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- Herausgeber: andersseitig.de
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- Sprache: Englisch
German Grammar B1 (Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch B1) Detailed description of German grammar of Level B1 in English for English speaking people. A complete programmme for learning German of Level B1. About 6000 words from Level A1 to Level B1 are included in German-English and English-German alphabetical order. Enlarged and Revised 2nd Edition In this book all the grammatical topics of Level B1 are explained in detail. But this book is not just a grammar book. In addition to explaining the rules of grammar, other important elements of language learning, such as the necessary vocabulary have been added in this book. From this point of view, this book is completely different from other conventional grammar books and is perfectly suited to meet the actual needs of students. This book has the following 5 parts: Part 1: This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.) Part 2: B1-01-01 to B1-13-01: Here are the grammatical topics of Level B1. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section. Part 3: In the third part, a list of about 6000 words from Stufe A1 to Stufe B1 has been added in German-English alphabetical order. Part 4: In the fourth part, words of the third part are arranged in English-German alphabetical order. Part 5: In this section a list of "Präsens, Präteritum, Konjunktiv-II and Partizip-II" forms of irregular verbs has been added. The last chapter (Kapitel 13) of level B1 is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this section and in comparison with English sentence structure.
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Sarfuddin Ahmed
German Grammar B1
German Grammar B1
(Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch B1)
Detailed description of German grammar of Level B1 in English for English speaking people.
A complete programmme for learning German of Level B1.
About 6000 words from Level A1 to Level B1 are included in German-English and English-German alphabetical order.
Enlarged and Revised 2nd Edition
Imprint
Author: © Sarfuddin Ahmed
Cover: © andersseitig Verlag
Typesetting and digitization: Sarfuddin Ahmed / andersseitig Verlag
andersseitig Verlag
Dresden
Germany
ISBN 978-3-96651-3746
© andersseitg 2024
For detailed contact information see last page of the book.
Introduction
(very important, inevitable text before using the book): In this book all the grammatical topics of Level B1 are explained in detail. But this book is not just a grammar book. In addition to explaining the rules of grammar, other important elements of language learning, such as the necessary vocabulary have been added in this book. From this point of view, this book is completely different from other conventional grammar books and is perfectly suited to meet the actual needs of students. This book has the following 5 parts:
Part 1: This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.)
Part 2: B1-01-01 toB1-13-01: Here are the grammatical topics of Level B1. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section.
Part 3: In the third part, a list of about 6000 words from Stufe A1 to Stufe B1 has been added in German-English alphabetical order.
Part 4: In the fourth part, words of the third part are arranged in English-German alphabetical order.
Part 5: In this section a list of "Präsens, Präteritum, Konjunktiv-II and Partizip-II" forms of irregular verbs has been added.
The last chapter (Kapitel 13) of level B1 is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this section and in comparison with English sentence structure.
Part 1
This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.).
German alphabet:
There are 30 letters in German language including the 26 Latin letters that we find in English language. In German, each letter is used for a specific sound. If a letter is used for more than one sound, there are specific rules for when the letter is used for which sound. It is not like English that a letter is used for different sounds without any rules. From this point of view, it is relatively easy to read German texts. Below are the letters of German alphabet, and it is shown which letter is used for which sound:
letter: Aa: / name of the letter: like “u” in “umbrella” / sound it stands for: like “u” in “umbrella”
letter: Ää: / name of the letter: like “u” in “umbrella” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: like “a” in “cat”
letter: Bb: / name of the letter: like “bay” / sound it stands for: like “b” in “ball” or like “p” in “up” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Cc: / name of the letter: like “say” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Dd: / name of the letter: like “day” / sound it stands for: like “d” in “doll” or like “t” in “tag” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ee: / name of the letter: like “e” in “end” / sound it stands for: like “e” in “end”
letter: Ff: / name of the letter: same as English “f” / sound it stands for: like “f” in “fall”
letter: Gg: / name of the letter: like “gay” / sound it stands for: like “g” in “give” or like “k” in “keep” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Hh: / name of the letter: like “hu” in “hunt” / sound it stands for: like “h” in “hall” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ii: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” / sound it stands for: like “i” in “it”
letter: Jj: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” + “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot” + “t” / sound it stands for: like “y” in “yes”
letter: Kk: / name of the letter: like “cu” in “cut” / sound it stands for: like “k” in “kind”
letter: Ll: / name of the letter: same as English “l” / sound it stands for: like “l” in “letter”
letter: Mm: / name of the letter: same as English “m” / sound it stands for: like “m” in “meet”
letter: Nn: / name of the letter: same as English “n” / sound it stands for: like “n” in “name”
letter: Oo: / name of the letter: same as English “o” / sound it stands for: like “o” in “lock” or like “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot”
letter: Öö: / name of the letter: “o” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Pp: / name of the letter: like “pay” / sound it stands for: like “p” in “pay”
letter: Qq: / name of the letter: like “coo” in “cool” / sound it stands for: like “k” in “kind”
letter: Rr: / name of the letter: like “a” in “cat” + “r” in “red” / sound it stands for: like “r” in “race”
letter: Ss: / name of the letter: same as English “s” / sound it stands for: like “j” in “January” or “sh” in “cash” or “s” in “safety” (see below for detailed description)
letter: ß: / name of the letter: “s” + “set” / sound it stands for: like “s” in “see”
letter: Tt: / name of the letter: like “te” in “technology” / sound it stands for: like “t” in “technology”
letter: Uu: / name of the letter: like “u” in “ugh” / sound it stands for: like “u” in “ugh”
letter: Üü: / name of the letter: like “u” in “ugh” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Vv: / name of the letter: like “fa” in “fast” + “u” in “ugh” / sound it stands for: like “f” in “fall” or like “v” in “very” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ww: / name of the letter: like “ve” in “very” / sound it stands for: like “v” in “very”
letter: Xx: / name of the letter: like “ix” in “six” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Yy: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” + “p” in “pen” + “see” + “l” + “o” in “lock” + “n” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Zz: / name of the letter: like “set” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
Letters used for multiple sounds:
Bb:If “b” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “b” in “ball”. If “b” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “p” in “pay”. E.g: “baden, ab”.
