Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2887

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries: A Global Perspective brings together the current state of knowledge of estuarine fish in one inclusive work. Featuring contributions by more than fifty internationally-recognized researchers and estuarine ichthyological specialists, this landmark resource covers fish assemblages and functional groups, recruitment and production in estuaries, feeding ecology and trophic dynamics, fisheries and the conservation of estuarine fish, and much more. Thirteen in-depth chapters and two method appendices examine major aspects of fish and fisheries in estuaries throughout the world. The text describes the biology of estuarine fish and their connections with estuarine and adjacent marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as examining the ways human industrialization and global events such as climate change are impacting both native and non-native species. Topics include habitat diversity, fish foraging behavior, ecological engineering tools and models, hazards and risks to estuarine fish and fisheries, and estuarine environmental health. Offering detailed information on the biology and ecology of estuarine fish and fisheries, this authoritative reference: * Explores current approaches and future research directions aimed at achieving a balance between exploitation and conservation of estuarine fishes * Discusses environmental quality objectives and sustainable management of estuary fisheries * Addresses the impacts of increased human use of resources such as food, space, and water to estuarine fish and fisheries * Features numerous international case studies of management of fisheries, threatened species, estuarine rehabilitation, reproduction and ontogeny, and others * Covers study and sampling methods, field equipment, and data processing, analysis, and interpretation Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries: A Global Perspective is an indispensable tool and reference point for fish biologists, fisheries scientists, ecologists and environmental scientists, aquatic ecologists, conservation biologists, estuarine managers and advanced students and instructors in fish biology and fisheries programs.

Leseprobe

Volume I

Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries

A Global Perspective

Volume 1

Edited by

Alan K. Whitfield

South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity

Grahamstown, South Africa

Kenneth W. Able

Rutgers University

Tuckerton, USA

Stephen J.M. Blaber

CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere

Brisbane, Australia

Michael Elliott

IECS Ltd, Leven, UK and University of Hull

Hull, UK

This edition first published 2022© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied forHardback ISBN 9781444336672

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Volume I: Photographic Image: Ntlonyane Estuary (South Africa) courtesy of © Peter Chadwick; Fish Image: Illustration of juvenile and adult of Lichia amia courtesy of © NRF‐SAIAB

We dedicate this book to our offspring; Alan’s grandchildren Brendan and Rory Stones; Ken’s children Nathan, Colin and Peter Able; Steve’s children Lucy, Gail and Helen Blaber; and Mike’s grandchildren Olly, Dylan and Mycah Elliott. We sincerely hope that they will be able to enjoy well‐conserved estuaries and fish stocks, and that the number of healthy systems with an abundance and rich diversity of fish will continue to grow in the decades to come.

List of Contributors

Able, Kenneth W. (Prof.) Institute of Marine & Coastal Science, Rutgers University, Marine Field Station, USA (email: [email protected])

Arula, Timo (Dr) Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia (email: [email protected])

Baumgartner, Lee J. (Prof.) Institute for Land, Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Blaber, Stephen J.M. (Dr) CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Australia (email: [email protected])

Borja, Angel (Dr) Marine Research Division, Technological Centre for Marine & Food Innovation (AZTI) and Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Spain (email: [email protected])

Bradley, Michael (Dr) Department of Marine Biology, James Cook University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Brown, Larry R. (Dr) California Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, USA (email: [email protected])

Cabral, Henrique N. (Prof.) INRAE, UR EABX, France (email: [email protected])

Capderrey, Cécile (Dr) French Geological Survey (BRGM), France (email: [email protected])

Colclough, Stephen (Mr) Colclough & Coates, UK (email: [email protected])

Conallin, John (Dr) Institute for Land, Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Cowley, Paul D. (Prof.) South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), South Africa (email: [email protected])

Elliott, Michael (Prof.) Department of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Hull, UK and International Estuarine & Coastal Specialists (IECS) Ltd., UK (email: [email protected])

Feyrer, Frederick V. (Dr) California Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, USA (email: [email protected])

Fonseca, Vanessa F. (Dr) Marine & Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Portugal (email: [email protected])

Franco, Anita (Dr) Independent Ecological Consultant, UK (email: [email protected])

Franzoi, Piero (Prof.) Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, Foscari University of Venice, Italy

Gillanders, Bronwyn M. (Prof.) Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia

Hänfling, Bernd (Dr) Department of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Hull, UK (email: [email protected])

Harrison, Trevor D. (Dr) Marine & Fisheries Division, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs, Northern Ireland, UK (email: Trevor.Harrison@daera‐ni.gov.uk)

Hemingway, Krystal L. (Ms) Cutts & Hemingway Estuarine Ecology and Management (CHEEM), UK (email: [email protected])

Henriques, Sofia (Dr) Marine & Environmental Sciences Centre and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal (email: [email protected])

Houde, Edward D. (Prof.) Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, USA (email: [email protected])

James, Nicola C. (Dr) South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), South Africa, and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa (email: [email protected])

