Fruit and Vegetables E-Book

Anthony Keith Thompson

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3298

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Completely revised, updated and enlarged, now encompassing two volumes, this third edition of Fruit and Vegetables reviews and evaluates, in comprehensive detail, postharvest aspects of a very wide international range of fresh fruit and vegetables as it applies to their physiology, quality, technology, harvest maturity determination, harvesting methods, packaging, postharvest treatments, controlled atmosphere storage, ripening and transportation.

The new edition of this definitive work, which contains many full colour photographs, and details of species not covered in the previous editions, provides key practical and commercially-oriented information of great use in helping to ensure that fresh fruit and vegetables reach the retailer in optimum condition, with the minimum of deterioration and spoilage.

With the constantly increasing experimental work throughout the world the book incorporates salient advances in the context of current work, as well as that dating back over a century, to give options to the reader to choose what is most relevant to their situation and needs. This is important because recommendations in the literature are often conflicting; part of the evaluation of the published results and reviews is to guide the reader to make suitable choices through discussion of the reasons for diverse recommendations. Also included is much more on the nutritional values of fruit and vegetables, and how these may vary and change postharvest. There is also additional information on the origin, domestication and taxonomy of fruit and vegetables, putting recommendations in context.

Fruits and Vegetables 3e is essential reading for fruit and vegetable technologists, food scientists and food technologists, agricultural scientists, commercial growers, shippers, packhouse operatives and personnel within packaging companies. Researchers and upper level students in food science, food technology, plant and agricultural sciences will find a great deal of use within this popular book. All libraries in research establishments and universities where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies readily available for users.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Dedication

Title Page

Copyright

About the Author

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Preharvest factors on postharvest life

