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German Grammar A2 (Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch A2) Detailed description of German grammar of Level A2 in English for English speaking people. A complete programmme for learning German of Level A2. About 6000 words from Level A1 to Level B1 are included in German-English and English-German alphabetical order. Enlarged and Revised 2nd Edition In this book all the grammatical topics of Level A2 are explained in detail. But this book is not just a grammar book. In addition to explaining the rules of grammar, other important elements of language learning, such as the necessary vocabulary have been added in this book. From this point of view, this book is completely different from other conventional grammar books and is perfectly suited to meet the actual needs of students. This book has the following 5 parts: Part 1: This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.) Part 2: A2-01-01 to A2-13-01: Here are the grammatical topics of Level A2. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section. Part 3: In the third part, a list of about 6000 words from Stufe A1 to Stufe B1 has been added in German-English alphabetical order. Part 4: In the fourth part, words of the third part are arranged in English-German alphabetical order. Part 5: In this section a list of "Präsens, Präteritum, Konjunktiv-II and Partizip-II" forms of irregular verbs has been added. The last chapter (Kapitel 13) of level A2 is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this section and in comparison with English sentence structure.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Sarfuddin Ahmed
German Grammar A2
(Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch A2)
German Grammar A2
(Deutsche Grammatik auf Englisch A2)
Detailed description of German grammar of Level A2 in English for English speaking people.
A complete programmme for learning German of Level A2.
About 6000 words from Level A1 to Level B1 are included in German-English and English-German alphabetical order.
Enlarged and Revised 2nd Edition
Imprint
Author: © Sarfuddin Ahmed
Cover: © andersseitig Verlag
Typesetting and digitization: Sarfuddin Ahmed / andersseitig Verlag
andersseitig Verlag
Dresden
Germany
ISBN 978-3-96651-3739
© andersseitg 2024
For detailed contact information see last page of the book.
Introduction
(very important, inevitable text before using the book): In this book all the grammatical topics of Level A2 are explained in detail. But this book is not just a grammar book. In addition to explaining the rules of grammar, other important elements of language learning, such as the necessary vocabulary have been added in this book. From this point of view, this book is completely different from other conventional grammar books and is perfectly suited to meet the actual needs of students. Thisbookhas the following5 parts:
Part 1: This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.)
Part 2: A2-01-01 toA2-13-01: Here are the grammatical topics of Level A2. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section.
Part 3: In the third part, a list of about 6000 words from Stufe A1 to Stufe B1 has been added in German-English alphabetical order.
Part 4: In the fourth part, words of the third part are arranged in English-German alphabetical order.
Part 5: In this section a list of "Präsens, Präteritum, Konjunktiv-II and Partizip-II" forms of irregular verbs has been added.
The last chapter (Kapitel 13) of level A2 is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this section and in comparison with English sentence structure.
Part 1
This section describes the German alphabet and which letter is used for which sound. There are also some definitions of grammar (e.g: words, sentences, types of words etc.).