Jaureguizar, Andrés J. (Dr) Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), República Argentina, and Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), República Argentina, and Universidad Provincial del Sudoeste (UPSO), República Argentina (email: ajaureguizar@iado‐conicet.gob.ar)

Lamberth, Stephen J. (Dr) Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, South Africa (email: [email protected])

Leal, Miguel C. (Dr) Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Portugal (email: [email protected])

Lepage, Mario (Dr) INRAE, UR EABX, France (email: [email protected])

Lonsdale, Jemma‐Anne (Dr) Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, UK (email: [email protected])

Marshall, Shona (Dr) West Sutherland Fisheries Trust, UK (email: [email protected])

McMillan, Matthew N. (Dr) Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia. Current address: Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Australia (email: [email protected])

Meire, Patrick (Prof.) Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium (email: [email protected])

Moyle, Peter B. (Prof.) Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, USA (email: [email protected])

Nunn, Andrew (Dr) University of Hull International Fisheries Institute, Department of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Hull, UK (email: [email protected])

Pessanha, André L.M. (Dr) Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (PPGEC), Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Brazil (email: [email protected])

Potter, Ian C. (Prof.) Environmental & Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Ramos, Sandra (Dr) Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine & Environmental Research, University of Porto, Portugal (email: [email protected])

Reis‐Santos, Patrick (Dr) Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia and Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal (email: [email protected])

Sheaves, Marcus (Prof.) College of Science & Engineering, Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Simenstad, Charles A. (Prof.) School of Aquatic & Fishery Science, University of Washington, USA (email: [email protected])

Stompe, Dylan K. (Mr) Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, USA (email: [email protected])

Strydom, Nadine A. (Prof.) Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa (email: [email protected])

Teichert, Nils (Dr) Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Station Marine de Dinard France (email: [email protected])

Tweedley, James R. (Dr) Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Vasconcelos, Rita P. (Prof.) IPMA‐Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Portugal (email: [email protected])

Vu, An V. (Mr) Fisheries Ecology & Aquatic Resources Division, Research Institute for Aquaculture, Vietnam (email: [email protected])

Walther, Benjamin (Prof.) Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA (email: [email protected])

Whitfield, Alan K. (Prof.) South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), South Africa (email: [email protected])

Wibowo, Arif (Dr) Inland Fisheries Research Institute and Extensions, Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries, Indonesia and Inland Fishery Resources Development & Management Department, South East Asian Fisheries Development Center (email: wibowo@daad‐alumni.de)

Wolanski, Eric (Prof.) College of Science & Engineering, Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Australia (email: [email protected])

Young, Michael (Dr) Marine & Coastal Services Team, Science and Evidence, Natural England, UK (email: [email protected])

Preface

Throughout the world, estuaries are perhaps the type of water body most intimately associated with humans. The reasons for this have been stated often but emphasize sites for harbours, fishing, industrial, and residential development. In addition, since all estuaries represent a meeting place between river and sea, the availability of catchment freshwater supplies are vital for developing and maintaining life in and around these systems.

Coastal communities by their very nature have strong maritime traditions, with estuaries giving ready access to the sea and have therefore been important in human history. Consequently, it is no surprise that many of the world’s megacities have developed on estuaries, with residents frequently identifying themselves in relation to their estuary. Our close connection with estuaries has also led to a great deal of interest in the fish stocks, both for food and pleasure – for exploitation, commercial and recreational, and for aesthetic reasons.

However, the importance of estuaries and coasts has also given rise to what we are calling ‘the triple whammy’ – the increase in industrialisation and urbanisation, the increased use of resources such as food, space and water, and the decreased resistance and resilience to global events such as climate change. Indeed, climate change and the accompanying sea‐level rise is already starting to have major impacts on estuaries, fishes and people living along the coast. This close association, particularly in relation with food security and burgeoning human populations, has therefore given urgent impetus to research into maintaining the viability of fish populations in the face of both fishing and other pressures, especially habitat degradation.

The widespread recognition of the value of biodiversity, enshrined in a number of international treaties (e.g. the 1992 Convention on Biodiversity) to which most countries are signatories, has encouraged the documentation of the very diverse estuarine fish faunas, as well as the setting up of protected areas, driving rehabilitation, and the enactment of conservation laws. From a research perspective, the emphasis has shifted from the vitally important tasks of documenting estuarine fish faunas, as well as their often unique biology and life histories, to trying to ameliorate or at least record, all the negative anthropogenic effects on the fishes and their environment, and to achieve a balance between exploitation and conservation. We have learnt that we need to understand not only the structure of the systems but especially the functioning. Perhaps more than other ecosystems, in order to understand and protect estuaries, we need to consider connectivity and what happens in the adjoining areas at sea and in freshwaters. To reach this balance, a good understanding of the fishes and all their interrelationships, including that with humans, are obviously required.

This book seeks to document all aspects of fishes in estuaries from a global perspective. Its genesis was about 10 years ago when Wiley Blackwell, the publishers of two books on tropical and temperate estuarine fishes, suggested that the authors get together and produce an overall volume. Given the rapid increases in knowledge, it was soon realised that this task required a larger multi‐author and multi‐national approach than the previous volumes, and by involving estuarine ichthyological specialists from many fields. Hence, the present volume – which consists of 13 chapters plus 2 appendices, representing the best efforts of 52 authors to bring together in one book our current state of knowledge of the fish and fisheries in the myriad of estuaries throughout the world.

