Genetically Modified and non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains E-Book

Yves Bertheau

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1933

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

In the European Union nations, and other countries including Japan, Australia and Malaysia, it is a legal requirement that food products containing genetically modified organism (GMO) materials are labelled as such in order that customers may make informed purchasing decisions. For manufacturers and consumers to be confident about these assertions, systems must be in place along the entire food chain which support the co-existence of GM and non GM materials whilst maintaining a strict segregation between the two.

This book is an output of a European Union-funded project entitled "Co-Extra: GM and non-GM food and feed supply chains: their Co-Existence and Traceability". The objective of this four year project is to provide practical tools and methods for implementing co-existence that will:

• enable the co-existence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops
• enable the segregation and tracing of genetically modified organism (GMO) materials and derived products along the food and feed chains
• anticipate the future expansion of the use of GMOs

The project is designed to foster a robustly science-based debate amongst all of the stakeholders involved in the food and feed chains, and the tools will be assessed not only from a technical point of view but with regard to the economic and legal aspects. It also surveys the GMO-related legal regimes and practices that exist in and beyond the EU.

This book examines the practical tools and methods available to implement the co-existence and traceability of GM and non-GM food materials along the entire food and feed chains, as demanded by consumers and by legislation in force in the EU and elsewhere. GM and Non-GM Supply Foods is a source of valuable information for food manufacturers, food research institutions and regulatory bodies internationally.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Dedication