German alphabet:
There are 30 letters in German language including the 26 Latin letters that we find in English language. In German, each letter is used for a specific sound. If a letter is used for more than one sound, there are specific rules for when the letter is used for which sound. It is not like English that a letter is used for different sounds without any rules. From this point of view, it is relatively easy to read German texts. Below are the letters of German alphabet, and it is shown which letter is used for which sound:
letter: Aa: / name of the letter: like “u” in “umbrella” / sound it stands for: like “u” in “umbrella”
letter: Ää: / name of the letter: like “u” in “umbrella” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: like “a” in “cat”
letter: Bb: / name of the letter: like “bay” / sound it stands for: like “b” in “ball” or like “p” in “up” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Cc: / name of the letter: like “say” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Dd: / name of the letter: like “day” / sound it stands for: like “d” in “doll” or like “t” in “tag” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ee: / name of the letter: like “e” in “end” / sound it stands for: like “e” in “end”
letter: Ff: / name of the letter: same as English “f” / sound it stands for: like “f” in “fall”
letter: Gg: / name of the letter: like “gay” / sound it stands for: like “g” in “give” or like “k” in “keep” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Hh: / name of the letter: like “hu” in “hunt” / sound it stands for: like “h” in “hall” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ii: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” / sound it stands for: like “i” in “it”
letter: Jj: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” + “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot” + “t” / sound it stands for: like “y” in “yes”
letter: Kk: / name of the letter: like “cu” in “cut” / sound it stands for: like “k” in “kind”
letter: Ll: / name of the letter: same as English “l” / sound it stands for: like “l” in “letter”
letter: Mm: / name of the letter: same as English “m” / sound it stands for: like “m” in “meet”
letter: Nn: / name of the letter: same as English “n” / sound it stands for: like “n” in “name”
letter: Oo: / name of the letter: same as English “o” / sound it stands for: like “o” in “lock” or like “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot”
letter: Öö: / name of the letter: “o” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Pp: / name of the letter: like “pay” / sound it stands for: like “p” in “pay”
letter: Qq: / name of the letter: like “coo” in “cool” / sound it stands for: like “k” in “kind”
letter: Rr: / name of the letter: like “a” in “cat” + “r” in “red” / sound it stands for: like “r” in “race”
letter: Ss: / name of the letter: same as English “s” / sound it stands for: like “j” in “January” or “sh” in “cash” or “s” in “safety” (see below for detailed description)
letter: ß: / name of the letter: “s” + “set” / sound it stands for: like “s” in “see”
letter: Tt: / name of the letter: like “te” in “technology” / sound it stands for: like “t” in “technology”
letter: Uu: / name of the letter: like “u” in “ugh” / sound it stands for: like “u” in “ugh”
letter: Üü: / name of the letter: like “u” in “ugh” + “oom” in “boom” + “l” + “u” in “umbrella” + “u” in “ugh” + “t” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Vv: / name of the letter: like “fa” in “fast” + “u” in “ugh” / sound it stands for: like “f” in “fall” or like “v” in “very” (see below for detailed description)
letter: Ww: / name of the letter: like “ve” in “very” / sound it stands for: like “v” in “very”
letter: Xx: / name of the letter: like “ix” in “six” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Yy: / name of the letter: like “i” in “it” + “p” in “pen” + “see” + “l” + “o” in “lock” + “n” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
letter: Zz: / name of the letter: like “set” / sound it stands for: (see below for detailed description)
Letters used for multiple sounds:
Bb:If “b” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “b” in “ball”. If “b” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “p” in “pay”. E.g: “baden, ab”.
Cc:In German, “c” is used together with “h” or “k” (see below for detailed description). The pronunciation of “c” in a foreign word is similar to its pronunciation in that language. E.g: “Camping”.
Dd:If “d” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “d” in “doll”. If “d” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “t” in “technology”. E.g: “danken, Land”.
Gg:If “g” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “g” in “give”. If “g” is at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “k” in “kind”. E.g: “geben, Tag”.
Hh:If “h” is used after a vowel, it remains silent then, in this case “h” indicates that the previous vowel is a long vowel. E.g: Sohn.
Oo: If there are two consonants after “o”, “o” is then short and it is pronounced like “o” in “lock”. If there is “h” after “o”, “h” remains silent then, in this case “h” indicates that “o” is long. “o” is then pronounced like “o” in French pronunciation of “entrepot”.
Ss:If “s” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, and a vowel is used after it, it is then pronounced like “j” in “January”. If “s” is at the beginning of a syllable or a word, and a consonant is used after it, it is then pronounced like “sh” in “cash”. If “s” is within or at the end of a syllable or a word, it is pronounced like “s” in “safety”. E.g: “Sonne, Stadt, Haus, ist”.
Vv:If the word is a German word, it is then pronounced like “f” in “fall”. If the word is a foreign word, it is then pronounced like “v” in “very”. E.g: “Vater”, “Vase”
Xx:In German, words with “x” are foreign words. The pronunciation of “x” in a foreign word is similar to its pronunciation in that language. E.g: “Xenophobie”.
