Functional Imaging by Controlled Nonlinear Optical Phenomena E-Book

Kazuyoshi Itoh

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Wiley Series in Biomedical Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 612

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Ultrafast lasers allow high-precision imaging and manipulation forbiological and medical applications. Nonlinear optical microscopyhas provided researchers with unique possibilities ofthree-dimensional imaging of biological cells and tissues.Nonlinear optical imaging technique is a rapidly emerging researcharea with widespread fundamental research and clinicalapplications. Nonlinear optical imaging allows both structural andfunctional imaging with cellular level resolution imaging inbiological systems. The introduction of endogenous or exogenousprobes can selectively enhance contrast for molecular targets in aliving cell as well as supply functional information on processes.With the aim to control nonlinear optical processes and to obtainfunctional images, nonlinear optical processes can be controlled byphoto-controlled probes and/or parameters of ultrafast laserpulses, such as time, space, polarization, and phase. This book gives an overview of the nonlinear optical process byultrafast laser pulses and explains how the basics of nonlinearoptical microscopy led to the most advanced techniques ofphoto-controlled nonlinear optical microscopy.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Chapter 1: Ultrafast Optics for Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

1.1 NONLINEAR OPTICAL PHENOMENA

1.2 NONLINEAR IONIZATION

1.3 LIGHT SOURCE

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Basic Microscopic Technique

2.1 BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF A LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

2.2 FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE

REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy (NLOS)

3.1 LASER-WAVELENGTH SCANNING METHOD

3.2 MULTIPLEX SPECTROSCOPY

3.3 FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Nonlinear Optical Microscopy

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

4.2 FLUORESCENCE IMAGING

4.3 ELECTRONIC RESONANCE IMAGING

4.4 VIBRATIONAL IMAGING

4.5 SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION IMAGING

4.6 REFRACTIVE INDEX IMAGING

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Functional Imaging Based on Molecular Control

5.1 LOCALIZED OPTICAL MARKING AND TRACKING USING PHOTOMODULATABLE FLUORESCENT MOLECULES

5.2 MULTIFARIOUS CONTROL OF MULTIPHOTON EXCITATION BY PULSE-SHAPING TECHNIQUE

5.3 SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING UTILIZING NONLINEAR RESPONSE

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Ultrafast Laser Surgery

6.1 LASER CELL NANOSURGERY

6.2 PHOTODISRUPTION AND PHOTO-STIMULATION

REFERENCES

Index

WILEY SERIES IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND MULTI-DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

KAI CHANG, SERIES EDITOR

Advances in Optical Imaging for Clinical MedicineNicusor Iftimia, William R. Brugge, and Daniel X. Hammer (Editors)

Antigen Retrieval Immunohistochemistry Based Research and DiagnosticsShan-Rong Shi and Clive R. Taylor

Introduction to Nanomedicine and NanobioengineeringParas N. Prasad

Functional Imaging by Controlled Nonlinear Optical Phenomena

Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate percopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone].

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created ore extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herin may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department with the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Isobe, Keisuke, author.   Functional imaging by controlled nonlinear optical phenomena / Keisuke Isobe, Wataru Watanabe,    Kazuyoshi Itoh.      p. ; cm.   Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN 978-1-118-09144-9 (cloth)   I. Watanabe, Wataru, author. II. Itoh, Kazuyoshi, author. III. Title.   [DNLM: 1. Imaging, Three-Dimensional–methods. 2. Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton.   3. Lasers–diagnostic use. 4. Nonlinear Dynamics. 5. Optical Processes. WN 180]   RB43   616.07′58–dc23

2013017208

LIST OF TABLES

1.1Phase-matching methods for uniaxial crystals1.2Examples of standard pulse profiles1.3Sellmeier coefficients of glass materials1.4Examples of deconvolution factors for standard pulse profiles2.1Spectroscopic properties of covalent labeling organic dye2.2Spectroscopic properties of coupled targeting organic dye2.3Spectroscopic properties of fluorescent proteins2.4Donor/acceptor pairs5.1Spectroscopic properties of photomodulatable organic dyes5.2Spectroscopic properties of photomodulatable fluorescent proteins6.1Difference between disruption and bleaching

PREFACE

Since the advent of laser light, we have enjoyed its highly coherent properties due to the very narrow bandwidth hitherto impossible in the wide range of application fields, such as interferometry, spectroscopy, and holography. Recently, however, many researchers are examining pulsed light from lasers with very wide bandwidths. Ultrashort laser pulses can be generated from the wideband laser, if all the modes in the laser cavity are locked by some means. A typical commercially available mode-locked laser is a Ti:Sapphire or an Er-doped fiber laser. Subpicosecond laser pulses with more than 10 GW are readily available from these lasers. No less important, the spatial coherence inherent to these laser pulses allows us to readily focus them into an area smaller than 1 μ m2, where the filed strength can be extremely high. These laser pulses are called ultrashort or ultrafast laser pulses.

Natural light usually interacts with matter in a gentle manner. Its magnitude is attenuated, and/or its phase is simply delayed, depending on its wavelength and the materials it propagates. The wavelength-dependent attenuation of the magnitude gives light the color, and the tapered phase delay across the wavefront bends or disperses the light beam. Because of these interactions we can enjoy brilliant colors in the world. We can use glasses and camera lenses because of the refraction due to the phase shift in glass. If we use ultrafast laser pulses with a high peak power, the interaction of light with matter becomes much stronger and dependent on the field strength. Then the interaction regime gets into the nonlinear regime, and light that has different frequency components other than the incident one that is generated. The generated frequency components usually include those of the sum and difference of the input pulses. In extreme cases, the generated components span from terahertz to X-ray regions.