Nutrients

Soil acidity

Organic production

Light

Day length

Temperature

Water relations

Production system

Harvest maturity

Preharvest infection

Growth regulation

Chapter 2: Assessment of crop maturity

Field methods

Postharvest methods

Chapter 3: Harvesting and handling methods

Crop damage

Harvesting

Field transport

Chapter 4: Precooling

Heat removal

Precooling methods

Chapter 5: Packaging

Types of packaging

Package recycling

Modified atmosphere packaging

Chapter 6: Postharvest treatments

Minerals

Astringency removal

Antioxidants

Sprout suppressants

Fruit coatings

1-MCP

Salicylic acid

Curing

Hot water treatment

Vapour heat treatment

Degreening

Chapter 7: Storage

Store management and organisation

Store design and method

Refrigerated storage

Controlled atmosphere stores

Hypobaric storage

Chapter 8: Diseases and pests

Pests

Diseases

Legislation

Mode of infection

Non-chemical methods of disease control

Chapter 9: Safety

Micotoxins

Bacterial toxins

Safety in controlled atmosphere stores

Toxicity of packaging material

Packhouse safety

Chapter 10: Marketing and transport

Marketing

Marketing systems

Market analysis

Branding

National transport

International trade

Cold chain

Transport by sea

International transport by airfreight

Temperature monitoring

Chapter 11: Fruit ripening

Changes during fruit ripening

Controlled atmosphere storage on ripening

Design of ripening rooms

Ethylene on ripening

Chapter 12: Specific recommendations for fruit

Abiu

Abiyuch

Açaí

Acerola

Achachairú

African fan palm

African pear

Amelanchier

Apricot

Arbutus

Asian pears

Assyrian plum

Atemoya

Arazá

Babaco

Bael

Bakuri

Bakupari

Banana

Banana passionfruit

Baobab

Bayberry

Bilimbi

Biriba

Bitter melon

Blackberry

Blackcurrant

Black sapote

Blueberry, bilberry

Camu-camu

Canistel

Capulin

Carambola

Carissa

Cashew apples

Cherimoyas

Cherry

Chinese jujube

Chinese squash

Chinese white pear

Citron

Citrus hybrids

Clementines

Cloudberries

Cocona

Cranberries

Custard apple

Dabai

Damsons

Dates

Dewberries

Dragon fruit

Durian

Easy peeling citrus fruits

Elderberry

Emblic

Feijoas

French sorrel

Garden huckleberry

Genips

Giant granadilla

Ginseng

Gooseberry

Governor's plum

Green gages

Grapes

Grapefruit

Guava

Gulupa

Hawthorne

Hog plum

Huckleberry

Ilama

Indian jujube

Jackfruit

Jamun

Jamaican honeysuckle

Jamaican sorrel

Japanese plum

Jostaberry

Kiwano

Kiwifruit

Kinnow

Kumquats

Langsat, lanzon, duku

Lemons

Lime berry

Limes

Limequats

Litchi

Loganberries

Longan

Longkong

Loofah

Loquat

Malay apple

Mamey

Mandarin

Mango

Mangosteen

Medlar

Melon

Monstera

Mora

Mountain damson

Mulberry

Mume

Nance

Naranjilla

Nectarines

Noni

Ōhelo berry

Olives

Orange

Otahiete apple

Palmyra palm

Paniala

Papaya

Papayuela

Passionfruit

Peaches

Pear

Pejibaye

Physalis

Pineapple

Pitanga

Plum

Pomegranate

Pond apple

Prickly pear

Pomelo

Quince

Rambutan

Raspberry

Redcurrant, whitecurrant

Red huckleberry

Red whortleberry

Rhubarb

Rose apple

Rowal

Salak

Sansapote

Santol

Sapodillas

Sapote

Sapote mamey

Satsuma

Seville orange

Shea butter tree

Sloe

Soncoya

Sour cherry

Soursop

Spanish plum

Star apple

Strawberry

Strawberry guava

Sudachi

Sugar cane

Sweet calabash

Sweet granadilla

Sweet passionfruit

Sweetsop

Tangerines

Tayberries

Watermelon

Wax apple

West Indian gooseberry

White sapote

Wild cucumber

Worcester berries

Yard-long bean

Zapotes chupa chupa

References

Index

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

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List of Tables

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Table 12

Table 13

Table 14

Table 15

Table 16

Table 17

Table 18

Table 19

Table 20

Table 21

Table 22

Table 23

Table 24

Table 25

Table 26

Table 27

Table 28

Table 29

Table 30

Table 31

Table 32

Table 33

Table 34

Table 37

Table 38

Table 39

Table 40

Table 41

Table 42

Table 43

Table 44

Table 45

Table 46

Table 47

Table 48

Table 53

Table 54

Table 55

Table 56

Table 57

Table 58

Table 59

Table 60

Table 61

Table 62

Table 63

Table 75

Table 64

Table 65

Table 66

Table 67

Table 68

Table 69

Table 70

Table 71

Table 72

Table 73

Table 74

Table 76

Table 77

Table 78

Table 79

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Table 85

Table 86

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Table 89

Table 90

Table 91

Table 92

Table 93

Table 94

Table 95

Table 96

Table 98

Table 99

Table 100

Table 101

Table 102

Table 103

Table 104

Table 105

Table 106

Table 107

Table 108

Table 109

Table 110

Table 111

Table 112

Table 114

Table 113

Table 115

Table 116

Table 117

Table 118

Table 119

Table 120

Table 121

Table 122

Table 123

Table 124

Table 125

Table 126

Table 127

Table 128

Table 129

Table 130

Table 133

Table 134

Table 135

Table 136

Table 137

Table 138

Table 139

Table 140

Table 141

Table 142

Table 143

Table 144

Table 145

Table 146

Table 147

Table 148

Table 149

Table 150

Table 151

Table 152

Table 153

Table 154

Table 155

Table 156

Table 157

Table 158

Table 159

Table 160

Table 162

Table 163

Table 164

Table 165

Table 166

Table 167

Table 168

Table 169

Table 170

Table 171

Table 172

Table 173

Table 174

Table 175

Table 176

Table 177

Table 178

Table 179

Table 180

Table 181

Table 182

Table 183

Table 184

Table 185

Table 186

Table 187

Table 188

Table 189

Table 190

Table 191

Table 192

Table 193

Table 194

Table 195

To

Elara, Maya, Ciaran, Caitlin and Cameronto whom I owe much more than they will ever know

Fruit and Vegetables

Harvesting, Handling andStorage

Third Edition

Volume 1

Introduction and Fruit

A.K. Thompson

© 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

This third edition first published 2015

Edition history: Iowa State Press (1e, 1996); Blackwell Publishing Ltd (2e, 2003)

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Thompson, A. K. (A. Keith)

Fruit and vegetables : harvesting, handling and storage / A.K. Thompson. – Third edition.

volumes cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Contents: Introduction and fruit

ISBN 978-1-118-65404-0 (cloth)

1. Fruit–Postharvest technology. 2. Vegetables–Postharvest technology. I. Title.

SB360.T45 2014

634′.0441 – dc23

2014013794

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: © iStockphoto/raddanovic

About the Author

Anthony Keith Thompson is Professor of Horticulture at Hamelmalo Agricultural College in Keren, Eritrea. Previously he had been Professor of Postharvest Technology, Cranfield University, the United Kingdom; Team Leader, EU project at the Windward Islands Banana Development and Exporting Company; Principal Scientific Officer, Tropical Products Institute, London; Team Leader and Expert for the UN Food and Agriculture Organization in the Sudan and Korea; Advisor to the Colombian Government in postharvest technology of fruit and vegetables; Research Fellow in Crop Science, University of the West Indies, Trinidad; and Research Assistant, University of Leeds, the United Kingdom. Moreover, he is a consultant and advisor in many countries for many international, government and private organizations.