Title page

Copyright page

List of Contributors

Foreword

Part 1: Introduction

1 Introduction to the GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 GMO DEVELOPMENT

1.3 OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES OF EUROPEAN CITIZENS AND CONSUMERS

1.4 THE DIFFERENT REGULATORY FRAMES AND RISK PERCEPTION

1.5 EUROPEAN TRACEABILITY AND CO-EXISTENCE FRAMES

1.6 OTHER ISSUES

1.7 CONCLUSION

Part 2: Managing Gene Flow

2 Contributions of Pollen and Seed to Impurity in Crops – A Comparison of Maize, Oilseed Rape and Beet

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 MAIZE

2.3 OILSEED RAPE

2.4 BEET

2.5 COMPARISON OF SPECIES BASED ON PLANT TRAITS

3 Co-Existence Issues of GM Sugar Beet

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 SUGAR BEET IN THE WORLD

3.3 OVERVIEW OF SUGAR BEET BIOLOGY AND AGRONOMY

3.4 PRE-CULTIVATION CO-EXISTENCE ISSUES

3.5 CONSEQUENCES OF CO-EXISTENCE FOR THE CROPPING SYSTEM IN A REGION

3.6 CONSEQUENCES OF CO-EXISTENCE FOR THE GENETIC RESOURCES

3.7 POST-HARVEST CO-EXISTENCE ISSUES

3.8 CONCLUSION

4 Ex Ante Evaluation of Gene Flow in Oilseed Rape with Cropping System Models

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 MODELLING APPROACH

4.3 THE SIMULATION METHODOLOGY

4.4 PERSPECTIVES

5 Biological Containment Strategies for Transgenic Crops

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 AUXOTROPHY

5.3 INHIBITION OF FLOWERING AND COMPLETE STERILITY

5.4 CLEISTOGAMY

5.5 TRANSGENE EXCISION

5.6 CHLOROPLAST TRANSFORMATION

5.7 MALE STERILITY

5.8 PARTHENOCARPY

5.9 APOMIXIS

5.10 REDUCED SHATTERING

5.11 BLOCKING SEED GERMINATION

5.12 INHIBITING SEED DORMANCY

5.13 TRANSGENIC MITIGATION

5.14 CONCLUDING REMARKS

6 Long-Distance Pollen Flow in Large Fragmented Landscapes

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 EVIDENCE FOR LONG-DISTANCE CROSS-POLLINATION OF MAIZE

6.3 MODELLING REGIONAL POLLEN TRANSPORT

6.4 MODEL EVALUATION

6.5 SIMULATED REGIONAL POLLEN DISPERSAL

6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

7 Current and Future Availability of Non-Genetically Modified Soybean Seeds in the USA, Brazil and Argentina

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE SOYBEAN AND SOYBEAN SEED MARKETS AND RELATED SHORT-TERM ISSUES

7.3 SOYBEAN PLANT BREEDING AND AVAILABILITY OF NON-GM SOYBEAN SEEDS

7.4 THE FUTURE OF NON-GM PLANT BREEDING

7.5 CONCLUSION

Part 3: Co-Existence in Food and Feed Supply Chains

8 Consumers’ Opinions and Attitudes Towards Co-Existence of GM and Non-GM Food Products

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 STUDY METHODOLOGY

8.3 LITERATURE REVIEW RESULTS

8.4 CONSUMER SURVEY RESULTS

8.5 CONCLUSIONS

9 Evaluation of Collection Strategies for Landscape and Product Flow Management

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 EVALUATION OF CO-EXISTENCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR GRAIN MERCHANTS

9.3 EVALUATION OF COLLECTION STRATEGIES AT THE LANDSCAPE LEVEL

9.4 CONCLUSION

10 Empirical Analysis of Co-Existence in Commodity Supply Chains

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 FRAMEWORK

10.3 METHODOLOGY

10.4 RESULTS

10.5 CONCLUSION

11 Modelling and Assessing the Impacts of the Co-Existence Between GM and non-GM Supply Chains: The Starch Maize Supply Chain Example

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 MATERIAL FLOW AND RISKS OF COMMINGLING IN THE STARCH MAIZE SUPPLY CHAIN

11.3 MODEL DESCRIPTION

11.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

11.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

11.6 CONCLUSION

12 Costs of Segregation and Traceability Between GM and Non-GM Supply Chains of Single Crop and Compound Food/Feed Products

12.1 OBJECTIVES

12.2 INTRODUCTION AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

12.3 METHODOLOGY

12.4 RESULTS

12.5 CONCLUSIONS

13 Labelling and Co-Existence Regulation of GMOs and Non-GMOs: An Economic Perspective

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 TO WHAT EXTENT DO CONSUMERS VALUE NON-GM GOODS OVER GM GOODS AND WHY?

13.3 LABELLING MAY IMPROVE WELFARE BUT IS NOT A FIRST-RANK POLICY TO ADDRESS CONSUMER CONCERNS

13.4 EXTERNALITY COSTS OF CO-EXISTENCE WITHOUT A CO-EXISTENCE REGULATION

13.5 CO-EXISTENCE REGULATION

13.6 CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

14 Co-Existence and Traceability in Supply Chains: A Case Study on Belgian Compound Feed

14.1 COMPOUND FEED PRODUCTION

14.2 TRACEABILITY AND SEGREGATION SYSTEMS

14.3 OTHER COSTS AND BENEFITS ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN

14.4 CHANGING STRATEGIES

14.5 CONCLUSION

Part 4: Traceability and Controls in Food and Feed Supply Chains

15 GMO Sampling Strategies in Food and Feed Chains

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 THE EC RECOMMENDATION 2004/787: METHODOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

15.3 CO-EXTRA RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS OF THE FOOD AND FEED CHAIN

15.4 CONCLUSION

16 Harmonised Reference Genes and PCR Assays for GMO Quantification

16.1 INTRODUCTION: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON REFERENCE ASSAYS

16.2 OVERVIEW OF EXISTING REFERENCE ASSAYS

16.3 RELIABILITY TESTING OF EXISTING REFERENCE ASSAYS

16.4 HARMONISED DEFINITIONS, TERMINOLOGY AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING NEW REFERENCE ASSAYS

16.5 CORE COLLECTIONS FOR SPECIFICITY, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY TESTING OF REFERENCE ASSAYS FOR GMO QUANTIFICATION