In the range of moderate peak power of ultrafast laser pulses, we can utilize the optical nonlinear effects for new modalities of imaging instruments, the optical nonlinear microscopy. The optical nonlinear effects include the two-photon absorption, high harmonics generation, and four-wave mixing. Nonlinear optical microscopy is a rapidly emerging research area with widespread clinical applications. Nonlinear optical effects allow both structural and functional imaging with cellular-level resolution. The introduction of endogenous or exogenous probes can selectively enhance contrast for molecular targets in a living cell, as well as supply functional information on processes. To obtain functional images, nonlinear optical processes can be controlled by photo probes and/or parameters of ultrafast laser pulses, such as time, space, polarization, and phase.

This book gives an overview of the nonlinear optical process caused by ultrafast laser pulses, and explains how the basics of nonlinear optical microscopy led to the most advanced techniques of photo-controlled nonlinear optical microscopy. If the incident pulses have higher peak power and total energy, much stronger interaction occurs. The ultrafast laser pulses can form localized plasmas and generate heat and shock waves in the sample and may cause ablation or explosion of a micro or nanometer scale. Such phenomena can be used for manipulation of biological samples. Thus, ultrafast laser pulses allow high-precision imaging and simultaneously the manipulation of the cells and intracellular substances for biological and medical applications. The latter issues of molecular control and laser surgery are dealt with in separate chapters.

The first author, Keisuke Isobe, who was one of my students, invented the concept of the stimulated parametric emission microscopy described in this book. The second author, Wataru Watanabe, also a student of mine, started the intracellular nano-surgery and single-organelle tracking in the early stages as an assistant professor of my laboratory. We have enjoyed frequent discussions in our laboratory on varieties of possible and impossible methods of nonlinear optical microscopy and manipulations of intracellular substances. Those days of stimulating discussions formed some of the best times of my life.

KAZUYOSHI ITOH

On the 10th floor of GSE Common East,

Suita Campus, Osaka University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Our work described in this book would not have been possible without collaboration and support from a large number of persons. We are pleased to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude. We would like to express our thanks to Professor Sachihiro Matsunaga (Tokyo University of Science), Assistant Professor Tsunehito Higashi (Hokkaido University), and Professor Kiichi Fukui (Osaka University) for their collaboration in the research in Chapters 4.2.2, 4.3.1, 5.1.2, and 6.1. We gratefully acknowledge Naomi Arakawa and Tomoko Shimada from Osaka University for their support of the work in Chapters 5.1.2 and 6.1. Next, we would like to thank Professor Nobuhiro Tsutsumi and Associate Professor Shin-ichi Arimura from the University of Tokyo for the preparation of Kaede in the experimental results of Chapter 5.1.2. K. Itoh and K. Isobe would like to express our appreciation to Shogo Kataoka (Osaka University), Takehito Kawasumi (Osaka University), Rena Murase (Osaka University) and Assistant Professor Takayuki Tamaki (Nara National College of Technology) for their important contributions to the study in Chapters 4.3.1 and 4.6.2. K. Itoh and K. Isobe would like to express our gratitude to Assistant Professor Yasuyuki Ozeki (Osaka University) and Associate Professor Shin’ichiro Kajiyama (Kinki University) for their significant contributions to the development of the research in Chapters 4.3.1, 4.4.2, and 4.6.2. K. Isobe gratefully acknowledges Professor Akira Suda (Tokyo University of Science), Masahiro Tanaka (Keio University), Hiroshi Hashimoto (Keio University), Professor Fumihiko Kannari (Keio University), Dr. Hiroyuki Kawano (RIKEN Brain Science Institute), Professor Hideaki Mizuno (RIKEN Brain Science Institute), Professor Atsushi Miyawaki (RIKEN Brain Science Institute), and Professor Katsumi Midorikawa (RIKEN Advanced Science Institute) for their collaboration and support in the research in Chapters 3.3, 4.2.3, 4.4.1, 5.1.2, and 5.2. K. Isobe would further like to acknowledge Dr. Takako Kogure, Dr. Tetsuya Kitaguchi, and Yoshiko Wada from RIKEN Brain Science Institute for the preparation of the biological sample in the experimental results of Chapter 5.2.

We would moreover like to acknowledge the financial support of the work in Chapters 4.3.1 and 4.4.2 by SENTAN, JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), and the work in Chapters 4.2.2 and 4.4.2 by the Northern Osaka (Saito) Biomedical Cluster of Science and Technology Forming Project. The work in Chapters 3.3, 4.4.1, 5.1.2, and 5.2 was supported by the Special Postdoctoral Researchers Program of RIKEN.

Finally, we would like to thank our families for their loving support and patience.

ACRONYMS

ACAutocorrelationADCAnalog-to-Digital ConverterAODAcousto-optic DeflectorAOMAcoustic Optical ModulatorBBOBarium BorateCALIChromophore-Assisted Laser InactivationCARSCoherent Anti-Stokes Raman ScatteringCCDCharged Coupled DeviceCMOSComplementary Metal Oxide SemiconductorCSRSCoherent Stokes Raman ScatteringCWContinuous WaveDFDifference frequencyDFGDifference-Frequency GenerationDOEDiffractive Optical ElementEOMElectro-optical ModulatorESAExcited-State AbsorptionFCSFluorescence Correlation SpectroscopyFCCSFluorescence Cross-correlation SpectroscopyFLFluorescenceFLIMFluorescence Lifetime Imaging MicroscopyFPFluorescent proteinFTFourier TransformFODFourth-Order DispersionFPALMFluorescence Photoactivation Localization MicroscopyFRAPFluorescence Recovery after PhotobleachingFRETFluorescence Resonance Energy TransferFROGFrequency-Resolved Optical GatingFTLFourier Transform-LimitedFWHMFull-Width at Half-Maximum