Cc:In German, “c” is used together with “h” or “k” (see below for detailed description). The pronunciation of “c” in a foreign word is similar to its pronunciation in that language. E.g: “Camping”.
Dd:If “d” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “d” in “doll”. If “d” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “t” in “technology”. E.g: “danken, Land”.
Gg:If “g” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “g” in “give”. If “g” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “k” in “kind”. E.g: “geben, Tag”.
Hh:If “h” is used after a vowel, it remains silent then, in this case “h” indicates that the previous vowel is a long vowel. E.g: Sohn.
Oo: If there are two consonants after “o”, “o” is then short and it is pronounced like “o” in “lock”. If there is “h” after “o”, “h” remains silent then, in this case “h” indicates that “o” is long. “o” is then pronounced like “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot”.
Ss:If “s” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, and a vowel is used after it, it is then pronounced like “j” in “January”. If “s” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, and a consonant is used after it, it is then pronounced like “sh” in “cash”. If “s” is within or at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “s” in “safety”. E.g: “Sonne, Stadt, Haus, ist”.
Vv:If the word is a German word, it is then pronounced like “f” in “fall”. If the word is a foreign word, it is then pronounced like “v” in “very”. E.g: “Vater”, “Vase”
Xx:In German, words with “x” are foreign words. The pronunciation of “x” in a foreign word is similar to its pronunciation in that language. E.g: “Xenophobie”.
Letters used for sounds that are missing in English:
There are some sounds in German that are missing in English. These sounds cannot be represented with any English letters. Following is shown how to produce this type of sound:
Öö:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “e” as in “end” keeping the lips round. E.g: Söhne
Üü:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “i” as in “it” keeping the lips round. E.g: süß
Yy:Pronunciation of “y” is same as “ü”. E.g: Typ
Zz:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “s” as in “safety” keeping the tongue in touch with back part of upper gum E.g: zahlen
Compound letters and the sounds they stand for:
Compund letters: au: / Sounds they stand for: like “ou” in “house”:Haus
Compund letters: ch: / Sounds they stand for: like “sh” in “cash” after “e” and “i”, like “k” in “keep” after “a”, “o” und “u”. E.g: “Becher, ich, Bach, Dach, doch, Buch”
Compund letters: ck: / Sounds they stand for: like “k” in “kind”
Compund letters: dsch: / Sounds they stand for: like “j” in “January”
Compund letters: dt: / Sounds they stand for: like “t” in “technology”
Compund letters: ei: / Sounds they stand for: like “eye”:heilen
Compund letters: eu: / Sounds they stand for: like “oy” in “boy”:heute
Compund letters: ie: / Sounds they stand for: like “ee” in “keep”:sieben
Compund letters: ng: / Sounds they stand for: like “ng” in “sing”: singen
Compund letters: sch: / Sounds they stand for: like “sh” in “cash”
Compund letters: tsch: / Sounds they stand for: like “tch” in “catch”
Word:
Depending on the meaning of words and their use in sentence, words can be divided into the following categories:
1. Nomen (Noun)
2. Pronomen (Pronoun)
3. Adjektiv (Adjective)
4. Adverb (Adverb)
5. Verb (Verb)
6. Präposition (Preposition)
7. Artikel (Article)
8. Fragewort (Interrogative word)
9. Konnektor (Connector)
1.Nomen (Noun): A noun is a word by which a person, thing or quality is named. E.g: Stadt (city), Schüler (pupil), Schönheit (beauty) etc. A noun is used in a sentence in Singular or Plural form and in Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ or Genitiv form.
2.Pronomen (Pronoun): A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun in a sentence. E.g: ich (I), mich (me),du (you), dich (you), er (he), ihn (him) etc. Like a noun a pronoun is also used in a sentence in Singular or Plural form and in Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv or Reflexiv form. Pronouns are limited in number.
3.Adjektiv (Adjective): An adjective is a word that names a quality. E.g: gut (good), schlecht (bad), schön (beautiful) etc. An adjective is usually used before a noun.
4.Adverb (Adverb): An adverb is a word that answers questions beginning with "how, when, where" and modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. E.g: sehr (very) etc.
5.Verb (Verb): A verb is a word that indicates what somebody or something does, what state somebody or something is in, what is becoming of somebody or something. E.g: lernen (learn), sehen (see), schreiben (write) etc. A verb is used in different forms in sentences. These forms indicate time when something is done.
6.Präposition (Preposition): Preposition is a word which is used with noun or pronoun to show its relation with another word. Like pronoun prepositions are also limited in number.
7.Artikel (Article): Article is used before a noun, and it refers to whether the noun is specific or not. Article can be divided into the following categories:
1) bestimmter Artikel (definite article), e.g: "der, das, die" (the) etc.
2) unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article), e.g: "ein, eine" (a, an) etc.
3) Possessivartikel (possessive article), e.g: "mein, dein" (my, your) etc.
4) Demonstrativartikel (demonstrative article), e.g: "dieser, dieses" (this, these)
8.Fragewort (Interrogative word): Interrogative word is used in questions. German interrogative words have "w" at the beginning, e.g: "wer, wen" (who, whom) etc.
9.Konnektor (Conjunction): Conjunction is a word that joins other words or clauses, e.g: "und" (and), "aber" (but), "wenn" (if, when) etc.
Among the types of words described above pronoun, preposition, article, interrogative word and conjunction are limited in number.
Sentence:
A sentence is composed of different words. If we observe the structure of a sentence, we can notice that a sentence has several parts. A part of a sentence may consist of one word or multiple words. These parts of a sentence are called Subjekt (subject), Objekt (object), etc. The person or thing that performs the work described in the sentence through Verb is called Subjekt, and the person or thing on whom the work is performed is called the Objekt. There is another very simple way to determine the Subjekt and Objekt of a sentence. Before we come to that point, let's have a look at three very simple sentences:
1) "Der Mann kauft morgen einen Computer." (The man will buy a computer tomorrow.)
2) "Der Mann fragt den Schüler." (The man is asking the student.)
3) "Der Stift liegt auf dem Tisch." (The pen is on the table.)
If we observe the sentences above, we can notice, a sentence is essentially the combination of the answers to some “wh-questions”.
Whether a particular part of a sentence is the subject or object of sentence depends on what kind of question it is an answer to:
Answer to "who" is always the subject.
Answer to "whom" is always the object.
Answer to "what" is either the subject or the object. If there is an answer to "who" (subject), answer to "what" is then the object. If there is no answer to "who", then the answer to "what" is the subject.
A part of a sentence, which is answer to a question other than "who", "whom" or "what", is used in sentence in one of the two following forms:
1) as an adverb, e.g: "morgen" (tomorrow)
2) noun or pronoun with a preposition, e.g: "auf dem Tisch" (on the table).
Part 2
Here are the grammatical topics of Level B1. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section.
B1: Table of Contents (B1: Inhaltsverzeichnis):
Kapitel 1: B1-01-01:*Sätze mit …zu + Infinitiv(sentence with …zu + Infinitiv) / *Nebensatz mitda, weil, obwohl(subordinate clause withobwohl)
Kapitel 2: B1-02-01:*das Verblassen(the verblassen) / *Konnektoren (conjunctions)deshalb,deswegen,darum,so…dassandsodass/ *Genitiv (Genitiv form of noun) / *Präpositionen mit Genitiv (preposition with Genitiv)
Kapitel 3: B1-03-01:*Präteritum (past tense) / *temporale Präpositionenvor,nach,während, auβerhalb, innerhalb(temporal prepositionvor,nach,während, auβerhalb, innerhalb)
Kapitel 4: B1-04-01:*Irreale Bedingungssätze mit Konjunktiv-II (sentence with conjunctive-II form)/ *Pronominaladverbien/ *Pronominaladverbien mit Nebensatz (Pronominaladverb with Nebensatz)
Kapitel 5: B1-05-01:*Komparativ und Superlativ vor Substantiven (Komparativ and Superlativ form used before a noun)/*Nebensätze mit "damit" und "um … zu" {(subordinate clauses with "damit" (so that) and "um …… zu" (in order to)}
Kapitel 6: B1-06-01:*Futur I (the verbwerden) / *n-Deklination (some special nouns) / *Relativsätze im Dativ (Relativpronomen in Dativ form)/ *Relativsätze mit Präpositionen (relative sentence with preposition)
Kapitel 7: B1-07-01:*Plusquamperfekt (past perfect) / *Konnektorennachdemundbevor(conjunctionsnachdemandbevor)/ *Temporale Nebensätze mitseit,seitdem,währendundbis(temporal conjunctionsseit,seitdem,währendandbis)
Kapitel 8: B1-08-01:*nicht/kein und nur+brauchen+zu/ *Reflexivpronomen im Akkusativ und Dativ (Reflexivpronomen in Akkusativ and Dativ form)/ *zweiteilige Konnektoren (conjunctions with two parts)
Kapitel 9: B1-09-01:*Adjektivendungen ohne Artikel (adjective used with noun without article)/ *Stellung vonnichtim Satz (position ofnichtin sentence)
Kapitel 10:B1-10-01:*Aktiv und Passiv (active voice and passive voice)
Kapitel 11: B1-11-01:*Artikelwörter als Pronomeneiner,keiner,meiner… (article used as pronouneiner,keiner,meiner…) / *Adjektive als Substantive (adjective used as noun in sentence) / *Relativsäze mitwasundwo(relative sentence withwasandwo)
Kapitel 12 :B1-12-01:*Sätze mitje…,desto… (sentence withje…,desto…) / *Partizip-II als Adjektiv (Partizip-II used as adjective) / *Partizip-I als Adjektiv (Partizip-I used as adjective) / *Indirekte Rede (indirect speech)
Kapitel 13: B1-13-01: *Satzbau (sentence structure) /This chapter is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this chapter and in comparison with English sentence structure.
