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- Herausgeber: andersseitig.de
- Kategorie: Bildung
- Sprache: Englisch
German Grammar A1 (Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch A1) Detailed description of German grammar of Level A1 in English for English speaking people. A complete programmme for learning German of Level A1. About 6000 words from Level A1 to Level B1 are included in German-English and English-German alphabetical order. Enlarged and Revised 2nd Edition In this book all the grammatical topics of Level A1 are explained in detail. But this book is not just a grammar book. In addition to explaining the rules of grammar, other important elements of language learning, such as the necessary vocabulary have been added in this book. From this point of view, this book is completely different from other conventional grammar books and is perfectly suited to meet the actual needs of students. This book has the following 5 parts: Part 1: This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.) Part 2: A1-01-01 to A1-13-01: Here are the grammatical topics of Level A1. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section. Part 3: In the third part, a list of about 6000 words from Stufe A1 to Stufe B1 has been added in German-English alphabetical order. Part 4: In the fourth part, words of the third part are arranged in English-German alphabetical order. Part 5: In this section a list of "Präsens, Präteritum, Konjunktiv-II and Partizip-II" forms of irregular verbs has been added. The last chapter (Kapitel 13) of level A1 is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this section and in comparison with English sentence structure.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Sarfuddin Ahmed
German Grammar A1
German Grammar A1
(Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch A1)
Detailed description of German grammar of Level A1 in English for English speaking people.
A complete programmme for learning German of Level A1.
About 6000 words from Level A1 to Level B1 are included in German-English and English-German alphabetical order.
Enlarged and Revised 2
Imprint
Author: © Sarfuddin Ahmed
Cover: © andersseitig Verlag
Typesetting and digitization: Sarfuddin Ahmed / andersseitig Verlag
andersseitig Verlag
Dresden
Germany
ISBN 978-3-96651-3722
© andersseitg 2024
For detailed contact information see last page of the book.
Introduction
(very important, inevitable text before using the book): In this book all the grammatical topics of Level A1 are explained in detail. But this book is not just a grammar book. In addition to explaining the rules of grammar, other important elements of language learning, such as the necessary vocabulary have been added in this book. From this point of view, this book is completely different from other conventional grammar books and is perfectly suited to meet the actual needs of students. This book has the following 5 parts:
Part 1: This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.)
Part 2: A1-01-01 toA1-13-01: Here are the grammatical topics of Level A1. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section.
Part 3: In the third part, a list of about 6000 words from Stufe A1 to Stufe B1 has been added in German-English alphabetical order.
Part 4: In the fourth part, words of the third part are arranged in English-German alphabetical order.
Part 5: In this section a list of "Präsens, Präteritum, Konjunktiv-II and Partizip-II" forms of irregular verbs has been added.
The last chapter (Kapitel 13) of level A1 is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this section and in comparison with English sentence structure.
Part 1
This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.).
German alphabet:
There are 30 letters in German language including the 26 Latin letters that we find in English language. In German, each letter is used for a specific sound. If a letter is used for more than one sound, there are specific rules for when the letter is used for which sound. It is not like English that a letter is used for different sounds without any rules. From this point of view, it is relatively easy to read German texts. Below are the letters of German alphabet, and it is shown which letter is used for which sound:
letter: Aa: / name of the letter: like “u” in “umbrella” / sound it stands for: like “u” in “umbrella”
letter: Ää: / name of the letter: like “u” in “umbrella” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: like “a” in “cat”
letter: Bb: / name of the letter: like “bay” / sound it stands for: like “b” in “ball” or like “p” in “up” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Cc: / name of the letter: like “say” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Dd: / name of the letter: like “day” / sound it stands for: like “d” in “doll” or like “t” in “tag” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ee: / name of the letter: like “e” in “end” / sound it stands for: like “e” in “end”
letter: Ff: / name of the letter: same as English “f” / sound it stands for: like “f” in “fall”
letter: Gg: / name of the letter: like “gay” / sound it stands for: like “g” in “give” or like “k” in “keep” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Hh: / name of the letter: like “hu” in “hunt” / sound it stands for: like “h” in “hall” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ii: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” / sound it stands for: like “i” in “it”
letter: Jj: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” + “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot” + “t” / sound it stands for: like “y” in “yes”
letter: Kk: / name of the letter: like “cu” in “cut” / sound it stands for: like “k” in “kind”
letter: Ll: / name of the letter: same as English “l” / sound it stands for: like “l” in “letter”