16.6 CONCLUSION

17 The Modular Approach in GMO Quality Control and Enforcement Support Systems

17.1 ENFORCING THE LEGAL GMO FRAMEWORK BY HARMONISED CONTROL ANALYSIS

17.2 VALIDATION OF GMO TEST METHODS: A MODULAR VERSUS A GLOBAL APPROACH

17.3 CO-EXTRA ASSESSMENT OF THE MODULAR APPROACH IN GMO ANALYSIS

17.4 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS) WITHIN A MODULAR APPROACH

17.5 MODULAR APPROACHES AND ENFORCEMENT IMPLEMENTATION

17.6 CONCLUSION

18 Reliability and Cost of GMO Detection

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF THE LIMIT OF DETECTION ASSOCIATED WITH GMO ANALYSIS

18.3 IMPROVEMENTS IN THE LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION

18.4 RELIABILITY OF GMO QUANTIFICATION

18.5 DNA EXTRACTION FROM HIGHLY PROCESSED MATRIXES

18.6 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE CHEMISTRIES IN REAL-TIME PCR

18.7 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT MACHINES FOR GMO QUANTIFICATION BY REAL-TIME PCR

18.8 EVALUATION OF AUTOMATION POTENTIAL IN GMO DETECTION

18.9 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

19 New Multiplexing Tools for Reliable GMO Detection

19.1 INTRODUCTION

19.2 FROM DUPLEX TO OLIGOPLEX PCR

19.3 NON-PCR METHODS

19.4 HIGH GRADE MULTIPLEX APPROACHES

19.5 CONCLUSIONS

20 Towards Detection of Unknown GMOs

20.1 INTRODUCTION

20.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF GMOs RELEVANT TO DETECTION

20.3 DETECTION OF GMOs – A SHORT REVIEW

20.4 DETECTION OF UNAUTHORISED GMOs

20.5 DETECTION OF UNKNOWN GMOs

20.6 CONCLUSION

21 Method Validation and Reference Materials

21.1 THE CONCEPT OF VALIDATION

21.2 SINGLE LABORATORY VALIDATION

21.3 COLLABORATIVE VALIDATION OF METHODS

21.4 INNOVATIVE STATISTICAL APPROACHES FOR METHOD VALIDATION

21.5 THE MODULAR APPROACH

21.6 THE USE OF CRMs (CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS) AND POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES IN VIEW OF STANDARDISATION AND ACCREDITATION

21.7 ADDRESSING THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE CONTROL PLANS THROUGHOUT THE CHAINS

21.8 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES

Part 5: Legal Regimes, Liability and Redress Issues

22 Liability and Redress Options for Damage Caused by GMOs

22.1 INTRODUCTION

22.2 PREVENTION OF FUTURE HARM

22.3 REDRESS FOR DAMAGE

22.4 OUTLOOK

23 Legal Issues, an Overview on Co-Existence Policies: Technological Pluralism, Confidence Economy, Transnational Supply Chains

23.1 INTRODUCTION

23.2 THE JURIDICAL NATURE OF CO-EXISTENCE POLICY

23.3 KEYPOINTS OF SUPPLY CHAIN STRUCTURING

23.4 IMPORT SUPPLY CHAINS AND GMOs

23.5 A LIABILITY SYSTEM ADAPTED TO A CONTROVERSIAL TECHNOLOGY

23.6 CONCLUSION

24 The Judge’s Role Concerning Science in Precautionary Measures: A Shift from Guide to Arbitrator

24.1 INTRODUCTION

24.2 THE JUDGE: A GUIDE TO ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION

24.3 JUDGES AS ARBITRATORS OF SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENTS?

24.4 CONCLUSION

Part 6: Data Integration and DSS

25 The Co-Extra Decision Support System: A Model-Based Integration of Project Results

25.1 INTRODUCTION

25.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

25.3 COMPONENTS OF THE CO-EXTRA DSS

25.4 ASSESSMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

25.5 ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING METHODS

25.6 ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTS USING TRACEABILITY DATA