Letters used for sounds that are missing in English:
There are some sounds in German that are missing in English. These sounds cannot be represented with any English letters. Following is shown how to produce this type of sound:
Öö:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “e” as in “end” keeping the lips round. E.g: Söhne
Üü:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “i” as in “it” keeping the lips round. E.g: süß
Yy:Pronunciation of “y” is same as “ü”. E.g: Typ
Zz:This sound can be produced, if one tries to produce the sound “s” as in “safety” keeping the tongue in touch with back part of upper gum E.g: zahlen
Compound letters and the sounds they stand for:
Compund letters: au: / Sounds they stand for: like “ou” in “house”:Haus
Compund letters: ch: / Sounds they stand for: like “sh” in “cash” after “e” and “i”, like “k” in “keep” after “a”, “o” und “u”. E.g: “Becher, ich, Bach, Dach, doch, Buch”
Compund letters: ck: / Sounds they stand for: like “k” in “kind”
Compund letters: dsch: / Sounds they stand for: like “j” in “January”
Compund letters: dt: / Sounds they stand for: like “t” in “technology”
Compund letters: ei: / Sounds they stand for: like “eye”:heilen
Compund letters: eu: / Sounds they stand for: like “oy” in “boy”:heute
Compund letters: ie: / Sounds they stand for: like “ee” in “keep”:sieben
Compund letters: ng: / Sounds they stand for: like “ng” in “sing”: singen
Compund letters: sch: / Sounds they stand for: like “sh” in “cash”
Compund letters: tsch: / Sounds they stand for: like “tch” in “catch”
Word:
Depending on the meaning of words and their use in sentence, words can be divided into the following categories:
1. Nomen (Noun)
2. Pronomen (Pronoun)
3. Adjektiv (Adjective)
4. Adverb (Adverb)
5. Verb (Verb)
6. Präposition (Preposition)
7. Artikel (Article)
8. Fragewort (Interrogative word)
9. Konnektor (Connector)
1.Nomen (Noun): A noun is a word by which a person, thing or quality is named. E.g: Stadt (city), Schüler (pupil), Schönheit (beauty) etc. A noun is used in a sentence in Singular or Plural form and in Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ or Genitiv form.
2.Pronomen (Pronoun): A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a noun in a sentence. E.g: ich (I), mich (me),du (you), dich (you), er (he), ihn (him) etc. Like a noun a pronoun is also used in a sentence in Singular or Plural form and in Nominativ, Akkusativ, Dativ, Genitiv or Reflexiv form. Pronouns are limited in number.
3.Adjektiv (Adjective): An adjective is a word that names a quality. E.g: gut (good), schlecht (bad), schön (beautiful) etc. An adjective is usually used before a noun.
4.Adverb (Adverb): An adverb is a word that answers questions beginning with "how, when, where" and modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. E.g: sehr (very) etc.
5.Verb (Verb): A verb is a word that indicates what somebody or something does, what state somebody or something is in, what is becoming of somebody or something. E.g: lernen (learn), sehen (see), schreiben (write) etc. A verb is used in different forms in sentences. These forms indicate time when something is done.
6.Präposition (Preposition): Preposition is a word which is used with noun or pronoun to show its relation with another word. Like pronoun prepositions are also limited in number.
7.Artikel (Article): Article is used before a noun, and it refers to whether the noun is specific or not. Article can be divided into the following categories:
1) bestimmter Artikel (definite article), e.g: "der, das, die" (the) etc.
2) unbestimmter Artikel (indefinite article), e.g: "ein, eine" (a, an) etc.
3) Possessivartikel (possessive article), e.g: "mein, dein" (my, your) etc.
4) Demonstrativartikel (demonstrative article), e.g: "dieser, dieses" (this, these)
8.Fragewort (Interrogative word): Interrogative word is used in questions. German interrogative words have "w" at the beginning, e.g: "wer, wen" (who, whom) etc.
9.Konnektor (Conjunction): Conjunction is a word that joins other words or clauses, e.g: "und" (and), "aber" (but), "wenn" (if, when) etc.
