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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Fundamentals of Ship Hydrodynamics: Fluid Mechanics, Ship Resistance and Propulsion
Lothar Birk, University of New Orleans, USA
Bridging the information gap between fluid mechanics and ship hydrodynamics
Fundamentals of Ship Hydrodynamics is designed as a textbook for undergraduate education in ship resistance and propulsion. The book provides connections between basic training in calculus and fluid mechanics and the application of hydrodynamics in daily ship design practice. Based on a foundation in fluid mechanics, the origin, use, and limitations of experimental and computational procedures for resistance and propulsion estimates are explained.
The book is subdivided into sixty chapters, providing background material for individual lectures. The unabridged treatment of equations and the extensive use of figures and examples enable students to study details at their own pace.
Key features:
• Covers the range from basic fluid mechanics to applied ship hydrodynamics.
• Subdivided into 60 succinct chapters.
• In-depth coverage of material enables self-study.
• Around 250 figures and tables.
Fundamentals of Ship Hydrodynamics is essential reading for students and staff of naval architecture, ocean engineering, and applied physics. The book is also useful for practicing naval architects and engineers who wish to brush up on the basics, prepare for a licensing exam, or expand their knowledge.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 983
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019
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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
References
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Ship Hydrodynamics
Learning Objectives
1.1 Calm Water Hydrodynamics
1.2 Ship Hydrodynamics and Ship Design
1.3 Available Tools
Self Study Problems
2 Ship Resistance
Learning Objectives
2.1 Total Resistance
2.2 Phenomenological Subdivision
2.3 Practical Subdivision
2.4 Physical Subdivision
2.5 Major Resistance Components
References
Self Study Problems
3 Fluid and Flow Properties
Learning Objectives
3.1 A Word on Notation
3.2 Fluid Properties
3.3 Modeling and Visualizing Flow
3.4 Pressure
References
Self Study Problems
4 Fluid Mechanics and Calculus
Learning Objectives
4.1 Substantial Derivative
4.2 Nabla Operator and Its Applications
References
Self Study Problems
5 Continuity Equation
Learning Objectives
5.1 Mathematical Models of Flow
5.2 Infinitesimal Fluid Element Fixed in Space
5.3 Finite Control Volume Fixed in Space
5.4 Infinitesimal Element Moving With the Fluid
5.5 Finite Control Volume Moving With the Fluid
5.6 Summary
References
Self Study Problems
6 Navier‐Stokes Equations
Learning Objectives
6.1 Momentum
6.2 Conservation of Momentum
6.3 Stokes’ Hypothesis
6.4 Navier‐Stokes Equations for a Newtonian Fluid
References
Self Study Problems
7 Special Cases of the Navier‐Stokes Equations
Learning Objectives
7.1 Incompressible Fluid of Constant Temperature
7.2 Dimensionless Navier‐Stokes Equations
References
Self Study Problems
8 Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes Equations (RANSE)
Learning Objectives
8.1 Mean and Turbulent Velocity
8.2 Time Averaged Continuity Equation
8.3 Time Averaged Navier‐Stokes Equations
8.4 Reynolds Stresses and Turbulence Modeling
References
Self Study Problems
9 Application of the Conservation Principles
Learning Objectives
9.1 Body in a Wind Tunnel
9.2 Submerged Vessel in an Unbounded Fluid
10 Boundary Layer Theory
Learning Objectives
10.1 Boundary Layer
10.2 Simplifying Assumptions
10.3 Boundary Layer Equations
References
Self Study Problems
11 Wall Shear Stress in the Boundary Layer
Learning Objectives
11.1 Control Volume Selection
11.2 Conservation of Mass in the Boundary Layer
11.3 Conservation of Momentum in the Boundary Layer
11.4 Wall Shear Stress
Self Study Problems
12 Boundary Layer of a Flat Plate
Learning Objectives
12.1 Boundary Layer Equations for a Flat Plate
12.2 Dimensionless Velocity Profiles
12.3 Boundary Layer Thickness
12.4 Wall Shear Stress
12.5 Displacement Thickness
12.6 Momentum Thickness
12.7 Friction Force and Coefficients
References
Self Study Problems
13 Frictional Resistance
Learning Objectives
13.1 Turbulent Boundary Layers
13.2 Shear Stress in Turbulent Flow
13.3 Friction Coefficients for Turbulent Flow
13.4 Model–Ship Correlation Lines
13.5 Effect of Surface Roughness
13.6 Effect of Form
13.7 Estimating Frictional Resistance
References
Self Study Problems
14 Inviscid Flow
Learning Objectives
14.1 Euler Equations for Incompressible Flow
14.2 Bernoulli Equation
14.3 Rotation, Vorticity, and Circulation
References
Self Study Problems
15 Potential Flow
Learning Objectives
15.1 Velocity Potential
15.2 Circulation and Velocity Potential
15.3 Laplace Equation
15.4 Bernoulli Equation for Potential Flow
References
Self Study Problems
16 Basic Solutions of the Laplace Equation
Learning Objectives
16.1 Uniform Parallel Flow
16.2 Sources and Sinks
16.3 Vortex
16.4 Combinations of Singularities
16.5 Singularity Distributions
References
Self Study Problems
17 Ideal Flow Around A Long Cylinder
Learning Objectives
17.1 Boundary Value Problem
17.2 Solution and Velocity Potential
17.3 Velocity and Pressure Field
17.4 D'Alembert's Paradox
17.5 Added Mass
Self Study Problems
18 Viscous Pressure Resistance
Learning Objectives
18.1 Displacement Effect of Boundary Layer
18.2 Flow Separation
References
Self Study Problems
19 Waves and Ship Wave Patterns
Learning Objectives
19.1 Wave Length, Period, and Height
19.2 Fundamental Observations
19.3 Kelvin Wave Pattern
References
Self Study Problems
20 Wave Theory
Learning Objectives
20.1 Overview
20.2 Mathematical Model for Long‐crested Waves
20.3 Linearized Boundary Value Problem
References
Self Study Problems