25.7 ASSESSMENT OF PROCESSES

25.8 DATABASE AND WEB-BASED IMPLEMENTATION

25.9 CONCLUSIONS

Part 7: Related Issues

26 Integration of Co-Extra Results in EU Tools for Traceability

26.1 OVERVIEW OF EU LEGISLATION ON GMOs

26.2 ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE EU HARMONISATION OF GMO ANALYSIS

26.3 CHALLENGES AHEAD

26.4 CONCLUSION

27 Labelling and Detection of GM Crops and Derived Products: Regulatory Frameworks and Research Issues in East Asia

27.1 INTRODUCTION

27.2 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

27.3 KOREA

27.4 TAIWAN

27.5 JAPAN

27.6 CONCLUSION

28 Maintaining a Supply of Non-GM Feed – A Strategic Issue for European Regional Agriculture

28.1 INTRODUCTION

28.2 THE GMO-FREE REGIONS NETWORK

28.3 THE FEED QUESTION: A MAJOR ISSUE FOR REGIONAL AGRICULTURE

28.4 GMO-FREE AGRICULTURE, A VITAL ISSUE FOR REGIONS

28.5 GETTING A SOLID STRATEGIC AND TACTICAL BACKGROUND: LESSONS FROM THE COLD WAR

28.6 AN ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHO DECIDES ON THE DEFINITION OF A MARKET?

29 A Geographical Approach to the European Policy for the Co-Existence of GMO and Non-GMO Crops

29.1 INTRODUCTION

29.2 EU SCENARIOS FOR THE CO-EXISTENCE OF GM AND NON-GM CROPS

29.3 DEDICATED AREAS – A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

29.4 A FEW LINES FOR THOUGHT WITH REGARD TO CO-EXISTENCE IN TERRITORIES

29.5 CONCLUSION

30 Segregating Supply Chains: a Cost–Benefit Perspective

30.1 INTRODUCTION

30.2 SOCIAL BENEFITS OF CO-EXISTENCE

30.3 CONSUMER VALUATION OF GMO-FREE FOODS

30.4 BACKGROUND ON DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTH AMERICAN WHEAT

30.5 COSTS OF SEGREGATING WHEAT TO CONFORM TO EU TRACEABILITY STANDARDS

30.6 CONTRACT MECHANISMS TO FACILITATE CO-EXISTENCE

30.7 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS

30.8 CONCLUSION

31 Co-Existence and Traceability in the EU Versus IP Systems in Third Countries

31.1 INTRODUCTION

31.2 MERCOSUR AND EUROPE: DIFFERENT BUT COMPLEMENTARY

31.3 THE GM SOYBEANS IN MERCOSUR

31.4 FOOD REGULATION

31.5 EU, MERCOSUR AND TRACEABILITY

31.6 CONTRACTS AND PRIVATE REGULATIONS

31.7 THIRD PARTY CERTIFICATION COMPANIES, THE KEY PLAYERS

31.8 THE TRADERS’ ROLE

31.9 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Part 8: Conclusion

32 GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability: Context and Perspectives

32.1 INTRODUCTION

32.2 BACKGROUND

32.3 CO-EXISTENCE

32.4 TRACEABILITY

32.5 CONCLUSION

Index

This book is dedicated to:

Sylvie who illuminates my life and supports me every day,

my parents and grandparents without whom nothing would have been.

Yves Bertheau

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Genetically modified and non-genetically modified food supply chains : co-existence and traceability / edited by Yves Bertheau, Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), France.

pages cm

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4443-3778-5

 1. Genetically modified foods. 2. Food supply. I. Bertheau, Yves, editor of compilation.

 TP248.65.F66G4573 2012

 664–dc23

2012010718

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

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List of Contributors

T. AllnuttThe Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK

F. AngevinInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France

S. AnvarCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

A. AudranArvalis – Institut du végétal, Montardon, France

M. AyadiInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France

V. BaetenCRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium

C. BahrdtEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

N. BarguesCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

S. BaumlerEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

G. BellocchiJRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection-Molecular Biology and Genomics, Ispra, Italy

G. BerbenCRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium

K.G. BerdalNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

Y. BertheauInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France

J. BezFhG-IVV, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung, Institute of Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany

