Midas

24 Shannon’s information theory

25 The Navier –Stokes equation

26 Logarithms

27 Hodgkin-Huxley model

28 The Fourier transform

29 Calculus

30 The square root of minus one

31 The normal distribution

32 Euler’s formula for polyhedra

33 The Google Formula/PageRank

34 Bernoulli’s principle

35 The Butterfly effect

36 The Facebook Formula -EdgeRank

37 The law of light reflection

38 Snell-Descartes law

39 Hooke’s law

40 Ideal gas law

41 The standard model

42 The first Friedmann equation

43 The Callan-Symanzik equation

44 The minimal surface equation

45 The Heat equation

56 The Gaussian Integral

47 The Basel Identity

48 The KFC formula

49 The Coca-Cola formula

50 The Kalman Filter

My Favorite Formula

Bibliography/References

About the Author

Introduction

Have you ever looked up into the night sky and wondered just how many stars there are in space? This question has fascinated scientists as well as philosophers, musicians and dreamers throughout the ages. Have you tasted the Kentucky Fried Chicken lately, and marveled at the secret formula behind the finger licking good chicken? What is the formula behind the Coca-Cola drink, Face book, Google, and the theory of everything, I can’t stop to look but the list is endless, this book presents these and many other formulas which changed and still run the world.

So how many stars are there in the universe? It is easy to ask this question, but difficult for scientists to give an answer. But the beauty of equations and formulas is twofold. Just as there exist a formula for KFC’s delicious “finger lickin’ good chicken, there is also a formula hidden deep in the cosmos that awaits one or two minds to grasp, and surely this equation will be used to count the number of stars in our mother universe. However we are not far away from the truth, the ESA’s infrared space observatory Herschel have devised a formula to count the stars in the universe to about stars not to mention but the Drake equation is about to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky way galaxy and the Universe at large. These equations will someday prove whether we are alone in the universe and the power of formulas will be revealed in a different fashion.

Equations and formulas are the lifeblood of mathematics, physics, science and technology. While a formula is a mathematical relationship or rule expressed in symbols or a list of ingredients with which something is made, an equation is rather a statement that the values of two mathematical expressions are equal (or the process of equating one thing with another). Without equations or formulas our world would not exist in its present form.

Whether it’s the construction of your house, the layout of streets in your neighborhood, the simple act of starting your car or turning on your dishwasher, when you play the piano or searching the internet, complex and basic formulas are everywhere. I want to convince you that equations have played a vital part

In creating today’s world, from mapmaking to satnav, from music to television, from discovering America to exploring the moons of Jupiter, from telegram to instagram and smartphones.

Equations are an essential tool for describing how many things in the natural world function and interact. But some equations have had a more far-reaching influence than others. Below I present 50 such equations that changed and are still shaping the world.

Complex equations with many unknowns, radical mathematical theorems dating back to antiquity, to late twentienth century discoveries, has all shaped our world. And with each new concept, our understanding of the physical world around us grows.

People understood geometry and algebra by about 2000 BCE. Around this time, both the Babylonians and Ancient Egyptians were aware of the number (pi) the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. By about 1500 BCE, the Babylonians were also aware of Pythagoras' theorem, which shows how the lengths of the sides of right-angled triangles are related.

The theorem is named after ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras (though some say the concept predates him) which shows that, although all math theorems and formulae simply exist and are waiting to be discovered, we can at least praise some individuals for finding them or working them out.

Kepler was also inspired by Pythagoras, and believed that the motion of the planets produces music. He used mathematics to show that the planets orbit the Sun in ellipses and, by 1619, he was able to determine the time it takes each planet to orbit and their relative distances from the Sun.

In 1687, Newton published his law of universal gravitation. This was groundbreaking because it showed, not just that abstract mathematical principles, such as the newly invented calculus, could be applied to what we observe in nature, but that the laws responsible for the movement of the planets are also responsible for the movement of objects on Earth. Newton also believed that the universe could be understood as a mathematical object, and described God as "skilled in mechanics and geometry".

Newton's contemporary, Leibniz, discovered another link between mathematics and nature when he first considered the idea of fractals. Twentieth-century mathematicians, such as French mathematician Gaston Julia and Polish-French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, were inspired by Leibniz to create complicated fractals of their own.

By this time, quantum mechanics, and German-Swiss-American physicist Albert Einstein's theories of special and general relativity, had shown that nature obeys the laws of mathematics, even when this contradicts our common sense understanding of the world.

So, as we can see, Maths and physics has been ever-present throughout the history of Man, yet a number of significant breakthroughs have emerged thanks to skilled mathematicians who have come to find them.

We will look at some of the most famous formulas and equations in maths, physics, economics, technology, the internet, computer science, catering (cookery, food preparation) and beverage.

If you wonder why formulas are so important, and the impact that each major formula or equation has brought, read on to discover 50 revolutionary formulas to take your maths, physics, economics, computer science applications, catering and beverage intuition to another level. There is, of course, no end to the number of mathematical formulas and expressions that exist (some might say the list is endless), but in this book we focus on some of the better known algebraic equation and formulae and provide some helpful notation.

1 Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

What does it say?

It states that the more certain you are about a particle's momentum (P) the less certain you are about the particle's position (x) that is, momentum and position can never both be known exactly.

What did it teach us?

One can never know with perfect accuracy both of those two important factors which determine the movement of one of the smallest particles, that is its position and its velocity. It is impossible to determine accurately both position,direction and speed of a particle at the same instant.

But was it practical?

It is used in testing number-phase uncertainty relations in superconducting and or quantum optics systems. It is also applied to low–noise technology such as that required in gravitational wave interferometers. It also opened a door to wave mechanics and the Schrödinger equation.

History