letter: Mm: / name of the letter: same as English “m” / sound it stands for: like “m” in “meet”
letter: Nn: / name of the letter: same as English “n” / sound it stands for: like “n” in “name”
letter: Oo: / name of the letter: same as English “o” / sound it stands for: like “o” in “lock” or like “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot”
letter: Öö: / name of the letter: “o” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Pp: / name of the letter: like “pay” / sound it stands for: like “p” in “pay”
letter: Qq: / name of the letter: like “coo” in “cool” / sound it stands for: like “k” in “kind”
letter: Rr: / name of the letter: like “a” in “cat” + “r” in “red” / sound it stands for: like “r” in “race”
letter: Ss: / name of the letter: same as English “s” / sound it stands for: like “j” in “January” or “sh” in “cash” or “s” in “safety” (see below for detailed description)
letter: ß: / name of the letter: “s” + “set” / sound it stands for: like “s” in “see”
letter: Tt: / name of the letter: like “te” in “technology” / sound it stands for: like “t” in “technology”
letter: Uu: / name of the letter: like “u” in “ugh” / sound it stands for: like “u” in “ugh”
letter: Üü: / name of the letter: like “u” in “ugh” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Vv: / name of the letter: like “fa” in “fast” + “u” in “ugh” / sound it stands for: like “f” in “fall” or like “v” in “very” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ww: / name of the letter: like “ve” in “very” / sound it stands for: like “v” in “very”
letter: Xx: / name of the letter: like “ix” in “six” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Yy: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” + “p” in “pen” + “see” + “l” + “o” in “lock” + “n” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Zz: / name of the letter: like “set” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
Letters used for multiple sounds:
Bb:If “b” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “b” in “ball”. If “b” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “p” in “pay”. E.g: “baden, ab”.
Cc:In German, “c” is used together with “h” or “k” (see below for detailed description). The pronunciation of “c” in a foreign word is similar to its pronunciation in that language. E.g: “Camping”.
Dd:If “d” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “d” in “doll”. If “d” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “t” in “technology”. E.g: “danken, Land”.
Gg:If “g” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “g” in “give”. If “g” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “k” in “kind”. E.g: “geben, Tag”.
Hh:If “h” is used after a vowel, it remains silent then, in this case “h” indicates that the previous vowel is a long vowel. E.g: Sohn.
Oo: If there are two consonants after “o”, “o” is then short and it is pronounced like “o” in “lock”. If there is “h” after “o”, “h” remains silent then, in this case “h” indicates that “o” is long. “o” is then pronounced like “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot”.
Ss:If “s” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, and a vowel is used after it, it is then pronounced like “j” in “January”. If “s” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, and a consonant is used after it, it is then pronounced like “sh” in “cash”. If “s” is within or at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “s” in “safety”. E.g: “Sonne, Stadt, Haus, ist”.
Vv:If the word is a German word, it is then pronounced like “f” in “fall”. If the word is a foreign word, it is then pronounced like “v” in “very”. E.g: “Vater”, “Vase”
Xx:In German, words with “x” are foreign words. The pronunciation of “x” in a foreign word is similar to its pronunciation in that language. E.g: “Xenophobie”.
Letters used for sounds that are missing in English:
There are some sounds in German that are missing in English. These sounds cannot be represented with any English letters. Following is shown how to produce this type of sound:
Öö:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “e” as in “end” keeping the lips round. E.g: Söhne
Üü:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “i” as in “it” keeping the lips round. E.g: süß
Yy:Pronunciation of “y” is same as “ü”. E.g: Typ
Zz:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “s” as in “safety” keeping the tongue in touch with back part of upper gum E.g: zahlen
Compound letters and the sounds they stand for:
Compund letters: au: / Sounds they stand for: like “ou” in “house”:Haus
Compund letters: ch: / Sounds they stand for: like “sh” in “cash” after “e” and “i”, like “k” in “keep” after “a”, “o” und “u”. E.g: “Becher, ich, Bach, Dach, doch, Buch”
Compund letters: ck: / Sounds they stand for: like “k” in “kind”
Compund letters: dsch: / Sounds they stand for: like “j” in “January”
Compund letters: dt: / Sounds they stand for: like “t” in “technology”
Compund letters: ei: / Sounds they stand for: like “eye”:heilen
Compund letters: eu: / Sounds they stand for: like “oy” in “boy”:heute
Compund letters: ie: / Sounds they stand for: like “ee” in “keep”:sieben
Compund letters: ng: / Sounds they stand for: like “ng” in “sing”: singen
Compund letters: sch: / Sounds they stand for: like “sh” in “cash”
Compund letters: tsch: / Sounds they stand for: like “tch” in “catch”
Word:
Depending on the meaning of words and their use in sentence, words can be divided into the following categories:
1. Nomen (Noun)
2. Pronomen (Pronoun)
3. Adjektiv (Adjective)
4. Adverb (Adverb)
5. Verb (Verb)
6. Präposition (Preposition)
7. Artikel (Article)
8. Fragewort (Interrogative word)
9. Konnektor (Connector)
1.Nomen (Noun): A noun is a word by which a person, thing or quality is named. E.g: Stadt (city), Schüler (pupil), Schönheit (beauty) etc. A noun is used in a sentence in Singular or Plural form and in Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ or Genitiv form.