21 Linearization of Free Surface Boundary Conditions
Learning Objectives
21.1 Perturbation Approach
21.2 Kinematic Free Surface Condition
21.3 Dynamic Free Surface Condition
21.4 Linearized Free Surface Conditions for Waves
Self Study Problems
22 Linear Wave Theory
Learning Objectives
22.1 Solution of Linear Boundary Value Problem
22.2 Far Field Condition Revisited
22.3 Dispersion Relation
22.4 Deep Water Approximation
References
Self Study Problems
23 Wave Properties
Learning Objectives
23.1 Linear Wave Theory Results
23.2 Wave Number
23.3 Water Particle Velocity and Acceleration
23.4 Dynamic Pressure
23.5 Water Particle Motions
References
Self Study Problems
24 Wave Energy and Wave Propagation
Learning Objectives
24.1 Wave Propagation
24.2 Wave Energy
24.3 Energy Transport and Group Velocity
References
Self Study Problems
25 Ship Wave Resistance
Learning Objectives
25.1 Physics of Wave Resistance
25.2 Wave Superposition
25.3 Michell's Integral
25.4 Panel Methods
References
Self Study Problems
26 Ship Model Testing
Learning Objectives
26.1 Testing Facilities
26.2 Ship and Propeller Models
26.3 Model Basins
References
Self Study Problems
27 Dimensional Analysis
Learning Objectives
27.1 Purpose of Dimensional Analysis
27.2 Buckingham
‐Theorem
27.3 Dimensional Analysis of Ship Resistance
References
Self Study Problems
28 Laws of Similitude
Learning Objectives
28.1 Similarities
28.2 Partial Dynamic Similarity
References
Self Study Problems
29 Resistance Test
Learning Objectives
29.1 Test Procedure
29.2 Reduction of Resistance Test Data
29.3 Form Factor
29.4 Wave Resistance Coefficient
29.5 Skin Friction Correction Force
References
Self Study Problems
30 Full Scale Resistance Prediction
Learning Objectives
30.1 Model Test Results
30.2 Corrections and Additional Resistance Components
30.3 Total Resistance and Effective Power
30.4 Example Resistance Prediction
References
Self Study Problems
31 Resistance Estimates – Guldhammer and Harvald's Method
Learning Objectives
31.1 Historical Development
31.2 Guldhammer and Harvald's Method
31.3 Extended Resistance Estimate Example
References
Self Study Problems
32 Introduction to Ship Propulsion
Learning Objectives
32.1 Propulsion Task
32.2 Propulsion Systems
32.3 Efficiencies in Ship Propulsion
References
Self Study Problems
33 Momentum Theory of the Propeller
Learning Objectives
33.1 Thrust, Axial Momentum, and Mass Flow
33.2 Ideal Efficiency and Thrust Loading Coefficient
References
Self Study Problems
34 Hull–Propeller Interaction
Learning Objectives
34.1 Wake Fraction
34.2 Thrust Deduction Fraction
34.3 Relative Rotative Efficiency
References
Self Study Problems
35 Propeller Geometry
Learning Objectives
35.1 Propeller Parts
35.2 Principal Propeller Characteristics
35.3 Other Geometric Propeller Characteristics
References
Self Study Problems
36 Lifting Foils
Learning Objectives
36.1 Foil Geometry and Flow Patterns
36.2 Lift and Drag
36.3 Thin Foil Theory
References
Self Study Problems
37 Thin Foil Theory – Displacement Flow
Learning Objectives
37.1 Boundary Value Problem
37.2 Pressure Distribution
37.3 Elliptical Thickness Distribution
References
Self Study Problems
38 Thin Foil Theory – Lifting Flow
Learning Objectives
38.1 Lifting Foil Problem
38.2 Glauert's Classical Solution
References
Self Study Problems
39 Thin Foil Theory – Lifting Flow Properties
Learning Objectives
39.1 Lift Force and Lift Coefficient
39.2 Moment and Center of Effort
39.3 Ideal Angle of Attack
39.4 Parabolic Mean Line
References
Self Study Problems
40 Lifting Wings
Learning Objectives
40.1 Effects of Limited Wingspan
40.2 Free and Bound Vorticity
40.3 Biot–Savart Law
40.4 Lifting Line Theory
References
Self Study Problems
41 Open Water Test
Learning Objectives
41.1 Test Conditions
41.2 Propeller Models
41.3 Test Procedure
41.4 Data Reduction
References
Self Study Problems
42 Full Scale Propeller Performance
Learning Objectives
42.1 Comparison of Model and Full Scale Propeller Forces
42.2 ITTC Full Scale Correction Procedure
References
Self Study Problems
43 Propulsion Test
Learning Objectives
43.1 Testing Procedure
43.2 Data Reduction
43.3 Hull–Propeller Interaction Parameters
43.4 Load Variation Test
References
Self Study Problems
44 ITTC 1978 Performance Prediction Method
Learning Objectives
44.1 Summary of Model Tests
44.2 Full Scale Power Prediction
44.3 Summary
44.4 Solving the Intersection Problem
44.5 Example
References
Self Study Problems
45 Cavitation
Learning Objectives
45.1 Cavitation Phenomenon
45.2 Cavitation Inception
45.3 Locations and Types of Cavitation
45.4 Detrimental Effects of Cavitation
References
Self Study Problems
46 Cavitation Prevention
Learning Objectives
46.1 Design Measures
46.2 Keller's Formula
46.3 Burrill's Cavitation Chart
46.4 Other Design Measures
References
Self Study Problems
47 Propeller Series Data
Learning Objectives
47.1 Wageningen B‐Series
47.2 Wageningen B‐Series Polynomials
47.3 Other Propeller Series
References
Self Study Problems
48 Propeller Design Process
Learning Objectives
48.1 Design Tasks and Input Preparation
48.2 Optimum Diameter Selection
48.3 Optimum Rate of Revolution Selection
48.4 Design Charts
48.5 Computational Tools
References
Self Study Problems
49 Hull–Propeller Matching Examples
Learning Objectives
49.1 Optimum Rate of Revolution Problem
49.2 Optimum Diameter Problem
References
50 Holtrop and Mennen's Method
Learning Objectives
50.1 Overview of the Method
50.2 Procedure
50.3 Example
References
Self Study Problems
51 Hollenbach's Method
Learning Objectives
51.1 Overview of the method
51.2 Resistance Estimate
51.3 Hull–Propeller Interaction Parameters
51.4 Resistance and Propulsion Estimate Example
Self Study Problems
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Fresh water properties
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 A selection of model basins around the world, sorted alphabetically a...