Kapitel B1-01 to Kapitel B1-13 at a glance
Kapitel 1:
B1-01-01:Sätze mit“……. zu + Infinitiv”( sentence with“……. zu + Infinitiv”):
Each of the following three sentences has a “…… .zu + Infinitiv” sentence:
1.Er versucht (es), die Arbeit rechtzeitigzu machen. (He is trying to finish the work timely.)
2. Es istgut, jeden Tag frühaufzustehen. (It is good to get up early everyday.)
3.Ich habe den Wunsch, in Deutschlandzu studieren. (I have the desire to study in Germany.)
“........... zu + Infinitv” sentences in the three sentences above are as follows:
1. die Arbeit rechtzeitigzu machen (to finish the work timely)
2. jeden Tag frühaufzustehen. (to get up early everyday)
3. in Deutschlandzu studieren(to study in Germany)
It is visible from the sentences above that the structure and use of “............zu + Infinitiv” sentences are as follows:
B1-01-02: Structure: The verb of a “............zu + Infinitiv” sentence is placed in Infinitiv form at the end of the sentence. “zu” is placed before verb's Infinitiv form. If the verb is “trennbar” (separable), then “zu” is placed after the separable prefix. Subject is omitted in a “............zu + Infinitiv” sentence.
B1-01-03: Use: “……. zu + Infinitiv” sentence is always used with a Hauptsatz (main clause), however with that kind of Hauptsatz, in which “es” can be used as the object or subject of the Hauptsatz, and a verb is to be used to explain what this “es” is. As for example:
1. “Er versucht (es).” (He is trying it.). We don't know what this “es” is. In order to explain what this “es” is, we have to say something using a verb, such as “die Arbeit rechtzeitigmachen”, we can express it now using the structure “......... zu + Infinitiv”:
Er versucht (es), die Arbeit rechtzeitigzu machen. (He is trying to finish the work timely.)
It is to be noticed here, this “es” is the object of the Hauptsatz. In this case the “es” can be omitted.
2. Es ist gut.(It is good.). We don't know what this “es” is. In order to explain what this “es” is, we have to say something using a verb, such as “jeden Tag frühaufstehen”, we can express it now using the structure “......... zu + Infinitiv”:
Es istgut, jeden Tag frühaufzustehen. (It is good to get up early everyday.)
It is to be noticed here, this “es” is the subject of the Hauptsatz. In this case the “es” cannot be omitted.
3. “……. zu + Infinitiv” sentence is used with another type of Hauptsatz. If there is an abstract noun {e.g. “Möglichkeit” (possibility), “Lust” (desire) etc.} in the Hauptsatz, then this abstract noun can be explained with a “……. zu + Infinitiv” sentence. In this case, the “……. zu + Infinitiv” sentence is placed after that abstract noun:
Ich habe denWunsch, in Deutschlandzu studieren. (I have the desire to study in Germany.).
B1-01-04:Nebensätze mit“da”, “weil”und“obwohl”(subordinate clauses with“weil”and“obwohl”):
We know the use of the Konnektor “weil”. A sentence with “weil” is used in form of a Nebensatz. “Da” is also a Konnektor like “weil”. The meaning of “weil” and “da” is the same, that is, “da” also refers to the cause of an event. “Da” is also used with a Nebensatz. Nebensatz with “da” can be placed before or after Hauptsatz like Nebensatz with “weil”. The following examples show it:
daweil
Er kommt heute nicht,weil/daer krank ist. (He will not come today because he is sick.)
Weil/Daer krank ist, kommt er heute nicht. (Since he is ill, he will not come today.)
“obwohl” is also a connector like “weil”, and it is also used with a Nebensatz. “obwohl” means “although”. The Nebensatz with “obwohl” can also be used before or after the Hauptsatz. It is shown in the examples below:
Er istgekommen,obwohler krankist. (He has come, although he is sick.)
Obwohler krankist, ist er gekommen. (Although he is sick, he has come.)
Kapitel 2:
B1-02-01:das Verb“lassen”(the verb“lassen”): The distinctive features of the verb “lassen” are visible in the examples below:
1. Der Direktorlässtden Brief von seiner Sekretärinschreiben. (The director gets the letter written by his secretary.)
2.Erlässtseinem Sohn von der Lehrerinhelfen. (He has his son helped by the teacher.)
3. Ichhabemeinen Anzug von meinem Bruderbügeln lassen. (I got my jacket ironed by my brother.).
4.Erhatseinem Sohn von der Lehrerinhelfen lassen. (He had his son helped by the teacher.)
5. Erkannsein Zimmer von seiner Schwesteraufräumen lassen. (He can have his room tidied up by his sister.).
6.Erkannseinem Sohn von der Lehrerinhelfen lassen. (He can have his son helped by the teacher.)