Among the types of words described above pronoun, preposition, article, interrogative word and conjunction are limited in number.
Sentence:
A sentence is composed of different words. If we observe the structure of a sentence, we can notice that a sentence has several parts. A part of a sentence may consist of one word or multiple words. These parts of a sentence are called Subjekt (subject), Objekt (object), etc. The person or thing that performs the work described in the sentence through Verb is called Subjekt, and the person or thing on whom the work is performed is called the Objekt. There is another very simple way to determine the Subjekt and Objekt of a sentence. Before we come to that point, let's have a look at three very simple sentences:
1) "Der Mann kauft morgen einen Computer." (The man will buy a computer tomorrow.)
2) "Der Mann fragt den Schüler." (The man is asking the student.)
3) "Der Stift liegt auf dem Tisch." (The pen is on the table.)
If we observe the sentences above, we can notice, a sentence is essentially the combination of the answers to some “wh-questions”.
Whether a particular part of a sentence is the subject or object of sentence depends on what kind of question it is an answer to:
Answer to "who" is always the subject.
Answer to "whom" is always the object.
Answer to "what" is either the subject or the object. If there is an answer to "who" (subject), answer to "what" is then the object. If there is no answer to "who", then the answer to "what" is the subject.
A part of a sentence, which is answer to a question other than "who", "whom" or "what", is used in sentence in one of the two following forms:
1) as an adverb, e.g: "morgen" (tomorrow)
2) noun or pronoun with a preposition, e.g: "auf dem Tisch" (on the table).
Part 2
Here are the grammatical topics of Level A2. First there is an index from which one can get an overall picture of the whole section.
A2: Table of Contents (A2: Inhaltsverzeichnis):
Kapitel 1: A2-01-01: *Genitiv: Name + s (Use of "s" to express possession) / *Perfekt (verb form used to express past time) / *Nebensatz mit weil (subordinate clause with weil)
Kapitel 2: A2-02-01:*Modalverben im Präteritum (past tense of Modalverb) / *Possessivartikel im Dativ (Dativ form of Possessivartikel)
Kapitel 3: A2-03-01: 47 *Komparativ und Superlativ (Positiv, Komparativ and Superlativ forms of adjective) / *Nebensatz mit dass (subordinate clause with dass)
Kapitel 4: A2-04-01:*Nebensatz mitwenn(subordinate clause withwenn) / *Reflexive Verbensich freuen(verbs used with Reflexivpronomensich freuen)
Kapitel 5: A2-05-01:*Adjektive nach dem bestimmten Artikel (form of adjective used withbestimmter Artikel) / *Präpositionen mit Akkusativ (prepositions used with Akkusativ) / *Konjunktiv-II:könnte(höfliche Bitte) (conjunctive-II form ofkönnenused to express politeness)
Kapitel 6: A2-06-01:*Adjektive nach dem unbestimmten Artikel (form of adjective used withunbestimmter Artikel) / *das Verbwerden(the verbwerden)
Kapitel 7: A2-07-01:*Nebensatz: indirekte Fragesätze (subordinate clause: indirect question) / *Lokale Präpositionenan…vorbei,durch(prepositions that express location or directionan…vorbei,durch)
Kapitel 8: A2-08-01:*Konjunktiv-II:sollte(conjunctive-II form ofsollenused for giving suggestions) / *Fragewörterwas für ein-, undwelch- (interrogative wordwas für ein- andwelch-)
Kapitel 9: A2-09-01:*Sätze verbinden:deshalb,trotzdem(conjunctionsdeshalb,trotzdem) / *Verben mit Dativ und Akkusativ (Use of Dativ and Akkusativ and their position in sentence)
Kapitel 10: A2-10-01:*Wechselpräpositionen (prepositions used with Dativ or Akkusativ) / *Nebensätze mitalsundwenn(subordinate clause withals,wenn)
Kapitel 11: A2-11-01:{*Konjunktiv-II und Verwendung (conjunctive-II form and its use) / *Verben mit Präposition (verbs used with appropriate prepositions)/ *W-Fragen mit Präpositionen (wh-question with preposition)
Kapitel 12: A2-12-01:*Pronomenman/jemand/niemandundalles/etwas/nichts(indefinite pronounman/jemand/niemandandalles/etwas/nichts) / *Relativsatz im Nominativ & Akkusativ (relative sentence)
Kapitel 13: A2-13-01: {*Satzbau (sentence structure) / This chapter is very important – important in the sense that German sentence structure has been discussed here basing on the topics discussed in this chapter and in comparison with English sentence structure.