Chapter 30
Table 30.1 Particulars of full scale vessel and model used in the prediction exa...
Table 30.2 Testing and full scale environments for resistance prediction
Table 30.3 Measured total resistance and sinkage of model; blockage correction (...
Table 30.4 Resistance coefficients for the model
Table 30.5 Predicted resistance coefficients for the full scale vessel
Table 30.6 Full scale resistance
and effective power
Chapter 31
Table 31.1 Range of parameters suitable for Guldhammer and Harvald's method
Table 31.2 Required and optional input parameters for Guldhammer and Harvald's m...
Table 31.3 Bulbous bow corrections to the standard residuary resistance coeffici...
Table 31.4 Air resistance coefficients for different types of vessels (Kristense...
Table 31.5 Principal dimensions for resistance estimate example
Table 31.6 Selected ship speeds and resulting Froude and Reynolds number
Table 31.7 Residuary resistance value computation for the standard hull form
Table 31.8 Computation of the
‐correction for the residuary resistance coefficie...
Table 31.9 Comparison of old and updated bulbous bow correction to the residuary...
Table 31.10 Estimate of residual resistance coefficient
Table 31.11 Frictional resistance estimate
Table 31.12 Resistance coefficients computed with Guldhammer and Harvald's metho...
Table 31.13 Total resistance and effective power computed with Guldhammer and Ha...
Chapter 36
Table 36.1 The three subtasks of thin foil theory
Chapter 42
Table 42.1 Example results of an open water test conducted in a towing tank
Table 42.2 Open water characteristics of model propeller (see Table 42.1)
Table 42.3 Intermediate results for scaling open water characteristics of model ...
Table 42.4 Predicted open water characteristics of full scale propeller (see Tab...
Chapter 44
Table 44.1 Propeller open water characteristics as a set of discrete data points
Table 44.2 Example input data for the calculation of the self propulsion point f...
Table 44.3 Data for required thrust parabola at
m/s and
and propeller open wa...
Chapter 46
Table 46.1 Regression equations for the limiting lines in the Burrill chart (Fig...
Chapter 47
Table 47.1 Basic characteristics of the propellers in the Wageningen B‐Series. F...
Table 47.2 Factors and exponents for thrust coefficient polynomials of Wageninge...
Table 47.3 Factors and exponents for torque coefficient polynomials of Wageninge...
Table 47.4 Coefficients for the estimate of maximum thickness and chord length o...
Table 47.5 Factors and exponents for Reynolds number effects on thrust coefficie...
Chapter 48
Table 48.1 The four basic propeller design tasks
Table 48.2 Input data to illustrate task 1: optimum propeller diameter selection...
Table 48.3 Results for the propeller selection task 1 example
Table 48.4 Results for the propeller selection task 2 example
Chapter 49
Table 49.1 Optimum rate of revolution problem – example input data for a contain...
Table 49.2 Optimum diameter problem – example input data for a bulk carrier
Table 49.3 Resistance estimate for bulk carrier from Table 49.2
Chapter 50
Table 50.1 Required and optional input parameters for Holtrop and Mennen's metho...
Table 50.2 Approximate values for appendage form factors
according to Holtrop (...
Table 50.3 Coefficients for the wave resistance computation in Equation (50.20) ...
Table 50.4 Additional coefficients for the wave resistance computation in Equati...
Table 50.5 Coefficients for the full scale wake fraction of single screw vessels...
Table 50.6 Propeller data for powering estimate; see also Table 31.5
Table 50.7 Holtrop and Mennen resistance and powering estimate example; speed in...
Table 50.8 Holtrop and Mennen resistance and powering estimate example; speed de...
Table 50.9 Holtrop and Mennen resistance and powering estimate example; resistan...
Table 50.10 Holtrop and Mennen resistance and powering estimate example; wake fr...
Table 50.11 Holtrop and Mennen resistance and powering estimate example; efficie...
Chapter 51
Table 51.1 Recommended limits for principal dimensions and form parameters of si...
Table 51.2 Required and optional input parameters for Hollenbach's method
Table 51.4 Coefficients for computation of the standard residuary resistance coe...
Table 51.5 Coefficients for correction factors of the standard residuary resista...
Table 51.6 Factors for lower and upper limit formulas of the range of Froude num...
Table 51.7 Suggested values for the relative rotative efficiency
, if the propul...
Table 51.8 Suggested values for the thrust deduction fraction
(Hollenbach, 1999...
Table 51.9 Suggested values for constant
for the hull efficiency of twin screw ...
Table 51.10 Residuary resistance coefficients for minimum and mean resistance ca...
Table 51.11 Resistance coefficients for example vessel by Hollenbach's method
Table 51.12 Comparison of total calm water resistance estimates
Table 51.13 Prediction of model and full scale wake fraction
Table 51.14 Self propulsion point based on mean resistance curve
Table 51.15 Prediction of rate of revolution and delivered power for trial condi...
Table 51.16 Predicted efficiencies based on mean resistance curve
Table 51.17 Comparison of predicted rate of revolution and delivered power
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Ship sailing in its natural habitat
Figure 1.2 Self‐propelled ship sailing in calm water with constant speed
Figure 1.3 Towed bare hull (no propeller or appendages) moving in calm water
Figure 1.4 Comparison of inflow conditions for a propeller operating in behind ...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Comparison between Froude's and ITTC's current method of derivation ...
Figure 2.2 Viscosity of the fluid has significant effect on the flow within the...
Figure 2.3 Results of a paint flow test. (a) Entrance (b) Midbody (c)Run
Figure 2.4 Resistance coefficients and resistance for a container ship as funct...