A. BlejecNational Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

M. BohanecJožef Stefan Institute, Department of Knowledge Technologies, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia

J. BohlinNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

M. BoninCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

R. BourgierInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France

K. BoutilierBioscience Business Unit, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands

C. Bøydler AndersenNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

C. BreraISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

P. BrodmannBiolytix, Witterswil, Switzerland

Y. BrunetInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France

M. Buh GašpariNational Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

M. BurnsLaboratory of the Government Chemist, Analytical Technology, London, UK

A.M. BurrelLaboratory of the Government Chemist, Analytical Technology, London, UK

K. CankarNational Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

G. CanselierCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

Z. ergan (Deceased)Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia†

M. ChaouachiInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France

N. ColbachInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dijon, France

F.C. ColénoInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France

A. CollInstitute of Agro-Food Technology INTEA, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

J. CopelandThe Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK

M. Costa-FontCREDA-UPC-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain

H. DarmencyInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dijon, France

J. DavisonInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France (retired)

S. DayauInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France

R.A. de MaagdBioscience Business Unit, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands

M. de GiacomoISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

M. de VivoISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

M. DebeljakJožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

S. DelageInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France

S. DesmoulinCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

M. DesquilbetToulouse School of Economics and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Toulouse, France

D. DobnikDept. of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

S. DupontInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France

M. EeckhoutDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bio-Sciences Engineering, University College Ghent, Belgium

J. EscobarLaboratoire d’Aérologie, Toulouse, France

T. EsteveCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain; Consorci CSIC-IRTA and IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

J.A. Fernandez PiernaCRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium

X. FoueillassarArvalis – Institut du végétal, Montardon, France

R. FreyerEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

A. GabrielStraubing Center of Science, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Germany

D. GarrigouInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France

G. GhezanINTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina

J.M. GilCREDA-UPC-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain

E. GlonLille University of Science and Technology, Department of Geography and Town and Country Planning, TVES laboratory, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

R. GreenInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ivry-sur-Seine, France (retired)

K. GrudenDepartment of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Ljubljana, Slovenia

N. GrysonDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Bio-Sciences Engineering, University College Ghent, Belgium

D. GuyonInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Villenave d’Ornon, France

M. GyllingFOI, Institute of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

S. HamelsEAT, Eppendorf Array Technologies SA, Namur, Belgium

J.K. HammittHarvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA

M.-A. HermitteCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

A. HolckNofima mat AS, Aas, Norway

A. Holst-JensenNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

A. HüskenJulius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Biosafety of Genetically Modified Plants, Braunschweig, Germany

E. JanssenCRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium

K. KittaNational Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan

B.A. KochInstitut für Zivilrecht, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

E.J. KokRIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands

P. KozjakAgricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

A. KrechEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany.

A.B. KristoffersenNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

B.-J. KuoNational Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan

B. KuznetzovCenter Bioengineering RAS, Russia

J.L. La PazCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica CSIC-IRTA-UAB (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain

C. LacCNRM, Météo-France, Toulouse, France

A. LanglaisCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

A. LarsenFOI, Institute of Food and Ressource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

V. LavalInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Versailles, France

R. LayadiConseil Régional de Bretagne, Rennes, France

M. Le BailInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and AgroParisTech, Thiverval-Grignon, France

J. LecomteUniversité Paris-Sud; CNRS, Orsay, and AgroParisTech, Paris, France

B. LécroartInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France

C.-H. LeeRural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea

D. LeeNational Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, UK

S-H. LeeNational Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Korea

S. LeimanisEAT, Eppendorf Array Technologies SA, Namur, Belgium

F. LeprinceArvalis – Institut du végétal, Montardon, France

M. LøvollNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

A. LøvsethNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

J. Luis La PazConsorci CSIC-IRTA and IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

R. MacarthurThe Food and Environment Research Agency, York, UK

M. MaciejczakWarsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland

A. MalcevschiDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

N. MarmiroliDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

M. MazzaraJRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy

V. MegliAgricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

E. MeléCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain

K. MenradStraubing Center of Science, Weihenstephan-Triersdorf University of Applied Sciences, Germany

A. MesséanInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Thiverval-Grignon, France

J. MesseguerCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain

M. MiragliaISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

J. MilanesiToulouse School of Economics and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Toulouse, France

D. MorissetDepartment of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

A. NadalCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Agro-Food Technology INTEA, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

A. NemethEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

C. NoivilleCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

R. OgerUniversity of Parma, Italy

R. OnoriISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

E. PalmaccioISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

N. PapazovaScientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), Section Biosafety and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium; ILVO, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Merelbeke, Belgium

E. ParlouerService Commun des Laboratoires, Strasbourg, France

V. PelaezUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná Institute of Technology (Tecpar), Brazil

N. PenselINTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina

J.-P. PintyLaboratoire d’Aérologie, Toulouse, France

M. PlaCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Agro-Food Technology INTEA, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain

D. PlanJRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy

V. PlanchonCRA-W, Centre wallon de Recherches agronomiques, Unit of Biometry, Data processing and Agrometeorology, Belgium

S. PoretInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ivry-sur-Seine, and Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France

E. PranteraISS, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy

T.W. PrinsRIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands

J. RemacleEAT, Eppendorf Array Technologies SA, Namur, Belgium

P. RichlEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

R. Rocha dos SantosUNIBRASIL-QUIS, Paraná, Brazil

K. RostoharAgricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

R.B. RudNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

T. RuttinkILVO, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Merelbeke, Belgium

C. SkjæretNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

L-G. SolerInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ivry sur Seine, France

J. SoukupDepartment of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

G.R. SquireJames Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK

M. StolzeFiBL, Forschungsinstitut für Biologischen Landbau,Switzerland

J. Šuštar-VozliAgricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

M. TachikawaIbaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan

C. TapiaINTA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina

I. TaverniersInstitute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium

T. TengsNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

R.B. TranterSchool of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK

S. TrapmannJRC-IRMM, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium

A. TrouillierInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ivry sur Seine, France

P. TuletCNRM, Météo-France, Toulouse, France

G. UjhelyiRIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands

H. ValdiviaLaboratory of the Government Chemist, Analytical Technology, London, UK

M. Van den BulckeScientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium

G. Van den EedeJRC-IHCP, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy

J.P. van DijkRIKILT Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands

J.C. VarelaCentre de Recherche en Droit des Sciences et Techniques, Université Paris I, CNRS, Paris, France

J. VojvodaNational Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

B. VršajAgricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia

W.W. WilsonNorth Dakota State University, Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Fargo, USA

D. WulffEurofins GeneScan GmbH, Freiburg, Germany

L. YangShanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

J. ŽelNational Institute of Biology (NIB), Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

D. Zhang1Shanghai Jiao Ton University, Shanghai, China

D. Zhang2Groupe d’Etude et de contrôle des Variétés et Semences, laboratoire BIOGEVES, Le Magneraud, France

H. ZhangNational Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

M. ŽnidaršiJožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Note

† (deceased).

Foreword

In 1983, three reports from the University of Gent, the University of Washington, and the Monsanto Company showed that the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens could be used to transfer foreign DNA into the plant genome, thus producing the first genetically modified (GM) plants. This discovery had enormous implications for plant genetics and agriculture. In the last 20 years, plant biotechnology has grown into a multi-billion dollar international industry while GMOs are cultivated on about 150 millions of hectares in around 25 countries.