It can be noticed in the examples above:
a) The verb “lassen” is like a Modalverb, that means, “lassen” can be used together with another verb. If it is used with another verb, the other verb is placed in Infinitiv form at the end of the sentence.
b) In Präsens form (examples 1 and 2) “lassen” is changed according to the subject, the other verb is placed in Infinitiv form at the end of the sentence. Präsens forms of “lassen” are irregular. The Präsens forms are shown below:
Subject: ich (I); Präsens form of the Verb: lasse
Subject: du {you (singular informal)}; Präsens form of the Verb: lässt
Subject:er{he, it (masculine gender)},es{it (neuter gender)},sie{she, it (feminine gender)} or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”;Präsens form of the Verb:lässt
Subject: wir (we); Präsens form of the Verb: lassen
Subject: ihr {you (plural and informal)}; Präsens form of the Verb: lasst
Subject: sie (they), Sie {you (singular and plural, formal} (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präsens form of the Verb: lassen
c) If the verb “lassen” together with another verb is in “Perfekt” form (examples 3 and 4), the Präsens form of “haben” is placed in 1st or 2nd position of the sentence (depending on what type of sentence it is), and both “lassen” and the other verb are placed in Infinitiv form at the end of the sentence. In this case, “lassen” is placed quite at the end, and the other verb is placed before it.
d) The verb “lassen” together with another verb can also be used with a Modalverb (examples 5 and 6). In this case, the Präsens or Präteritum form of Modalverb is placed in 1st or 2nd position of the sentence (depending on what type of sentence it is), and both “lassen” and the other verb are placed in Infinitiv form at the end of the sentence. In this case, “lassen” is placed quite at the end, and the other verb is placed before it.
B1-02-02:meaning of the verb“lassen”: The verb “lassen” is used in following senses:
a) “to get something done by somebody”. In this case, the person, who gets something done, is used in Nominativ form. The thing, what is being done, or the person, on whom the action is being performed, is used in Akkusativ or Dativ form (If the verb is a Dativ-Verb, the thing or person is used in Dativ form.), and the person, by whom it is being performed, is used in Dativ form with preposition “von”. How ever the noun or pronoun with the preposition “von” usually remains omitted:
Der Direktorlässtden Brief von seiner Sekretärinschreiben. (The director gets the letter written by the secretary.).
Erlässtseinem Sohn von der Lehrerinhelfen. (He has his son helped by the teacher.)
b) “to let somebody do something”. In this case, the person, who lets somebody do something, is used in Nominativ form. The person, who is permitted to do something, is used in Akkusativ form, and the thing, what is being done, or the person, on whom the action is being performed, is used in Akkusativ or Dativ form (If the verb is a Dativ-Verb, the thing or person is used in Dativ form.). It is shown in following examples:
Ich lasse die Kinder im Garten spielen. (I let the children play in garden.)
Ich lasse meinen Bruder den Brief schreiben. (I let my brother write the letter.)
Ich lasse meinen Bruder seinem Freund helfen. (I let my brother help his friend.)
B1-02-03:Konnektoren (connectors)“deshalb”,“deswegen”,“darum”(that’s why) und“sodass”(so that): These four Konnektoren combine two sentences.
B1-02-04:deshalb, deswegen and darum: These three Konnektoren have the same meaning. Their meaning is “that’s why”. That means, it expresses the expected outcome of a previous event.
- This Konnektor is used with a Hauptsatz.
- It can be used at the beginning or within the sentence. If it is used at the beginning of a sentence, the verb is used right after it.
- The sentence used with this Konnektor is always used after the other sentence.
Use of these Konnektoren is shown below in the examples:
Er is krank,deswegenist er heute nicht gekommen. (He is sick, that's why he has not come today.)
Er möchte in Deutschland studieren, er lerntdeshalbDeutsch. (He wants to study in Germany, that's why he is learning German.)
Ich habe gestern nicht eingekauft,darummuss ich heute einkaufen. (I didn't do shopping yesterday, so I have to do it today.)
B1-02-05:sodass, so …….. dass: This Konnektor expresses the outcome, intention or consequence of a previous event. This Konnektor has the meaning “so that”.
- This Konnektor is used with a Nebensatz.
- A particular feature of this Konnektor is as follows: If there is an adjective or adverb in the Hauptsatz, then the part “so” of the Konnektor “sodass” can be separated from it and placed before that adjective or adverb in the Hauptsatz.
Use of this Konnektor is shown below in the examples:
Der Kurs macht Spaß,sodasser gern lernt. (The course is fun, so that he learns gladly.)
Die Mutter schickt das Kind in die Schule,sodassdas Kind dort etwas lernen kann. (The mother sends the child to school so that the child can learn something there.)
Er istsoschwach,dasser nicht gehen kann. (He is so weak that he can not walk.)
B1-02-06: Genitiv (Genitivform ofnoun): We know, a noun is used in a sentence in Nominativ, Akkusativ or Dativ form. Noun can also be used in another form. This form is called Genitiv form. Noun’s Genitiv forms are shown below:
Genitiv:
maskulin(masculine):desStifts (of the pen),einesStifts (of a pen),keinesStifts (of no pen),meinesStifts (of my pen)
neutrum(neuter):desBuchs (of the book),einesBuchs (of a book),keinesBuchs (of no book),meinesBuchs (of my book)
feminin(feminine):derTasche (of the bag),einerTasche (of a bag),keinerTasche (of no bag),meinerTasche (of my bag)
Plural(plural):derStifte (of the pens),derBücher (of the books),derTaschen (of the bags);keinerStifte (of no pens),keinerBücher (of no books),keinerTaschen (of no bags);meinerFreunde (of my friends)
It is visible above that in case of maskulin and neutrum Singular “s” is added to the noun. In case of feminin noun, Dativ and Genitiv forms are same.
If the noun has no Artikel, “von” is used before the noun to express the meaning of Genitiv. Examples are given below:
von Stiften (of pens) / von Büchern (of books) / von Taschen (of bags) / von Freunden (of friends)
When a noun is used in sentence, it is used either in Nominativ, or Akkusativ, or Dativ, or Genitiv form. We know the use of Nominativ, Akkusativ and Dativ forms. Now we will discuss the use of Genitiv form.