2.Pronomen (Pronoun): A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun in a sentence. E.g: ich (I), mich (me),du (you), dich (you), er (he), ihn (him) etc. Like a noun a pronoun is also used in a sentence in Singular or Plural form and in Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv or Reflexiv form. Pronouns are limited in number.
3.Adjektiv (Adjective): An adjective is a word that names a quality. E.g: gut (good), schlecht (bad), schön (beautiful) etc. An adjective is usually used before a noun.
4.Adverb (Adverb): An adverb is a word that answers questions beginning with "how, when, where" and modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. E.g: sehr (very) etc.
5.Verb (Verb): A verb is a word that indicates what somebody or something does, what state somebody or something is in, what is becoming of somebody or something. E.g: lernen (learn), sehen (see), schreiben (write) etc. A verb is used in different forms in sentences. These forms indicate time when something is done.
6.Präposition (Preposition): Preposition is a word which is used with noun or pronoun to show its relation with another word. Like pronoun prepositions are also limited in number.
7.Artikel (Article): Article is used before a noun, and it refers to whether the noun is specific or not. Article can be divided into the following categories:
1) bestimmter Artikel (definite article), e.g: "der, das, die" (the) etc.
2) unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article), e.g: "ein, eine" (a, an) etc.
3) Possessivartikel (possessive article), e.g: "mein, dein" (my, your) etc.
4) Demonstrativartikel (demonstrative article), e.g: "dieser, dieses" (this, these)
8.Fragewort (Interrogative word): Interrogative word is used in questions. German interrogative words have "w" at the beginning, e.g: "wer, wen" (who, whom) etc.
9.Konnektor (Conjunction): Conjunction is a word that joins other words or clauses, e.g: "und" (and), "aber" (but), "wenn" (if, when) etc.
Among the types of words described above pronoun, preposition, article, interrogative word and conjunction are limited in number.
Sentence:
A sentence is composed of different words. If we observe the structure of a sentence, we can notice that a sentence has several parts. A part of a sentence may consist of one word or multiple words. These parts of a sentence are called Subjekt (subject), Objekt (object), etc. The person or thing that performs the work described in the sentence through Verb is called Subjekt, and the person or thing on whom the work is performed is called the Objekt. There is another very simple way to determine the Subjekt and Objekt of a sentence. Before we come to that point, let's have a look at three very simple sentences:
1) "Der Mann kauft morgen einen Computer." (The man will buy a computer tomorrow.)
2) "Der Mann fragt den Schüler." (The man is asking the student.)
3) "Der Stift liegt auf dem Tisch." (The pen is on the table.)
If we observe the sentences above, we can notice, a sentence is essentially the combination of the answers to some “wh-questions”.
Whether a particular part of a sentence is the subject or object of sentence depends on what kind of question it is an answer to:
Answer to "who" is always the subject.
Answer to "whom" is always the object.
Answer to "what" is either the subject or the object. If there is an answer to "who" (subject), answer to "what" is then the object. If there is no answer to "who", then the answer to "what" is the subject.
A part of a sentence, which is answer to a question other than "who", "whom" or "what", is used in sentence in one of the two following forms:
1) as an adverb, e.g: "morgen" (tomorrow)
2) noun or pronoun with a preposition, e.g: "auf dem Tisch" (on the table).
Part 2
Here are the grammatical topics of Level A1. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section.