Figure 2.5 Comparison of absolute and relative size of resistance components fo...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Fresh and seawater properties as a function of temperature
Figure 3.2 The pressure force
acting on a small surface element
Figure 3.3 Forces on a small cube in hydrostatic equilibrum
Figure 3.4 Hydrostatic pressure in a water column
Figure 3.5 Pressure distribution around a ship
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Following a fluid particle and the flow properties it encounters alo...
Figure 4.2 A moving, finite control volume
which changes over time
Figure 4.3 The distance
traveled by a surface element in normal direction
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Four types of mathematical models for fluid flows and the resulting ...
Figure 5.2 Mass flux through the surface of a fluid element
Figure 5.3 Flux through the surface
of a finite volume
fixed in space
Figure 5.4 Flow through a contraction nozzle
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Momentum flux in
‐direction through the surface of an infinitesimal...
Figure 6.2
‐components of surface and body forces acting on the fixed, infinite...
Figure 6.3 Forces comprising the Navier‐Stokes equations for an isotropic Newto...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Mean and actual velocities in steady and unsteady turbulent flow
Figure 8.2 Velocity and turbulence distribution across an air duct
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Body of revolution in a wind tunnel (simplified)
Figure 9.2 Ellipsoid moving in an unbounded fluid
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Basic properties of the velocity distribution in the boundary layer
Figure 10.2 Transition from laminar to turbulent flow of the air rising from a ...
Figure 10.3 Flow characteristics of laminar and turbulent boundary layers
Figure 10.4 Development of the boundary layer along a flat surface. Note that t...
Figure 10.5 Development of velocity profile in the boundary layer along a curve...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Cross section through a finite, fixed control volume
in the bound...
Figure 11.2 Surface forces acting on the control volume (a) Mean shear stress a...
Figure 11.3 Definition of displacement thickness
and displacement effect on e...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Laminar boundary layer along a flat plate
Figure 12.2 Boundary layer shear stress for laminar flow over a flat plate as d...
Figure 12.3 Boundary layer thickness
, displacement thickness
, and momentum ...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Features of a turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate (zero pres...
Figure 13.2 A typical turbulent boundary layer velocity profile depicted in out...
Figure 13.3 Comparing the modified log–wake law with experimental data from Öst...
Figure 13.4 Flat plate friction coefficients for smooth surfaces
Figure 13.5 Types of technical surface roughness and their effect on friction
Figure 13.6 Definition of equivalent sand roughness
Figure 13.7 Flat plate friction coefficient for turbulent flow and its dependen...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 A fluid element
moves from point
to point
along a streamline
Figure 14.2 Determining the flow speed by measuring pressure difference in a co...
Figure 14.3 Translation and linear deformation of a fluid element
Figure 14.4 Rotation and angular deformation of a fluid element
Figure 14.5 Definition of circulation
Figure 14.6 Symmetric foil with lifting flow
and nonlifting flow
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 The work spent on moving an object from point
to point
Figure 15.2 Definition of simply and multiply connected regions
Figure 15.3 Examples of basic potential flows
Figure 15.4 Flow field around a symmetric foil at angle of attack
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Planar uniform flow at angle
Figure 16.2 Streamlines (
) and isolines of velocity potential for a planar sou...
Figure 16.3 Streamlines (
) and equipotential lines for a planar source/sink fl...
Figure 16.4 Streamlines (
) and equipotential lines for a planar vortex flow; t...
Figure 16.5 Superposition of parallel flow and a source/sink pair
Figure 16.6 Flow field for a Rankine oval, a superposition of parallel flow, so...
Figure 16.7 Velocity and pressure distribution along the dividing streamline (R...
Figure 16.8 Creation of a dipole (doublet) by superposition of source and sink
Figure 16.9 Streamlines (
) and isolines of velocity potential for planar dipol...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 An infinitely long cylinder moving with speed
in positive
‐direc...
Figure 17.2 An infinitely long cylinder at rest in parallel flow
Figure 17.3 Streamlines and velocity field for a cylinder in parallel flow
Figure 17.4 Contours of constant pressure coefficient
for a cylinder in paral...
Figure 17.5 Pressure coefficient
distribution on the cylinder surface
for a ...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 The displacement effect of a boundary layer changes the effective h...
Figure 18.2 The effect of viscous flow on the pressure distribution
Figure 18.3 Velocity profiles within the boundary layer near a separation point
Figure 18.4 Comparison of pressure and forces acting on a cylinder in inviscid ...
Figure 18.5 Comparison of turbulent and laminar boundary layer flow around a cy...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Definition of wave length
and wave height
; the vertical scale i...
Figure 19.2 Surface elevation of a harmonic, long‐crested wave
Figure 19.3 Recording of surface elevation of a harmonic, long‐crested wave at ...
Figure 19.4 Spatial extension of surface elevation of a linear, harmonic, long‐...
Figure 19.5 A snapshot of the wave elevation in a wave group
Figure 19.6 Kelvin wave pattern in deep water
Figure 19.7 Change of Kelvin wave pattern with increasing velocity on deep wate...
Figure 19.8 Kelvin wave pattern like cloud formation in the slipstream of Amste...
Figure 19.9 Wave pattern of a ship at
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Definition of coordinate system and domain boundaries for wave theo...
Figure 20.2 Simplified two‐dimensional fluid domain for long‐crested waves
Figure 20.3 The mathematical free surface model is valid for nonbreaking waves ...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Simplified two‐dimensional fluid domain for long‐crested regular wa...
Figure 22.2 The hyperbolic sine and cosine functions
Figure 22.3 Wave phase velocity as function of wave number and water depth base...
Figure 22.4 The positive arm of the hyperbolic tangent function
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Graphical verification of a solution of the nonlinear dispersion re...
Figure 23.2 Distribution of wave properties over 1.5 wavelength at the calm wat...
Figure 23.3 Snapshot
of the velocity field for a wave in restricted water dep...
Figure 23.4 Amplitude of dynamic pressure over depth
Figure 23.5 Photo of water particle trajectories. Photo courtesy of Dr. Walter ...