Europe cultivates only a small amount of GM-crops (mainly GM-maize grown in Spain), though this is likely to increase in the future. This is particularly due to the European consumers’ reluctance towards GM-derived foods. The freedom of choice of European consumers has been considered by the European Commission and the Member States through a legislative frame enabling the labelling of food and feed derived from, or consisting of, GMOs. In counterpart, the freedom of producers to grow either GMO, conventional or organic products is maintained by co-existence measures along the full supply chain, that is from seed production to the retailers’ shelves.

To develop accurate product labelling and to determine a sustainable co-existence framework, several national and European research projects have been launched. The European research programs such as QPCRGMOFood and GMOChips focused first on GMO traceability and detection methods, then on co-existence issues with SIGMEA, Transcontainer and Co-Extra.

Co-Extra was for 4.5 years (2005–2009) the largest European research project on co-existence and traceability among supply chains. Co-Extra comprised 53 partners from 18 countries with more than 200 scientists with their teams. This program embraced technical, legal and socio-economic issues, starting from seed production, with questions on the availability of non-GM varieties in the long-term, to the economic costs of traceability, with pollen flow studies and detection of unapproved GMOs as some examples of the work done. Numerous papers have already been published by Co-Extra while several more detailed deliverables are available from the website.

However, after such important research, it was thought necessary to present an overview of the work done and of the results obtained through the present book.

Several non-Co-Extra authors were also asked to provide us with a summary of the results of SIGMEA and Transcontainer, modelling results not studied in the project, traceability in non-European countries with labelling policies as well as their views on, for example, GMO-free areas. Indeed, Co-Extra results show that the operators use a practical threshold of 10% of the 0.9% legal labelling threshold. This changes the paradigm of co-existence, from a flexible co-existence scheme to a dedicated production area co-existence frame. Up to now, this co-existence scheme has not been completely finalised so that technical, legal, and societal questions remain unsolved.

It is thus my pleasure to introduce this book where numerous questions find solutions, even though several others remain.

To conclude this foreword, I would like to remind readers that all the issues covered by GM and non-GM supply chain co-existence and traceability have important applications in other food and feed chain traceability areas. For instance, the strategies for detecting unapproved and unknown GMOs may be used in clinical microbiology or biodefense while the increase in the accuracy of detection methods is useful in all other areas such as gene expression. In this way, the co-existence and traceability studies of GM and non-GM supply chains contribute to the improvement of both basic and applied research, as well as to the safety and quality of food chains.

Guy RibaVice-Chairman of INRA

Part 1

Introduction

1

Introduction to the GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability

Y. Bertheau, J. Davison

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The arrival of GM soybeans in the European Union in 1996 was a very controversial issue with respect to both their importation and their possible cultivation. In response to this rising controversy, the European Commission and the European Member States initiated, in several steps, a strong legal framework to take into account the consumers’, producers’ and industries’ fears and viewpoints and launched several research programmes to provide appropriate technical solutions.

This book is mostly a follow up of the European research project ‘Co-Extra’ which ran from 2005 to 2009. Co-Extra was the largest EC ‘integrated project’, on co-existence and traceability in food and feed supply chains, and had a budget of 24 M€ and more than 200 scientists and their teams from 18 countries, including Russia, Argentina and Brazil.

Despite the large budget and scope of work of Co-Extra, of course not all aspects of co-existence and traceability in supply chains could be fully covered. Risk assessment and post-market monitoring were also not part of the aims of Co-Extra. Several complementary pieces of information were thus requested for this book from authors involved in similar European or national research programmes. We also integrated a synthetic contribution from several Asian colleagues working in other parts of the domain of co-existence and traceability. All these colleagues are gratefully acknowledged for their useful contributions.

A synthesis based on a compilation by the European Commission of the Publishable Final Activity Reports (PFAR) of several European projects was recently issued (European Commission, 2010b) showing the results from the more than 200 M€ of investment of the European Union spent looking for answers to citizens’ questions. The research projects covered approached risk evaluation, co-existence and traceability, but not post-market surveillance which began to be considered by the EC during the last call for proposals of the FP7 (January 2011). This PFAR synthesis may help readers to find complementary information to the issues raised in this book.