A1: Table of Contents (A1: Inhaltsverzeichnis):
Kapitel 1: A1-01-01: *W-Frage (wh-question) / *Aussagesatz (assertive sentence) / *Verben und Personalpronomen (verb and pronoun/subject) / *das Verbsein(irregular verbsein) / *Zahlen (numbers)
Kapitel 2: A1-02-01: *bestimmter Artikel (definite Article)der,das,die/ *Verben und Personalpronomen (verb and pronoun/subject) / *Ja-Nein-Frage (yes-no-question) / *Plural der Substantive (plural form of noun) / *das Verbhaben(irregular verbhaben)
Kapitel 3: A1-03-01: 12 *unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article)ein,ein,eine/ *Negationsartikelkein,kein,keine/ *Imperativ mitSie(imperative sentence withSie)
Kapitel 4: A1-04-01: 13 *Positionen im Satz (different parts of sentence and their position in sentence) / *Nominativ (subject) und Akkusativ (object) / *Nominativ und Akkusativ (use ofNominativandAkkusativ) / *Positionen im Aussagesatz (position of different parts in assertive sentence) / *Preise (how to write and read prices) / *irregular verbmögen(irregular verbmögen)
Kapitel 5: A1-05-01: *Possessivartikel in Nominativ & Akkusativmein,dein, meinen ....(my, your) / *Modalverben (modal verbs)müssen,können,wollen/ *Uhrzeit (time)
Kapitel 6: A1-06-01: *trennbare Verben (separable verbs) / *Personalpronomen im Akkusativmich,dich(Akkusativ-From of pronoun "me, you ....") / *Präteritum vonhabenundsein(past form ofhabenandsein) / *Datum (date)
Kapitel 7: A1-07-01: *Artikel im Dativ (Dativ-Form of noun) / *Präpositionen mit Dativ (prepositions used with Dativ form of noun or pronoun) / *Konnektor (connector) “und” (and), “oder” (or) and “aber” (but) / *Ja-Nein-Frage (yes-no-question) (Use ofdoch)
Kapitel 8:A1-08-01:24 *Imperativ sentence "Du-Form" & "Ihr-Form" / *Modalverben (modal verbs)sollen,müssen,dürfen
Kapitel 9:A1-09-01: 26 *Wechselpräpositionen (Prepositions used with Dativ or Akkusativ form of noun or pronoun)
Kapitel 10:A1-10-01: *Perfekt (form of verb used to express past time) / *Partizip-II (how to form Partizip-II)
Kapitel 11:A1-11-01:*Fragewörterwelcher,welches,welche….(interrogative wordswelcher,welches,welche) / *Demonstrativartikeldieser,dieses,diese… (demonstrative articledieser,dieses,diese…) / *Personalpronomen im Dativmir,dir(Dativ form of pronoun "me, you ….") / *Verben mit Dativ (verbs used with Dativ)
Kapitel 12: A1-12-01: *Pronomenman(indefinite pronounman) / *Konnektor (connector) “denn” (because) / *Fragewörterwer,wen,wem,was(interrogative wordswer,wen,wem,was) / *Zeitadverbienzuerst,dann,später,zum Schluss(temporal wordsdann,später,zum Schluss) /*Zeitangaben (time specification)
Kapitel 13: A1-13-01: *Satzbau (sentence structure) / This chapter is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in the part A1 and in comparison with English sentence structure.
Kapitel A1-01 to Kapitel A1-13 at a glance
Kapitel 1:
A1-01-01:Satz (Sentence): Two types of sentences will be discussed here: 1. W-Frage (wh-question), 2. Aussagesatz (assertive sentence).
A1-01-02:W-Frage: These types of questions cannot be answered with “ja” (“yes”) or “nein” (“no”). An interrogative word is used at the beginning of the sentence, then the verb is used and then the other parts of the sentence:
“Waskaufstdu im Supermarkt?” (What will you buy in the supermarket?)
Common interrogative words are: wann (when), warum (why), was (what), welche (which), wer (who), wie (how), wo (where), woher (where from), wohin (where to) etc.
A1-01-03:Aussagesatz (assertive sentence): This type of sentence is not a question. In an “Aussagesatz” the subject is usually used at the beginning, however any other part of the sentence can also be used at the beginning, but the second position of the sentence (the position right after the first part) is reserved for the verb, and then the other parts of the sentence are used:
“Ichwohnejetzt in Berlin.” (I live in Berlin now.) // “Jetztwohneich in Berlin.” (Now I live in Berlin.) // “In Berlinwohneich jetzt.” (In Berlin I live now.)
A1-01-04:Subjekt (Subject): Following types of words are used as subject in a sentence:
Singular:
ich(I)
du{you (singular informal)}
er{he, it (masculine gender)},es{it (neuter gender)},sie{she, it (feminine gender)}orany noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.
Plural:
wir (we)
ihr {you (plural and informal)}
sie (they) / Sie {you (singular and plural, formal) (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.)} or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.
A1-01-05:Verb (verb and its different forms): In German language – as in other laguages – the verb is used in sentences in different forms.
We will discuss here “Infinitiv” and “Präsens” forms of verbs. When we learn a verb, we memorize this Infinitiv form. The verb is mentioned in this form in dictionary. Infinitiv forms of German verbs have the distinctive feauture that almost all of them have “-en” at the end e.g. “lernen, sagen, haben, gehen, fahren” etc. Only a few of them have only “-n” (i.e. without “-e) at the end e.g. “tun, lächeln, ärgern” etc. When we learn a verb, we memorize this Infinitiv form. But we needn’t memorize the other forms. There are hard and fast rules how to make these forms.