Figure 23.6 Water particle trajectories over one wave period
for deep water (...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Propagation of wave profile and the movement of a water particle ov...
Figure 24.2 Wave length
as a function of water depth
for constant wave peri...
Figure 24.3 Effect of gradually decreasing water depth
on wave propagation an...
Figure 24.4 Kinetic energy
in the control volume
spanning one wave length
Figure 24.5 Change in potential energy
when a fluid element is lifted above t...
Figure 24.6 Wave energy density distribution of a regular wave over one wave cy...
Figure 24.7 Schematic propagation of wave energy for a deep water wave based on...
Figure 24.8 Wave elevation profiles after a few selected cycles of wave making ...
Figure 24.9 Distribution of energy density after a few selected cycles of wave ...
Figure 24.10 Propagation of a group of regular waves over 20 wave periods
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Wigley hull at Froude number
showing the connection between fluid...
Figure 25.2 Pronounced humps and hollows in a wave resistance curve. Data from ...
Figure 25.3 Wave resistance coefficient of a single submerged sphere; see Equat...
Figure 25.4 Wave pattern and wave profile created by a single submerged sphere ...
Figure 25.5 Wave pattern and wave profile created by a single submerged sphere ...
Figure 25.6 Combined wave pattern and profile of two submerged spheres. Froude ...
Figure 25.7 Comparison of wave profiles created by submerged spheres at positio...
Figure 25.8 Wave pattern and wave profile of two submerged spheres. Froude numb...
Figure 25.9 Comparison of wave profiles created by submerged spheres at positio...
Figure 25.10 Comparison of wave patterns and wave profiles created by two subme...
Figure 25.11 Wave resistance coefficient for a system of two submerged spheres;...
Figure 25.12 Wave resistance coefficient for a Wigley hull with length–beam rat...
Figure 25.13 Discretization of vessel bow into small panels for wave resistance...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 Towing tank of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin, Photo courtesy of Hamb...
Figure 26.2 Towing tank at the School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineer...
Figure 26.3 Schematic view of a towing tank
Figure 26.4 Definition of rail sagitta
Figure 26.5 Schematic of a cavitation tunnel without free surface
Figure 26.6 A model is prepared for cutting on the five axis mill. Photo courte...
Figure 26.7 The beginnings of a five bladed propeller model. Photo courtesy of ...
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Simplified flow pattern at a propeller blade section. Kinematic sim...
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 Ship model set up for resistance test
Figure 29.2 Measured and derived data in the resistance test
Figure 29.3 Tank cross section area
and blockage factor
Figure 29.4 Measurements and length definitions for the computation of sinkage ...
Figure 29.5 Method of Prohaska to determine the form factor
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 Finding the form factor with Prohaska's method; only data points wi...
Figure 30.2 Measured mean sinkage and running trim angle of model
Figure 30.3 Measured total resistance of model as function of model speed
Figure 30.4 Resistance coefficients of model
Figure 30.5 Resistance coefficients of full scale ship
Figure 30.6 Full scale total resistance prediction (calm water)
Figure 30.7 Full scale effective power
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Definition of the midship section and the computational length
fo...
Figure 31.2 Guidance for the optimum location of
as a function of Froude numb...
Figure 31.3 Resistance coefficients for the Guldhammer and Harvald method examp...
Figure 31.4 Total resistance and effective power for the Guldhammer and Harvald...
Figure 31.5 Charts for standard residuary resistance coefficients
after Guldh...
Figure 31.6 Charts for standard residuary resistance coefficients
after Guldh...
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 Forces acting on ship without and with propulsion system (a) Ship m...
Figure 32.2 A five‐bladed fixed pitch propeller with a Schneekluth nozzle to im...
Figure 32.3 Schematic of a water jet
Figure 32.4 The propulsion system with transmission powers and efficiencies
Chapter 33
Figure 33.1 Fixed control volume around an idealized propeller (actuator disk)
Figure 33.2 Velocity and pressure distribution according to momentum theory
Figure 33.3 Ideal efficiency (jet efficiency) of propulsor momentum theory as a...
Chapter 34
Figure 34.1 Example of a nominal wake field of a single propeller ship with mod...
Figure 34.2 Example of a nominal wake field of a single propeller ship with hig...
Figure 34.3 Major contributions to the nominal wake fraction (a) Origin of pote...
Figure 34.4 Frictional wake for twin screw vessels
Figure 34.5 Effect of propeller on pressure and velocity distribution at the st...
Chapter 35
Figure 35.1 Parts of a propeller. Shown is a right‐handed, fixed pitch propelle...
Figure 35.2 Definition of propeller diameter
, blade radius
, hub radius
, a...
Figure 35.3 Hydrofoil section within a propeller blade
Figure 35.4 Pitch angle variation for a propeller with constant pitch
Figure 35.5 Helical paths for propeller with constant pitch
Figure 35.6 Relationship between pitch
and pitch angle
Figure 35.7 Helical paths for propeller with variable pitch
Figure 35.8 Basic geometric properties of a lifting hydrofoil
Figure 35.9 The expanded blade for a Wageningen B‐Series propeller with four bl...
Figure 35.10 Definition of the expanded area
of a propeller blade
Figure 35.11 Two examples of expanded area ratios.
on the left and
on the r...
Figure 35.12 Side elevation of a propeller blade and definition of propeller ra...
Figure 35.13 Definition of propeller skew‐back and skew angle
Figure 35.14 Cupping of a propeller blade
Chapter 36
Figure 36.1 Definition of foil geometry
Figure 36.2 Flow pattern and pressure distribution for a 2D foil section at ang...
Figure 36.3 Foil in stalled flow condition
Figure 36.4 Complete vortex system of the foil section
Figure 36.5 Forces acting on the foil section at angle of attack
Figure 36.6 Typical lift–drag curves for a thin, cambered foil
Figure 36.7 Setup of boundary value problem for a thin foil operating at angle ...
Figure 36.8 Definition of normal vectors for upper and lower foil surface
Chapter 37
Figure 37.1 The boundary value problem of a symmetric thin foil with finite thi...