B1-02-07: Use: Use of Genitiv form of a noun is visible in examples below:
Der Stift des Schülers liegt auf dem Tisch. (The student's pen is on the table.)
Ich nehme den Stift des Schülers. (I will take the student's pen.)
Ich schreibe mit dem Stift des Schülers. (I will write with the student's pen.)
There is always another noun before the noun in Genitiv form, which can be either in Nominativ, or Akkusativ, or Dativ, or Genitiv form. The noun in Genitiv form is an attribute to the other noun. A noun with an “apostrophe” and “s” or with the preposition “of” corresponds to a noun in Genitiv form. e.g:
Der Stiftdes Schülers
B1-02-08:Präpositionen mit Genitiv(Preposition with Genitiv): We have seen, prepositions can be divided into three groups:
1) Some prepositions are used with Dativ form of noun or pronoun.
2) Some prepositions are used with Akkusativ form of noun or pronoun.
3) Some prepositions are used with Dativ or Akkusativ form of noun or pronoun, which are called “Wechselpräposition”.
There is a fourth group of preposition. Prepositions of this group are used with Genitiv form of noun or pronoun. Some prepositions of this group are mentioned below:
wegen (because of): Wegen des Regens konnten wir nicht draußen spielen. (Because of rain we could not play outside.)
trotz(in spite of): Trotz des Regens sind wir ausgegangen. (We went out in spite of rain.)
während (during): Während der Reise höre ich Musik. (During a journey I listen to music.)
statt / anstatt (instead of): Der Vaterhat statt des Geldes Bücher geschickt. (Dad has sent some books instead of money.)
außerhalb (outside):Er wohnt außerhalb der Stadt. (He lives outside the city.)
innerhalb(inside):Innerhalb der Stadt ist die Wohnungsmiete ziemlich hoch. (Housing rent is high inside the city.)
There are some more prepositions in this group. We will discuss it later.
Kapitel 3:
B1-03-01:Präteritum (past tense):
Regarding formation of Präteritum form of verb, verbs can be divided into two groups. The Präteritum of verbs of one group is formed according to certain rules. These are called regelmäßige Verben. Most of the verbs belong to this group. There are some verbs that form Präteritum in irregular ways. These are called unregelmäßige Verben. Forms and use of Präteritum are shown below taking a “regelmäßig Verb” (lernen) (learn) and a “unregelmäßig Verb” (geben) (give) as examples:
B1-03-02:Form:
Subject:ich(I);Präteritum form of the Verbs:regelmäßig“lernen”:lernte/unregelmäßig“geben”:gab/Endungen:regelmäßig“lernen”:lern-te/unregelmäßig“geben”:gab
Subject:du{you (singular informal)};Präteritum form of the Verbs:regelmäßig“lernen”:lerntest/unregelmäßig“geben”:gabst/Endungen:regelmäßig“lernen”:lern-te-st/unregelmäßig“geben”:gab-st
Subject:er{he, it (masculine gender)},es{it (neuter gender)},sie{she, it (feminine gender)} or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”;Präteritum form of the Verbs:regelmäßig“lernen”:lernte/unregelmäßig“geben”:gab/Endungen:regelmäßig“lernen”:lern-te/ unregelmäßig “geben”:gab
Subject:wir(we);Präteritum form of the Verbs:regelmäßig“lernen”:lernten/unregelmäßig“geben”:gaben/Endungen:regelmäßig“lernen”:lern-te-n/ unregelmäßig “geben”:gab-en
Subject:ihr{you (plural and informal)};Präteritum form of the Verbs:regelmäßig“lernen”:lerntet/ unregelmäßig “geben”:gabt/Endungen:regelmäßig“lernen”:lern-te-t/unregelmäßig“geben”:gab-t
Subject:sie(they),Sie{you (singular and plural, formal} (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”;Präteritum form of the Verbs:regelmäßig“lernen”:lernten/unregelmäßig“geben”:gaben/Endungen:regelmäßig“lernen”:lern-te-n/unregelmäßig“geben”:gab-en
B1-03-03:regelmäßigeVerben: As seen above, in case of “regelmäßigeVerben”, “en” is removed from the Infinitiv form, “te” is added to it. This part is common in every form. For “ich-form” and “er/es/sie-form” nothing else is added to it. “ich-form” and “er/es/sie-form” are same. For the remaining forms, add the respective endings as shown in last part of each group.
B1-03-04:unregelmäßigeVerben: The rule that “en” is to be removed from the Infinitiv form and “te” is to be added to it, doesn’t apply to “unregelmäßigeVerben”. In case of “unregelmäßigeVerben”, we have to memorize this part of Präteritum of a verb. This part is common in every form. For “ich-form” and “er/es/sie-form” nothing else is added to it. “ich-form” and “er/es/sie-form” are same. For the remaining forms, add the respective endings as shown in last part of each group.
B1-03-05: Use: The Präteritum form of the verb is used to describe any past events. Previously we have seen, past events can also be expressed by Perfekt. The difference between using Präteritum or Perfekt is that Präteritum is used in written language, such as magazines, official media, and Perfekt is used in spoken language, such as daily communication. However, the Präteritum form is also used in spoken language for the verbs “sein”, “haben”, “wissen” and Modalverbs.