We will discuss here the Präsens form of a verb. First how to make this form, and then when to use this form:
A1-01-06:How to make Präsens form: It depends on the subject of a sentence. We can make it clear taking the verb “lernen” (learn) as an example:
Subject: “ich (I)”; Präsens form of the Verb: “lerne”; verb’s ending: “-e”
Subject: “du {you (singular informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verb: “lernst”; verb’s ending: “-st”
Subject: “er {he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es {it (neuter gender)}”, “sie {she, it (feminine gender)}” or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “lernt”; verb’s ending: “-t”
Subject: “wir (we)”; Präsens form of the Verb: “lernen”; verb’s ending: “-en”
Subject: “ihr {you (plural and informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verb: “lernt”; verb’s ending: “-t”
Subject: “sie (they)”, “Sie {you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “lernen”; verb’s ending: “-en”
Above it is quite visible how to make this form. Drop “-en” from Infinitiv form, and then add different endings for different subjects as shown above.
A1-01-07:Präsens forms of the irregular verb “sein” (“be” verb): Some Präsens forms of some verbs are exceptional. Among them the verb “sein” is a unique verb – unique in the sense that all of its Präsens forms are irregular. The Präsens forms of “sein” are shown below:
Subject: “ich (I)”; Präsens form of the Verb: “bin”
Subject: “du {you (singular informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verb: “bist”
Subject: “er {he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es {it (neuter gender)}”, “sie {she, it (feminine gender)}” or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “ist”
Subject: “wir (we)”; Präsens form of the Verb: “sind”
Subject: “ihr {you (plural and informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verb: “seid”
Subject: “sie (they)”, “Sie {you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “sind”
A1-01-08:Use of Präsens form: Präsens form is used in German to express present or future time. It means, a German sentence like “Ich lerne Deutsch” can mean “I learn German.”, “I am learning German.”, “I have been learning German.”, “I will learn German.” or “I will be learning German.”
A1-01-09:Zahlen (numbers):
In order to learn numbers, one has to memorize the numbers from 1 to 12 only. There are certain rules about how the other numbers are called. It means, we needn’t memorize those numbers. In the group No. 1 below the numbers from 1 to 12 are mentioned first. The regularities are shown in other groups:
Group 1:
Group 2:
In Group No. 2 above the regularities among numbers 13 to 19 are easily visible. It is to be noticed here, in case of “16” and “17” “s” and “en” are not pronounced, they are dropped. In Group No. 3 below regularities among “20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90” are shown:
Group 3:
In Group No. 3 above regularities among “20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90” are easily visible. It is to be noticed here, there are some exceptions in case of “20, 30, 60, 70”. The exceptions are as follows:
In case of “20” “zwan” is used instead of “zwei”, in case of “30” “ßig” is written instead of “zig”. And in case of “60” and “70” “s” and “en” are not pronounced, they are dropped.
In Group No. 4 below regularities among every 9 inner numbers are shown:
Group 4:
In Group No. 4 above regularities among these numbers are easily visible. It is to be noticed here, in case of “21” “s” is not pronounced, it is dropped. Regularities shown in Group No. 4 are also visible among numbers from 31 to 39, 41 to 49, 51 to 59, 61 to 69, 71 to 79, 81 to 89 and 91 to 99:
etc.
Other numbers are read the following way:
etc. In case of 100 and 1000 “ein” can remain silent.
Larger numbers are read the following way:
[…000 Milliarde//000 Million//000 tausend//000]
The number is first divided into 3 parts from right, each part containing 3 digits. The fourth part (left most) contains the remaining digits. The number is read from left. It is shown in following two examples:
Kapitel 2:
A1-02-01:Nomen und Artikel (Noun and article):
A1-02-02:bestimmter Artikel (definite article): There are 3 forms of bestimmter Artikel (definite article) in German: “der”, “das” and “die”. “der” is used before a masculine noun, “das” before a neuter noun, and “die” is used before a feminine noun. But there is no hard and fast rule to identify the gender of a noun. So, when we learn a noun, we have also to memorize the article along with it. If the noun is in plural form, the article is “die”. But in German language there is also no hard and fast rule to make plural forms. So, when we learn a noun, we have also to memorize its plural form. It is shown below:
maskulin(masculine):derStift, der Tag, der Mann etc.
neutrum(neuter):dasBuch, das Fenster, das Kind etc.
feminin(feminine):dieTasche, die Tür, die Frau etc.
Plural(plural):dieStifte, die Tage, die Männer, die Bücher, die Fenster, die Kinder, die Taschen, die Türen, die Frauen etc.