Figure 37.2 The inverse tangent function
Figure 37.3 The source strength distribution
as a function of the slope
of ...
Figure 37.4 Comparison of thin foil theory and conformal mapping (exact) pressu...
Figure 37.5 Comparison of thin foil theory and conformal mapping (exact) pressu...
Chapter 38
Figure 38.1 Boundary value problem for an infinitely thin cambered plate at ang...
Figure 38.2 The first four elements of Glauert's trigonometric series for the v...
Chapter 39
Figure 39.1 The effect of leading edge suction for a thin plate at angle of att...
Figure 39.2 Section lift coefficient
of thin, symmetric foil sections and a t...
Figure 39.3 Definition of the moment
created by the pressure force acting on ...
Figure 39.4 Pressure distribution for a flat plate at 2 degrees angle of attack
Figure 39.5 A prescribed pressure distribution resulting in the NACA
mean lin...
Chapter 40
Figure 40.1 Pressure distribution on a wing of finite span
Figure 40.2 Simplest model of the vortex system of a wing
Figure 40.3 Cross section through the velocity field of the wing tip vortices r...
Figure 40.4 A model of a wing with varying bound circulation
and the resultin...
Figure 40.5 Actual shape and roll up of trailing vortex sheet
Figure 40.6 Velocity vectors on upper and lower wing surfaces
Figure 40.7 Velocity vectors on upper and lower wing surface and mean velocity
Figure 40.8 Vorticity vector
and the resulting difference velocity
Figure 40.9 Bound vorticity
and its effect
Figure 40.10 Free vorticity
and its effect
Figure 40.11 Establishing a connection between bound and free vorticity by inte...
Figure 40.12 The velocity induced by an element of a vortex filament
Figure 40.13 The velocity induced by a straight vortex filament
Figure 40.14 The effect of downwash on the angle of attack
Figure 40.15 Induced drag caused by the downwash
Chapter 41
Figure 41.1 Simplified velocities triangle for an unrolled propeller blade sect...
Figure 41.2 Open water test of model propeller with propeller boat in towing ta...
Figure 41.3 Open water test of model propeller in a circulating water tunnel / ...
Figure 41.4 Typical propeller open water diagram
Chapter 42
Figure 42.1 Fluid forces acting on a propeller blade section at model scale
Figure 42.2 Comparison of model scale and full scale forces acting on a propell...
Figure 42.3 Comparison of measured open water characteristics and predicted ful...
Chapter 43
Figure 43.1 Setup of model for propulsion test with single skin friction correc...
Figure 43.2 The relative difference of resistance for model and full scale vess...
Figure 43.3 Self propulsion point of model propeller under the assumption of th...
Figure 43.4 Self propulsion point of model propeller under the assumption of to...
Figure 43.5 Setup of model for propulsion test with load variation (British met...
Figure 43.6 Typical results of a load variation test (British method)
Chapter 44
Figure 44.1 Matching propeller thrust
with the thrust requirement of the ship...
Figure 44.2 Setup for solving the intersection problem with discrete open water...
Chapter 45
Figure 45.1 Simplified phase diagram of fresh water
Figure 45.2 Flow around a cavitating foil section and the associated pressure d...
Figure 45.3 Locations and common types of cavitation
Figure 45.4 Open water test of five‐bladed model propeller in a cavitation tunn...
Figure 45.5 Open water test of five‐bladed model propeller in a cavitation tunn...
Figure 45.6 Loss of thrust and efficiency due to cavitation
Figure 45.7 Life of cavitation bubble
Chapter 46
Figure 46.1 Limits for the propeller loading coefficient as a function of cavit...
Figure 46.2 Usage of the Burrill chart
Chapter 47
Figure 47.1 Open water chart for a Wageningen B‐Series propeller with
and
d...
Chapter 48
Figure 48.1 Design task 1 – Input: open water diagram for Wageningen B‐series p...
Figure 48.2 Design task 1 – Step 2: locate self propulsion points
at which th...
Figure 48.3 Design task 1 – Step 3: find open water efficiencies
for self pro...
Figure 48.4 Design task 1 – Step 4: draw auxiliary curve through open water eff...
Figure 48.5 Design task 1 – Result: optimum propeller is defined by maximum of ...
Figure 48.6 Design task 2 – Result: optimum propeller is defined by maximum of ...
Figure 48.7 Design task 3 – Result: optimum propeller is defined by maximum of ...
Figure 48.8 Design task 4 – Result: optimum propeller is defined by maximum of ...
Figure 48.9 Simplified task 1 propeller design
‐chart for Wageningen B‐Series ...
Figure 48.10 Optimum diameter chart for design task 1
Chapter 49
Figure 49.1 Propeller design
‐chart for Wageningen B‐series propeller B5‐60. C...
Figure 49.2 Propeller design
‐chart for Wageningen B‐series propeller B5‐75. C...
Figure 49.3 Auxiliary plot to determine the expanded area ratio of the final op...
Figure 49.4 Auxiliary plots to determine final optimum propeller characteristic...
Figure 49.5 Propeller design
‐chart for Wageningen B‐series propeller B4‐55. C...
Figure 49.6 Propeller design
‐chart for Wageningen B‐series propeller B4‐40. C...
Figure 49.7 Auxiliary plot to determine the expanded blade area ratio of the fi...
Figure 49.8 Auxiliary plots to determine final optimum propeller characteristic...
Figure 49.9 Auxiliary plot to determine the attainable ship speed
Chapter 51
Figure 51.1 Comparison of total resistance estimates for the methods by Hollenb...
Figure 51.2 Comparison of predicted rate of revolution and delivered power for ...
Guide
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Fundamentals of Ship Hydrodynamics
Fluid Mechanics, Ship Resistance and Propulsion
Lothar Birk
School of Naval Architecture and Marine EngineeringThe University of New OrleansNew Orleans, LAUnited States
Copyright
This edition first published
2019 ©2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Birk, Lothar, 1963‐ author.
Title: Fundamentals of ship hydrodynamics: fluid mechanics, ship resistance and propulsion / Lothar Birk, University of New Orleans.