B1-03-06:temporal prepositions“vor”,“nach”,“während”, “außerhalb”und“innerhalb”:The prepositions “vor”, “nach” and “während” have been discussed previously. They are discussed here again:
vor (before): Vor dem Studium an der Universität hat er zwei Jahre bei einer Firma gearbeitet. (Before studying at the university, he worked for two years for a company.)
nach (after): Nach dem Studium geht er in sein Heimatland zurück. (After graduation, he will go back to his homeland.)
während (during): Während des Studiums arbeitet er ab und zu. (During his studies he works occasionally.)
It is visible in the above examples that the Dativ form of noun is used after “vor” and “nach” and the Genitiv form of noun is used after “während”.
The noun used after the prepositions “außerhalb” and “innerhalb” is also used in Genitiv form. These two prepositions also express time. “außerhalb” means “outside” and “innerhalb” means “inside”. Their use is shown in axamples below:
außerhalb (outside): Außerhalb der Arbeitszeit bleibt er meistens zu Hause. (Outside working hours, he mostly stays at home.)
innerhalb (inside): Innerhalb einer Stunde kommt er zurück. (He will come back within an hour.)
Kapitel 4:
B1-04-01:Irreale Bedingungssätze mit Konjunktiv-II (unreal conditional sentence with Konjunktiv-II):
We know the structure and use of the Konjunktiv-II form of Modalverbs. The only exceptions are the two Modalverb “wollen” and “sollen”. There is no Umlaut in their Konjunktiv-II form, that is, their Konjunktiv-II form and Präteritum form are the same. Here the structure and use of the Konjunktiv-II form of verbs other than Modalverb are discussed.
B1-04-02:Structure: Regarding formation of Konjunktiv-II forms, verbs can be divided into two groups. The three verbs “sein”, “haben”, “werden” and Modalverben belong to the first group, and all other verbs belong to the second group. We will first discuss the formation of the first group's three verbs: “sein”, “haben” and “werden”. The Konjunktiv-II form of these verbs is based on their Präteritum form (past form). The following groups show the Konjunktiv-II form of the three verbs:
Subject:ich(I);Präteritum forms of the Verbs:war,hatte,wurde/Konjunktiv-II forms:wäre,hätte,würde) (Endung:-e
Subject:du{you (singular informal)};Präteritum forms of the Verbs:war,hatte,wurde/Konjunktiv-II forms:wärest,hättest,würdest/ Endung:-(e)st
Subject:er{he, it (masculine gender)},es{it (neuter gender)},sie{she, it (feminine gender)} or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”;Präteritum forms of the Verbs:war,hatte,wurde/Konjunktiv-II forms:wäre,hätte,würde/Endung:-e
Subject:wir(we);Präteritum forms of the Verbs:war,hatte,wurde/Konjunktiv-II forms:wären,hätten,würden/Endung:-en
Subject:ihr{you (plural and informal)};Präteritum forms of the Verbs:war,hatte,wurde/Konjunktiv-II forms:wäret,hättet,würdet/Endung:-(e)t
Subject:sie(they),Sie{you (singular and plural, formal} (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”;Präteritum forms of the Verbs:war,hatte,wurde/Konjunktiv-II forms:wären,hätten,würden/Endung:-en
How to make the Konjunktiv-II form is easily visible above:
1) Umlaut is taken on the vowel of Präteritum form of the verb.
2) Ending, as shown in last part of each group, is added to it according to subject.
It is worth noting that the verbs “haben” and “werden” have no “e” at the end of the Konjunktiv-II form, because these verbs have already an “e” at the end of the Präteritum form.
Now we will discuss the structure of the Konjunktiv-II form of verbs other than “sein”, “haben”, “werden” and Modalverb. Konjunktiv-II forms of other verbs are made using the Konjunktiv-II form of the verb “werden”. That is, the Konjunktiv-II form of the verb “werden” is used as helping verb in first or second position (in Hauptsatz), and the main verb is used at the end of the sentence in Infinitiv form. The Konjunktiv-II forms of the verbs “lernen” and “gehen” are shown below as examples:
ichwürde …………. lernen
wirwürden …………. gehen
B1-04-03: It is to be noted here that the Konjunktiv-II forms of verbs other than “sein”, “haben”, “werden” and Modalverb, which make their Präteritum forms exceptionally, can also be made based on their Präteritum forms like “sein”, “haben”, “werden” and Modalverben. That is, in case of these verbs, their Konjunktiv-II forms can be of two types: one based on their Präteritum form and the other using the Konjunktiv-II form of the verb “werden” as auxiliary verb. For example, two types of Konjunktiv-II forms of the verb “geben” are shown below:
Subject: ich (I); Konjunktiv-II:based on Präteritum ‘gab’:gäbe/using Konjunktiv-II of “werden” as helping verb:würde …………… geben
Subject:du{you (singular informal)};Konjunktiv-II: based on Präteritum ‘gab’:gäbest/using Konjunktiv-II of “werden” as helping verb:würdest………… geben
Subject:er{he, it (masculine gender)},es{it (neuter gender)},sie{she, it (feminine gender)} or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”;Konjunktiv-II: based on Präteritum ‘gab’:gäbe/using Konjunktiv-II of “werden” as helping verb:würde …………… geben
Subject: wir (we); Konjunktiv-II:based on Präteritum ‘gab’:gäben/using Konjunktiv-II of “werden” as helping verb:würden…………… geben
Subject: ihr {you (plural and informal)}; Konjunktiv-II:based on Präteritum ‘gab’:gäbet/using Konjunktiv-II of “werden” as helping verb:würdet…………… geben
Subject: sie (they), Sie {you (singular and plural, formal} (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Konjunktiv-II:based on Präteritum ‘gab’:gäben/using Konjunktiv-II of “werden” as helping verb:würden…………… geben
It is to be mentioned here that in case of these verbs, the Konjunktiv-II form with “werden” as helping verb is more common than the other form.