A1-02-03:unregelmäßige Verben (irregular verbs): Some verbs are irregular – irregular in the sense that their Präsens “du-Form” and “er/es/sie-Form” are exceptional. When we learn an irregular verb, we have to memorize these two exceptional forms. Two irregular verbs “nehmen” and “haben” are shown below as an example:
Subject: “ich (I)”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “nehme”, “habe”; verbs’ ending: “-e”
Subject: “du {you (singular informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “nimmst”, “hast”; verbs’ ending: “-st”
Subject: “er {he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es {it (neuter gender)}”, “sie {she, it (feminine gender)}” or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “nimmt”, “hat”; verbs’ ending: “-t”
Subject: “wir (we)”; Präsens form of the Verb: “nehmen”, “haben”; verbs’ ending: “-en”
Subject: “ihr {you (plural and informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verb: “nehmt”, “habt”; verbs’ ending: “-t”
Subject: “sie (they)”, “Sie {you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “nehmen”, “haben”; verbs’ ending: “-en”
If the Präsens forms of irregular verbs “nehmen” and “haben” are compared with the Präsens forms of an regular verb (see A1-01-06), it can be noticed that their Präsens “du-Form” and “er/es/sie-Form” are exceptional.
A1-02-04:Ja-Nein-Frage (yes-no-question): This type of question can be answered with “ja” (“yes”) or “nein” (“no”). The verb is used at the beginning of the sentence, subject is usually used after the verb:
“Gehstduheute ins Theater?” (Will you go to theatre today?)
“Lernterjetzt Deutsch?” (Is he learning German now?)
Kapitel 3:
A1-03-01:unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article): There are 2 forms of unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article) in German: “ein” and “eine”. “ein” is used before a masculine noun and a neuter noun. “eine” is used before a feminine noun. If the noun is used in plural form, no article is used before it. It is shown in the group below. Bestimmter Artikel (definite article) (see A1-02-02) is also shown there:
maskulin (masculine): der Stift (the pen), ein Stift (a pen)
neutrum (neuter): das Buch (the book), ein Buch (a book)
feminin (feminine): die Tasche (the bag), eine Tasche (a bag)
Plural (plural): die Stifte (the pens), die Bücher (the books), die Taschen (the bags), // Stifte (pens), Bücher (books), Taschen (bags)
A1-03-02:Negationsartikel (negative article): There are 2 forms of Negationsartikel (negative article) in German: “kein” and “keine”. “kein” is used before a masculine noun and a neuter noun. “keine” is used before a feminine noun. If the noun is in plural form, the article is “keine”. It is shown in the group below. Bestimmter Artikel (definite article) (see A1-02-02) and unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article) (see A1-03-01) are also shown there:
maskulin (masculine): der Stift (the pen), ein Stift (a pen), kein Stift (no pen)
neutrum (neuter): das Buch (the book), ein Buch (a book), kein Buch (no book)
feminin (feminine): die Tasche (the bag), eine Tasche (a bag), keine Tasche (no bag)
Plural (plural): die Stifte (the pens), die Bücher (the books), die Taschen (the bags), Stifte (pens), Bücher (books), Taschen (bags), keine Stifte (no pens), keine Bücher (no books), keine Taschen (no bags)
A1-03-03:Imperativ (imperative sentence): This type of sentence is used to request or order somebody. There are 3 kinds of imperative sentences: 1. Sie-Form, 2. Du-Form and 3. Ihr-Form. Here we will discuss the “Sie-Form”. The other two forms will be discussed in Kapitel-8 (chapter 8).
A1-03-04: Structure: Its structure is same as Ja-Nein-Frage (yes-no-question) (see A1-02-04). It means, the verb is used at the beginning of the sentence. Subject is used right after the verb. Subject is always “Sie”, and then other parts of the sentence are used. The word “Bitte” can be used at the beginning or end of the sentence, or within the sentence to show politeness:
“GehenSiebitte jetzt nach Hause.” (Please go home now.)
A1-03-05: Use: This kind of imperative sentence is used to request or order a single person or more than one person, with whom the relationship is formal.
A1-03-06: Exception: The form of an imperative sentence with the verb “sein” is an exceptional case:
“SeienSiejetzt ruhig bitte.” (Be quiet now please.)