Description: Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, [2019] — Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018060347— ISBN 9781118855485 (hardcover) — ISBN 9781118855515 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Ships–Hydrodynamics.
Classification: LCC VM156.B5335 2019 — DDC 623.8/12–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018060347
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © zennie / Getty Images
Dedication
To My Family
They make everything worthwhile!
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Ship sailing in its natural habitat
Figure 1.2 Self‐propelled ship sailing in calm water with constant speed
Figure 1.3 Towed bare hull (no propeller or appendages) moving in calm water
Figure 1.4 Comparison of inflow conditions for a propeller operating in behind ...
Figure 2.1 Comparison between Froude's and ITTC's current method of derivation ...
Figure 2.2 Viscosity of the fluid has significant effect on the flow within the...
Figure 2.3 Results of a paint flow test. (a) Entrance (b) Midbody (c)Run
Figure 2.4 Resistance coefficients and resistance for a container ship as funct...
Figure 2.5 Comparison of absolute and relative size of resistance components fo...
Figure 3.1 Fresh and seawater properties as a function of temperature
Figure 3.2 The pressure force
acting on a small surface element
Figure 3.3 Forces on a small cube in hydrostatic equilibrum
Figure 3.4 Hydrostatic pressure in a water column
Figure 3.5 Pressure distribution around a ship
Figure 4.1 Following a fluid particle and the flow properties it encounters alo...
Figure 4.2 A moving, finite control volume
which changes over time
Figure 4.3 The distance
traveled by a surface element in normal direction
Figure 5.1 Four types of mathematical models for fluid flows and the resulting ...
Figure 5.2 Mass flux through the surface of a fluid element
Figure 5.3 Flux through the surface
of a finite volume
fixed in space
Figure 5.4 Flow through a contraction nozzle
Figure 6.1 Momentum flux in
‐direction through the surface of an infinitesimal...
Figure 6.2
‐components of surface and body forces acting on the fixed, infinite...
Figure 6.3 Forces comprising the Navier‐Stokes equations for an isotropic Newto...
Figure 8.1 Mean and actual velocities in steady and unsteady turbulent flow
Figure 8.2 Velocity and turbulence distribution across an air duct
Figure 9.1 Body of revolution in a wind tunnel (simplified)
Figure 9.2 Ellipsoid moving in an unbounded fluid
Figure 10.1 Basic properties of the velocity distribution in the boundary layer
Figure 10.2 Transition from laminar to turbulent flow of the air rising from a ...
Figure 10.3 Flow characteristics of laminar and turbulent boundary layers
Figure 10.4 Development of the boundary layer along a flat surface. Note that t...
Figure 10.5 Development of velocity profile in the boundary layer along a curve...
Figure 11.1 Cross section through a finite, fixed control volume
in the bound...
Figure 11.2 Surface forces acting on the control volume (a) Mean shear stress a...
Figure 11.3 Definition of displacement thickness
and displacement effect on e...
Figure 12.1 Laminar boundary layer along a flat plate
Figure 12.2 Boundary layer shear stress for laminar flow over a flat plate as d...
Figure 12.3 Boundary layer thickness
, displacement thickness
, and momentum ...
Figure 13.1 Features of a turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate (zero pres...
Figure 13.2 A typical turbulent boundary layer velocity profile depicted in out...
Figure 13.3 Comparing the modified log–wake law with experimental data from Öst...
Figure 13.4 Flat plate friction coefficients for smooth surfaces
Figure 13.5 Types of technical surface roughness and their effect on friction
Figure 13.6 Definition of equivalent sand roughness
Figure 13.7 Flat plate friction coefficient for turbulent flow and its dependen...
Figure 14.1 A fluid element
moves from point
to point
along a streamline
Figure 14.2 Determining the flow speed by measuring pressure difference in a co...
Figure 14.3 Translation and linear deformation of a fluid element
Figure 14.4 Rotation and angular deformation of a fluid element
Figure 14.5 Definition of circulation
Figure 14.6 Symmetric foil with lifting flow
and nonlifting flow
Figure 15.1 The work spent on moving an object from point
to point
Figure 15.2 Definition of simply and multiply connected regions
Figure 15.3 Examples of basic potential flows
Figure 15.4 Flow field around a symmetric foil at angle of attack
Figure 16.1 Planar uniform flow at angle
Figure 16.2 Streamlines (
) and isolines of velocity potential for a planar sou...
Figure 16.3 Streamlines (
) and equipotential lines for a planar source/sink fl...
Figure 16.4 Streamlines (
) and equipotential lines for a planar vortex flow; t...
Figure 16.5 Superposition of parallel flow and a source/sink pair
Figure 16.6 Flow field for a Rankine oval, a superposition of parallel flow, so...
Figure 16.7 Velocity and pressure distribution along the dividing streamline (R...
Figure 16.8 Creation of a dipole (doublet) by superposition of source and sink
Figure 16.9 Streamlines (
) and isolines of velocity potential for planar dipol...
Figure 17.1 An infinitely long cylinder moving with speed
in positive
‐direc...
Figure 17.2 An infinitely long cylinder at rest in parallel flow
Figure 17.3 Streamlines and velocity field for a cylinder in parallel flow
Figure 17.4 Contours of constant pressure coefficient
for a cylinder in paral...
Figure 17.5 Pressure coefficient
distribution on the cylinder surface
for a ...
Figure 18.1 The displacement effect of a boundary layer changes the effective h...
Figure 18.2 The effect of viscous flow on the pressure distribution
Figure 18.3 Velocity profiles within the boundary layer near a separation point
Figure 18.4 Comparison of pressure and forces acting on a cylinder in inviscid ...
Figure 18.5 Comparison of turbulent and laminar boundary layer flow around a cy...
Figure 19.1 Definition of wave length
and wave height
; the vertical scale i...
Figure 19.2 Surface elevation of a harmonic, long‐crested wave
Figure 19.3 Recording of surface elevation of a harmonic, long‐crested wave at ...
Figure 19.4 Spatial extension of surface elevation of a linear, harmonic, long‐...