Kapitel A2-01 to Kapitel A2-13 at a glance
Kapitel 1:
A2-01-01:Genitiv:Name+ "s" (The use of "s" at the end of a noun as Genitiv to imply ownership): The preposition "von" is used before a person's name or "s" is used at the end of the person's name to indicate that an object is owned by the person:
As shown in the example above, no "s" is added to the end of a name, if it has already a “s” at the end. In this case, an apostrophe is used at the end of the name.
A2-01-02:Perfekt (verb form used to express past time): We know how to make the Präsens form of a verb, which is used to express the present and future time. Now we will discuss how the past time is expressed. Perfekt is often used to express past time. Perfekt is a combination of two different forms of two verbs. These structures are formed in the following ways:
In second position of the sentence (in “Aussagesatz” and “W-Frage”) or in first position of the sentence (in “Ja-Nein-Frage”), Präsens forms of “haben” or “sein” are used as helping verbs. In the last position of the sentence the Partizip-II form of principal Verb (main verb) is used.
We already know how to make the Präsens form of a verb. Now we will discuss how to make the Partizip-II form of a verb, when to use the auxiliary verb “haben” and when to use the auxiliary verb “sein”.
A2-01-03:How to make Partizip-IIForm of verbs: Verbs can be divided into 4 groups according to how Partizip-II is formed:
1. Most of the verbs belong to this group:
Infinitiv: kaufen / Partizip-II: gekauft / Endings:ge-kauf-t
Infinitiv: lernen / Partizip-II: gelernt / Endings:ge-lern-t
Infinitiv: ärgern / Partizip-II: geärgert / Endings:ge-ärger-t
Infinitiv: arbeiten / Partizip-II: gearbeitet / Endings:ge-arbeit-et
Remove “en” or “n” from the infinitv form, and then add “ge” to it at the beginning and “t” at the end. If a “t” remains at the end after removal of “en” or “n”, then “et” is to be added at the end.
2. Trennbare Verben (separable verbs) belong to this group:
Infinitiv:einkaufen/ Partizip-II:eingekauft/ Endings:ein-ge-kauf-t
Infinitiv:mitmachen/ Partizip-II:mitgemacht/ Endings:mit-ge-mach-t
Infinitiv:einarbeiten/ Partizip-II:eingearbeitet/ Endings:ein-ge-arbeit-et
Remove “en” or “n” from the infinitv form, and then add “ge” to it after the separable prefix and “t” at the end. If a “t” remains at the end after removal of “en” or “n”, then “et” is to be added at the end.
3. untrennbare Verben (inseparable verbs) belong to this group:
Infinitiv:verkaufen/ Partizip-II:verkauft/ Endings:verkauf-t
Infinitiv:bearbeiten/ Partizip-II:bearbeitet/ Endings:bearbeit-et
Verbs with inseparable prefix “be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-“ belong to this group. Remove “en” or “n” from the infinitv form, and then add “t” at the end. If a “t” remains at the end after removal of “en” or “n”, then “et” is to be added at the end. In case of these verbs, no “ge” is added at the beginning.
4. Verbs with “-ieren” at the end belong to this group:
Infinitiv:studieren/ Partizip-II:studiert/ Endings:studier-t
Infinitiv:telefonieren/ Partizip-II:telefoniert/ Endings:telefonier-t
All verbs that end with “-ieren” belong to this group. Remove the “en” from the infinitv form and then add “t” at the end. In case of these verbs no “ge” is added at the beginning.