Kapitel 4:
A1-04-01:Nomen im Nominativ und Akkusativ (nominative and accusative forms of noun): In German sentences nouns are used in different forms. We will discuss here “Nominativ” and “Akkusativ” forms of nouns. Different forms of nouns are shown by articles used with nouns. When we learn a noun, we memorize its Nominativ form shown by “bestimmter Artikel” (definite article). The two forms of nouns are shown below:
Nominativ:
maskulin (masculine): der Stift (the pen), ein Stift (a pen), kein Stift (no pen)
neutrum (neuter): das Buch (the book), ein Buch (a book), kein Buch (no book)
feminin (feminine): die Tasche (the bag), eine Tasche (a bag), keine Tasche (no bag)
Plural (plural): die Stifte (the pens), die Bücher (the books), die Taschen (the bags), Stifte (pens), Bücher (books), Taschen (bags), keine Stifte (no pens), keine Bücher (no books), keine Taschen (no bags)
Akkusativ:
maskulin (masculine): den Stift (the pen), einen Stift (a pen), keinen Stift (no pen)
neutrum (neuter): das Buch (the book), ein Buch (a book), kein Buch (no book)
feminin (feminine): die Tasche (the bag), eine Tasche (a bag), keine Tasche (no bag)
Plural (plural): die Stifte (the pens), die Bücher (the books), die Taschen (the bags), Stifte (pens), Bücher (books), Taschen (bags), keine Stifte (no pens), keine Bücher (no books), keine Taschen (no bags)
It is visible from above that only singular Nominativ and Akkusativ forms of maskulin nouns are different from each other. In all other cases the two forms are same.
A1-04-02:Use of Nominativ and Akkusativ forms of nouns: If the noun is the subject of the sentence, its Nominativ form is used, and if it is object of the sentence, its Akkusativ form is used. There is a much easier way to decide when to use which form. Before we come to that point, let's have a look at three very simple sentences:
1. “Der Mann kauft morgen einen Computer.” (The man will buy a computer tomorrow.)
2. “Der Mann fragt den Schüler.” (The man will ask the student.)
3. “Der Stift liegt dort.” (The pen is there.)
If we look at the sentences, we can notice that a sentence is actually a combination of answers to several wh-questions. And the answer to each "wh" question is one part of the sentence:
As we see in the sentences above, a sentence is actually a combination of answers to several wh-questions. In which form a noun is to be used in a sentence depends on what type of question it is an answer to:
The answer to “who” is always used in Nominativ form (sentence 1. & 2. above).
The answer to “whom” is used in Akkusativ form (sentence 2. above).
The answer to “what” is used either in Akkusativ form or in Nominativ form. If the answer to “who” is present in the sentence, the answer to “what” is used in Akkusativ form (sentence 1. above). If the answer to “who” is not present in the sentence, the answer to “what” is used in Nominativ form (sentence 3. above).
A1-04-03:Positionen im Aussagesatz (position of different parts in an assertive sentence): This type of sentence is not a question. In an “Aussagesatz” the subject is usually used at the beginning, however any other part of the sentence can also be used at the beginning, but the second position of the sentence (the position right after the first part) is reserved for the verb, and then the other parts of the sentence are used:
“Ichwohnejetzt in Berlin.” (I live in Berlin now.)
“Jetztwohneich in Berlin.” (Now I live in Berlin.)
“In Berlinwohneich jetzt.” (In Berlin I live now.)
A1-04-04:irregular verb “mögen”(to like): It was previously mentioned that some verbs are irregular – irregular in the sense that their Präsens “du-Form” and “er/es/sie-Form” are exceptional (see A1-02-03). Again there are some verbs in which all Singular Präsens forms are exceptional. “mögen” is such an irregular verb. The Präsens forms and another form called “Konjunktiv-II” {(“möchten”) (to want)} of “mögen” are shown below:
Subject: “ich (I)”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “mag”, “möchte”
Subject: “du {you (singular informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “magst”, “möchtest”; verbs’ ending: “-st”
Subject: “er {he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es {it (neuter gender)}”, “sie {she, it (feminine gender)}” or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “mag”, “möchte”
Subject: “wir (we)”; Präsens form of the Verb: “mögen”, “möchten”; verbs’ ending: “-en”
Subject: “ihr {you (plural and informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verb: “mögt”, “möchtet”; verbs’ ending: “-t”
Subject: “sie (they)”, “Sie {you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: “mögen”, “möchten”; verbs’ ending: “-en”
If the Präsens forms of irregular verb “mögen” are compared with the Präsens forms of a regular verb (see A1-01-06), it can be noticed that its Plural Präsens forms are regular, but all its Singular Präsens forms are irregular. Its “ich-Form” and “er/es/sie-Form” are same. “du-Form” is made by adding “st” to “ich-Form”. It means, in case of these verbs we have to memorize the “ich-Form” only.
How price is written: ,89 Euro / ,89 € // 7,00 Euro / 7,00 € // 7,48 Euro / 7,48 €
How price is read: 89 Cent // 7 Euro // 7 Euro 48 (Cent)
It is visible from above, if the price includes Euro and Cent, the word “Cent” can remain silent.