Figure 19.5 A snapshot of the wave elevation in a wave group
Figure 19.6 Kelvin wave pattern in deep water
Figure 19.7 Change of Kelvin wave pattern with increasing velocity on deep wate...
Figure 19.8 Kelvin wave pattern like cloud formation in the slipstream of Amste...
Figure 19.9 Wave pattern of a ship at
Figure 20.1 Definition of coordinate system and domain boundaries for wave theo...
Figure 20.2 Simplified two‐dimensional fluid domain for long‐crested waves
Figure 20.3 The mathematical free surface model is valid for nonbreaking waves ...
Figure 22.1 Simplified two‐dimensional fluid domain for long‐crested regular wa...
Figure 22.2 The hyperbolic sine and cosine functions
Figure 22.3 Wave phase velocity as function of wave number and water depth base...
Figure 22.4 The positive arm of the hyperbolic tangent function
Figure 23.1 Graphical verification of a solution of the nonlinear dispersion re...
Figure 23.2 Distribution of wave properties over 1.5 wavelength at the calm wat...
Figure 23.3 Snapshot
of the velocity field for a wave in restricted water dep...
Figure 23.4 Amplitude of dynamic pressure over depth
Figure 23.5 Photo of water particle trajectories. Photo courtesy of Dr. Walter ...
Figure 23.6 Water particle trajectories over one wave period
for deep water (...
Figure 24.1 Propagation of wave profile and the movement of a water particle ov...
Figure 24.2 Wave length
as a function of water depth
for constant wave peri...
Figure 24.3 Effect of gradually decreasing water depth
on wave propagation an...
Figure 24.4 Kinetic energy
in the control volume
spanning one wave length
Figure 24.5 Change in potential energy
when a fluid element is lifted above t...
Figure 24.6 Wave energy density distribution of a regular wave over one wave cy...
Figure 24.7 Schematic propagation of wave energy for a deep water wave based on...
Figure 24.8 Wave elevation profiles after a few selected cycles of wave making ...
Figure 24.9 Distribution of energy density after a few selected cycles of wave ...
Figure 24.10 Propagation of a group of regular waves over 20 wave periods
Figure 25.1 Wigley hull at Froude number
showing the connection between fluid...
Figure 25.2 Pronounced humps and hollows in a wave resistance curve. Data from ...
Figure 25.3 Wave resistance coefficient of a single submerged sphere; see Equat...
Figure 25.4 Wave pattern and wave profile created by a single submerged sphere ...
Figure 25.5 Wave pattern and wave profile created by a single submerged sphere ...
Figure 25.6 Combined wave pattern and profile of two submerged spheres. Froude ...
Figure 25.7 Comparison of wave profiles created by submerged spheres at positio...
Figure 25.8 Wave pattern and wave profile of two submerged spheres. Froude numb...
Figure 25.9 Comparison of wave profiles created by submerged spheres at positio...
Figure 25.10 Comparison of wave patterns and wave profiles created by two subme...
Figure 25.11 Wave resistance coefficient for a system of two submerged spheres;...
Figure 25.12 Wave resistance coefficient for a Wigley hull with length–beam rat...
Figure 25.13 Discretization of vessel bow into small panels for wave resistance...
Figure 26.1 Towing tank of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin, Photo courtesy of Hamb...
Figure 26.2 Towing tank at the School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineer...
Figure 26.3 Schematic view of a towing tank
Figure 26.4 Definition of rail sagitta
Figure 26.5 Schematic of a cavitation tunnel without free surface
Figure 26.6 A model is prepared for cutting on the five axis mill. Photo courte...
Figure 26.7 The beginnings of a five bladed propeller model. Photo courtesy of ...
Figure 28.1 Simplified flow pattern at a propeller blade section. Kinematic sim...
Figure 29.1 Ship model set up for resistance test
Figure 29.2 Measured and derived data in the resistance test
Figure 29.3 Tank cross section area
and blockage factor
Figure 29.4 Measurements and length definitions for the computation of sinkage ...
Figure 29.5 Method of Prohaska to determine the form factor
Figure 30.1 Finding the form factor with Prohaska's method; only data points wi...
Figure 30.2 Measured mean sinkage and running trim angle of model
Figure 30.3 Measured total resistance of model as function of model speed
Figure 30.4 Resistance coefficients of model
Figure 30.5 Resistance coefficients of full scale ship
Figure 30.6 Full scale total resistance prediction (calm water)
Figure 30.7 Full scale effective power
Figure 31.1 Definition of the midship section and the computational length
fo...
Figure 31.2 Guidance for the optimum location of
as a function of Froude numb...
Figure 31.3 Resistance coefficients for the Guldhammer and Harvald method examp...
Figure 31.4 Total resistance and effective power for the Guldhammer and Harvald...
Figure 31.5 Charts for standard residuary resistance coefficients
after Guldh...
Figure 31.6 Charts for standard residuary resistance coefficients
after Guldh...
Figure 32.1 Forces acting on ship without and with propulsion system (a) Ship m...
Figure 32.2 A five‐bladed fixed pitch propeller with a Schneekluth nozzle to im...
Figure 32.3 Schematic of a water jet
Figure 32.4 The propulsion system with transmission powers and efficiencies
Figure 33.1 Fixed control volume around an idealized propeller (actuator disk)
Figure 33.2 Velocity and pressure distribution according to momentum theory
Figure 33.3 Ideal efficiency (jet efficiency) of propulsor momentum theory as a...
Figure 34.1 Example of a nominal wake field of a single propeller ship with mod...
Figure 34.2 Example of a nominal wake field of a single propeller ship with hig...
Figure 34.3 Major contributions to the nominal wake fraction (a) Origin of pote...
Figure 34.4 Frictional wake for twin screw vessels
Figure 34.5 Effect of propeller on pressure and velocity distribution at the st...
Figure 35.1 Parts of a propeller. Shown is a right‐handed, fixed pitch propelle...
Figure 35.2 Definition of propeller diameter
, blade radius
, hub radius
, a...
Figure 35.3 Hydrofoil section within a propeller blade
Figure 35.4 Pitch angle variation for a propeller with constant pitch