Preface

The awareness of the importance of plants in the human diet has developed into detailed scientific study. The role of plants in medicine seems to have always been known and even today searches are being constantly made to find chemicals in plants that can be used to prevent or cure disease in modern medicine. A vast range of plant species have been eaten throughout the history of mankind. Presumably, initially human beings started using plants and their products from gathering them in the wild and eventually finding ways of cultivating them. This is the history of the development of agriculture. Even now people are still collecting plants for food from the wild in tandem with the development of breeding new cultivars of these crops and improved ways of cultivating them. Keller and Tukuitonga (2007) stated that ‘Low fruit and vegetable intake was identified as an important risk factor for chronic diseases in the WHO World Health Report 2002. Overall, it is estimated that up to 2.7 million lives could potentially be saved each year if fruit and vegetable consumption was sufficiently increased.’ The nutritional properties of vegetables and fruit have been known for centuries. In the 18th century a French pharmacist Antoine-Augustin Parmentier demonstrated, for several years by his own diet, that all the nutrients required to sustain a healthy life were found in potatoes (Block 2008). The quality of the plant material in terms of nutrition and the maintenance of that quality and reducing their physical losses from harvest to reaching the consumer have been the subject of a vast number of research projects. Changes that can occur may be due to infections by microorganisms or by the physiological processes that continue in vegetables and fruit since they are still living organisms with life processes that are severed from their sources of renewal and sustenance.

The technology involved in getting fresh produce from the field to the consumer is enormously complicated because many of the crops are highly perishable and variable. This variability militates against simple solutions. The fresh produce trade would prefer not to be involved with this variation and complexity. They would prefer to be able to look up their particular crop on a chart, which will say it should be harvested, packaged and stored in a certain way. Information in this form is readily available but will rarely give the best results in terms of preserving the quality of the crop. The objective of this book is the same as the two previous editions, which is to provide a range of postharvest options from which the produce technologist can select. Additionally it puts into context our current state of knowledge on postharvest science and technology and thus identifies areas where research is needed.

In order to provide a context for understanding the differences in research results and interpreting them some background information has been supplied on each fruit or vegetable. Also some taxonomy is included because of the difficulties in knowing exactly which crop the researchers have referred to. This may well help in determining the differences in results. The information in this book and the way that it is presented is therefore largely what is perceived to be required by the industry. Also there is increasing pressure for universities to provide graduates who are more relevant to the needs of industry, and most students of postharvest science and technology will eventually work in the industry or in some way be associated with it; so the book will also serve their needs. The parts on tropical root crops have relied heavily on two of the publications of Daisy Kay. From 1970 Daisy and I worked together at the Tropical Products Institute in London. TPI subsequently became the Tropical Development and Research Institute. The 1973 edition of her Root Crops: Crop and Product Digest was so well received that it was decided in the Institute to produce a second edition. Because Daisy had died and because of research and overseas consultancy work no one suitably qualified in the Institute had sufficient time to revise Daisy's work and so Graham Gooding was employed and with the co-operation of members of the Institute produced the excellent second edition in 1987. C.W. Wardlaw and his associates working in Trinidad at what eventually became the University of the West Indies is also a major source of information. Wardlaw was the Head of the Botany Department at Manchester University in 1960 and 1961 when I worked there as a lowly gardener in their Botanic Gardens. I subsequently was responsible for sorting out Wardlaw's notes and data and those of his predecessor S.C. Harland in Trinidad when the library at the University was relocated in 1969 while I was working there as a Research Fellow. Another major source is the work of Dr J.M. Lutz and Dr R.E. Hardenburg published in the United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 66, which I was pleased to see has been revised and is constantly updated on the Internet by some of the most experienced postharvest technologists.

The work of this book is based on a selective review of the literature and my experiences since I was first formally involved in postharvest technology in 1967. Since that time postharvest technology has taken me all over the world doing short consultancies and long-term assignments, of up to 3 years, meeting particular challenges in research, training and development of the fruit and vegetable industry. Although much of my time has been spent as an academic and government or United Nations adviser, I have always worked closely with the horticultural industry. The information in this book and the way that it is presented is therefore largely in a form that I perceive to be required by the industry.

In this third edition I have brought the information up-to-date and widened its scope by including some fruit and vegetables that were not included in the first two editions. Comments have been made on the lack of information and discussion on the benefits of consumption of fruit and vegetables and levels of various nutrients they may contain and how these may change postharvest. So some nutritional data has been included and I am indebted to the USDA nutrient database for much of this information. Also I have included more details on taxonomy since it has been pointed out that there is often confusion as to which crop is being referred to. I have also included a little on the origin and history of the crops for which I have relied to a considerable degree on the excellent publications of Julia Morton and J.W. Purseglove.

Acknowledgements

To Mr Allen Hilton, Dr Wei Yuqing, Dr Dick Sharples, Professor Don Tindall, Dr Sulafa Musa, Dr Bob Booth, Dr Andy Medlicott, Dr Robin Tillet, Dr James Ssemwanga, Mr David Bishop, Mr Devon Zagory, Mr Tim Bach, Silsoe Research Institute, FAO Rome, WIBDECO St. Lucia and Positive Ventilation Limited for use of photographs and other illustrative material. To Dr Graham Seymour and Dr John Stow for comments and help on the earlier editions. Selections from USDA nutrient data base, which is freely available, have been widely used and gratefully acknowledged.