B1-04-04: Use: In the following four cases, the Konjunktiv-II form of verb is used:
1.To request someone politely:
Könnten Sie bitte mir das Buch geben? (Could you please give me the book?)
Würdest du bitte den Kuli auf den Tisch legen? (Could you please put the pen on the table?)
2.To express a wish:
Ich wünsche, ich wäre jetzt zu Hause. (I wish, I were at home now.)
3.To advise somebody:
An deiner Stelle würde ich mit dem Direktor sprechen. (In your situation, I would talk with the director.)
4.To express something unreal:
Wenn ich ein Millionär wäre, dann würde ich eine Weltreise machen. (If I were a millionaire, I would go for a world tour.)
Wenn ich jetzt zu Hause wäre, dann würde ich fernsehen. (If I were at home now, I would watch tv.)
B1-04-05:Pronominaladverbien: There are verbs in German that are always used with specific prepositions. These prepositions are called “feste Präposition”. A noun or a pronoun or “da” can be used with this preposition:
a) If a noun is not used with the preposition, then in case of a person, a pronoun is used after the preposition:
Der Arztkommt um 15:00 Uhr. Ich warteaufihn. (The doctor will come at three. I'm waiting for him.)
b) If a noun is not used with preposition, then in case of a thing or event (i.e. a complete proposition with verb), “da” is used before the preposition:
This word (damit, darauf, etc.) consisting of “da” and a preposition is called Pronominaladverb. The following example shows the use of Pronominaladverb:
1) Warten Sieaufden Bus? Ja, ich wartedarauf. (Are you waiting for the bus? Yes, I am waiting for it.)
2)Er macht die Arbeit bis 15:00 Uhr fertig. Ich wartedarauf. (He will finish the work by 3 p.m. I am waiting for it.)
“Da” in example 1 above refers to “den Bus”, and “da” in example 2 refers to the complete previous sentence.
B1-04-06:Pronominaladverbien mit Nebensatz (Pronominaladverb with Nebensatz): If pronominaladverb refers to an event, i.e. to a complete sentence with a verb, in that case the complete sentence can also be used after the Pronomianladverb. In this case the complete sentence appears in one of following three forms:
1. in form ofNebensatzwith “dass”
2. in form of “....zu+Infinitiv” sentence
3. in form ofindirekteFrage
It is shown in examples below:
1.:Die Firma meldet sich bei mir. Seit vier Wochen warte ichdarauf. (The firm will contact me. I have been waiting for it for four weeks.)
The complete sentence is before the sentence with Pronominaladverb “darauf”.
Seit vier Wochen warte ichdarauf,dassdie Firma sich bei mir meldet. (I have been waiting for it for four weeks that the firm will contact me.)
The complete sentence (in form of a Nebensatz with “dass”) is after the sentence with Pronominaladverb “darauf”.
2.:Ich schicke alle Unterlagen in einem Dokument. Bei Bewerbungen denke ichdaran. (I send all certificates in a document. While applying, I think about it.)
The complete sentence is before the sentence with Pronominaladverb “daran”.
a)Bei Bewerbungen denkeichdaran,dassichalle Unterlagen in einem Dokument schicke. (While applying, I think of it that I send all the certificates in a document.)
The complete sentence (in form of a Nebensatz with “dass”) is after the sentence with Pronominaladverb “daran”.
But as thesubjectof theHauptsatzand thesubjectof theNebensatzare same person, in this case it can also be expressed in form of a “……… zu + Infinitiv” sentence:
Bei Bewerbungen denke ichdaran, alle Unterlagen in einem Dokumentzu schicken. (While applying, I think about sending all the certificates in one document.)
b)Ich möchteSiedaranerinnern,dassSiealle Unterlagen in einem Dokument schicken. (I would like to remind you that you send all the certificates in one document.)
The complete sentence (in form of a Nebensatz with “dass”) is after the sentence with Pronominaladverb “daran”.
But as theobjectof theHauptsatzand thesubjectof theNebensatzare same person, in this case it can also be expressed in form of a “……… zu + Infinitiv” sentence:
Ich möchte Siedaranerinnern, alle Unterlagen in einem Dokumentzu schicken. (I would like to remind you to send all the certificates in one document.)
3.:Wie organisieren wir die Party? Wir diskutierendarüber. (How do we organize the party? We discuss about it.)
The complete sentence is a W-Frage, and it is before the sentence with Pronominaladverb “darüber”.
Wir diskutierendarüber,wiewir die Party organisieren. (We discuss how we organize the party.)
The complete sentence (in form of a idirekte Frage with the Fragewort “wie”) is after the sentence with Pronominaladverb “darüber”.
Machen wir die Party? Wir diskutierendarüber. (Are we going to have the party? We discuss about it.)
The complete sentence is a Ja-Nein-Frage, and it is before the sentence with Pronominaladverb “darüber”.
Wir diskutierendarüber,obwir die Party machen. (We are discussing whether we are going to have the party.)
The complete sentence (in form of a idirekte Frage with “ob”) is after the sentence with Pronominaladverb “darüber”.