Kapitel 5:
A1-05-01:Possessivartikel (possessive articles): In previous chapters we discussed different kinds of Artikel (bestimmter Artikel, unbestimmter Artikel and Negationsartikel) (see A1-02-02, A1-03-01 and A1-03-02). There is another kind of Artikel. It is called Possessivartikel. Different Possessivartikel are shown below:
Nominativ: ich (I); Possessivartikel: mein (my)
Nominativ: du {you (singular informal)}; Possessivartikel: dein (your)
Nominativ: er {he, it (masculine gender)}; Possessivartikel: sein (his / its)
Nominativ: es {it (neuter gender)}; Possessivartikel:sein(its)
Nominativ: sie {she, it (feminine gender)}; Possessivartikel: ihr (her / its)
Nominativ: wir (we); Possessivartikel: unser (our)
Nominativ: ihr {you (plural and informal)}; Possessivartikel: euer (your)
Nominativ: sie (they); Possessivartikel: ihr (their)
Nominativ: Sie {you (singular and plural, formal)}; Possessivartikel: Ihr (your)
Like other Artikel, Possessivartikel is also used before a noun. The Possessivartikel used before the noun can have different endings depending on whether the noun is masculine or neuter or feminine, whether the noun is in singular or plural form and whether the noun is in Nominativ or Akkusativ form. This ending is similar to the ending used with Negationsartikel. This is shown in the group below. Bestimmter Artikel (see Article A1-02-02), unbestimmter Artikel (see Article A1-03-01) and Negationsartikel (see Article A1-03-02 and Article A1-04-01) are also shown in the group:
Nominativ:
maskulin (masculine): der Stift (the pen), ein Stift (a pen), kein Stift (no pen), mein Stift (my pen)
neutrum (neuter): das Buch (the book), ein Buch (a book), kein Buch (no book), mein Buch (my book)
feminin (feminine): die Tasche (the bag), eine Tasche (a bag), keine Tasche (no bag), meine Tasche (my bag)
Plural (plural): die Stifte (the pens), die Bücher (the books), die Taschen (the bags), Stifte (pens), Bücher (books), Taschen (bags), keine Stifte (no pens), keine Bücher (no books), keine Taschen (no bags) , meine Stifte (my pens), meine Bücher (my books), meine Taschen (my bags)
Akkusativ:
maskulin (masculine): den Stift (the pen), einen Stift (a pen), keinen Stift (no pen), meinen Stift (my pen)
neutrum (neuter): das Buch (the book), ein Buch (a book), kein Buch (no book), mein Buch (my book)
feminin (feminine): die Tasche (the bag), eine Tasche (a bag), keine Tasche (no bag), meine Tasche (my bag)
Plural (plural): die Stifte (the pens), die Bücher (the books), die Taschen (the bags), Stifte (pens), Bücher (books), Taschen (bags), keine Stifte (no pens), keine Bücher (no books), keine Taschen (no bags) , meine Stifte (my pens), meine Bücher (my books), meine Taschen (my bags)
A1-05-02:Modalverb “müssen” (must), “können” (can)and “wollen” (want): Modal verbs are like the verb “mögen” (see A1-04-04. “mögen” is also a Modalverb). All Singular Präsens forms of these verbs are irregular. Here Präsens forms of “müssen”, “können” and “wollen” are shown below in the group:
Subject: “ich (I)”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “muss”, “kann”, “will”
Subject: “du {you (singular informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “musst”, “kannst”, “willst”; verbs’ ending: “-st”
Subject: “er {he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es {it (neuter gender)}”, “sie {she, it (feminine gender)}” or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “muss”, “kann”, “will”
Subject: “wir(we)”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “müssen”, “können”, “wollen”; verbs’ ending: “-en”
Subject: “ihr{you (plural and informal)}”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “müsst”, “könnt”, “wollt”; verbs’ ending: “-t”
Subject: “sie (they)”, “Sie {you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verbs: “müssen”, “können”, “wollen”; verbs’ ending: “-en”
If the Präsens forms of the Modalverb are compared with the Präsens forms of a regular verb (see A1-01-06), it can be noticed that their Plural Präsens forms are regular, but all of their Singular Präsens forms are irregular. Their “ich-Form” and “er/es/sie-Form” are same. “du-Form” is made by adding “st” to “ich-Form”. It means, in case of these verbs we have to memorize the “ich-Form” only. It is to be noticed here that in case of the verb “müssen”, the ending of “du-Form” doesn’t have any “s” because there is already a “s” at the end.
A1-05-03:Use