Alan Whitfield, South Africa

Ken Able, USA

Steve Blaber, Australia

Mike Elliott, UK

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, the editors would like to thank the authors of the various chapters for their valuable contributions in making this book a quality product that will be widely used and appreciated around the world. We are also grateful for the collaboration and support of staff in the Life Science Book section of John Wiley & Sons in England. In particular, we would like to acknowledge the skills and publication support provided by Rebecca Ralf, Kerry Powell, Priya Subbrayal, and Anandan Bommen in guiding this book through the final stages of production. Finally, we thank all the employers and funders of the scientists who conducted the estuarine ichthyological research upon which this volume is based – without the infrastructural, logistical, and financial support provided by these institutions, this product would not have been possible.

Chapter 1 Introduction

Alan K. Whitfield, Kenneth W. Able, Stephen J.M. Blaber, and Michael Elliott

1.1 Scope of the book

Estuaries are transitional water bodies that represent the meeting place between rivers or land‐based freshwater run‐off and the sea. Within this system and its associated catchment and marine areas, there is a set of ecotones, i.e. gradations between the different systems (Basset et al. 2013). These ecotones cover the freshwater‐estuary, estuary‐marine, surface‐water column‐bed (vertical) and estuary to the sides (lateral) of systems. Each of these ecotones cover a gradation or even an abrupt change in environmental characteristics. This in turn creates ecoclines, the gradients of change on the biotic and environmental variables. The horizontal ecocline between the freshwater and marine fish components associated with estuaries is often steep (Whitfield et al. 2012). In contrast, the ecocline in fish assemblages between the estuary and the marine environment is usually more gradual (Chaves et al. 2018) and may even extend a considerable distance into the sea (McHugh 1967, Araújo et al. 2002). In some cases, these two different ecoclines may overlap within a single region of an estuary, e.g. in the Thames system there were overlapping gradients for freshwater species from the river to the mid‐estuary region, and for marine species, the gradient was from the sea to the mid‐estuary (Attrill & Rundle 2002).

Although the environmental (physico‐chemical) transition from the sea through the estuary and into the river catchment or watershed may appear gradual (Table 1.1, Basset et al. 2013), the changes between these different aquatic environments represent, for many fish species, major potential barriers (Blaber 1991, Martino & Able 2003), which can be likened to the obstacles facing labyrinthodonts making the transition from water to land! Thus, the assumption that most freshwater and marine fish species have relatively free access to the abundant and diverse food resources and habitats provided by estuaries is a fallacy that is not supported by ichthyological studies that traverse these ecosystem boundaries or transition zones (Barletta et al. 2008).

All fish species have a set of well‐defined tolerances to environmental characteristics, and those tolerances may remain constant or change during their lifecycles, for example the ability by some taxa to live for part of their lives in the sea, estuary or catchment. Most fish species, especially those which have life cycles closely tied to either rivers or the sea, are generally confined to those particular aquatic environments and seldom stray into estuaries (Whitfield et al. 2017). However, those taxa that are able, because of their tolerances, to traverse the ecological divisions have access to highly productive waters that provide ideal nurseries and adult feeding grounds for a variety of fish trophic groups (Elliott & Hemingway 2008).

Table 1.1Geographic divisions, salinity ranges and zones (Venice System) and the approximate distribution of different categories of ichthyofauna found in a ‘generalized’ estuary

(modified from an estuarine invertebrate concept published by Carriker 1967).

Estuary divisions

Salinity ranges

Salinity zones

Fishes and approximate distribution range within estuaries

River reaches

<0.5

Limnetic

Anadromous migrants

Freshwater taxaStenohalinemarine taxa

Estuarine residents

Euryhaline marine taxa

Catadromous migrants

Estuary head

0.5–5

Oligohaline

Upper reaches

5–18

Mesohaline

Middle reaches

18–25

Polyhaline

Lower reaches

25–30

Polyhaline

Estuary mouth

30–40

Euhaline

There is little doubt that the highly variable and sometimes widely fluctuating physico‐chemical conditions in estuaries are a challenge to many marine or freshwater fish species that would otherwise make extensive use of these systems (Haedrich 1983, Cowan et al. 2013). However, those taxa that are euryoecious (i.e. a wide ability for various variables, including euryhaline for salinity and eurythermal for temperature) and eurytopic have been able to exploit estuaries and have the benefit of occupying one of the most productive natural aquatic ecosystems on the planet (Day et al. 2013). This gave rise to the idea of the stress‐subsidy phenomenon in which a highly variable environment is stressful for those species not able to tolerate the conditions but a subsidy for those able to tolerate the varying conditions, and thus thrive (Elliott & Quintino 2019).

Some marine species have become so closely associated with estuarine systems that they are termed ‘estuary dependent’, especially in terms of nursery area use by the juveniles (Miller et al. 1984