A2-01-04:Some exceptions in formation of Partizip-II: There are no exceptions regarding whether “ge” is to be used or not.. But other rules do not apply here. We have to memorize these verbs.
1. Most of the irregular verbs belong to this group:
Infinitiv:kommen/ Partizip-II:gekommen
Infinitiv:schreiben/ Partizip-II:geschrieben
2. Trennbare Verben (separable verbs) belong to this group:
Infinitiv:ankommen/ Partizip-II:angekommen
Infinitiv:einschreiben/ Partizip-II:eingeschrieben
3. untrennbare Verben (inseparable verbs) belong to this group:
Infinitiv:bekommen/ Partizip-II:bekommen
Infinitiv:beschreiben/ Partizip-II:beschrieben
Verbs with inseparable prefix “be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-“ belong to this group. In case of these verbs, no “ge” is added at the beginning.
(A complete list of irregular verbs with Partizip-II forms is appended in the fifth part of the book.)
A2-01-05:Use of helping verbs “haben” and “sein”:
1. Verbs that do not express change of position or change of state (e.g. “kaufen, trinken, lernen” etc.) make Perfekt with “haben”.
2. Verbs that express change of position or change of state (e.g. “gehen, kommen, fliegen, aufstehen” etc.) make Perfekt with “sein”.
It is shown in the following examples:
1st Position:Ich(2nd Position:habe)im Markt einen Computer(Last Position:gekauft. (English translation: I bought / have bought / was buying / a computer in the market.)
1st Position:Am Sonntag(2nd Position:hat)er im Supermarkt(Last Position:eingekauft. (English translation: He did / has done / was doing / shopping on Sunday in the market.)
1st Position:Ich(2nd Position:habe)einen Tee(Last Position:bestellt. (English translation: I ordered / have ordered / was ordering / a tea.)
1st Position:Er(2nd Position:ist)vor einer Stunde(Last Position:gekommen. (English translation: He came / has come / was coming / one hour ago.)
1st Position:Heute(2nd Position:bin)ich um 08:00 Uhr(Last Position:aufgestanden. (English translation: I got up / have got up / was getting up / at 8 a.m.)
A2-01-06:Exceptions in use of helping verbs “haben” and “sein”: There are two verbs (“bleiben” and “sein”) that do not express any change of position or change of state, but they make Perfekt with the verb “sein”:
1st Position:Gestern(2nd Position:bin)ich zu hause(Last Position:geblieben.
1st Position: Er (2nd Position:ist)nie im Ausland(Last Position:gewesen.
A2-01-07:Nebensatz mit "weil" (subordinate clause with "weil" ("because"): "weil" is a connector. It combines two sentences. "weil" is used to specify a reason. The sentence with "weil" has following properties:
1) "weil" is used at the beginning of the sentence, and the verb or verbs of the sentence are used at the end. If the sentence has more than one verb, the verb – which is conjugated (changed) according to the subject – is used at the farthest end of the sentence. Such a sentence is called Nebensatz.
2) Nebensatz is used with another sentence which is called Hauptsatz.
3) The verb of Hauptsatz is used in the first or second position. If there is more than one verb in Hauptsatz, the verb that is conjugated (changed) according to the subject is used in the first or second position and the other verb is used in the last position of Hauptsatz.
4) Nebensatz can be used before or after Hauptsatz. A comma is used between Hauptsatz and Nebensatz.
5) If Nebensatz is used before Hauptsatz, then the verb of Hauptsatz is used after Nebensatz, and after this verb the other parts of Hauptsatz are used. It is visible in following examples:
Er ist nicht gekommen. (He has not come.) Er ist krank. (He is sick.)
Rick ist sehr traurig. (Rick is very sad.)Lisa ist heute nicht gekommen. (Lisa has not come today.)
Hauptsatz:Er ist nicht gekommen,Nebensatz: Konnektor:weil)er krank(Verb:ist.
Hauptsatz:Rick ist sehr traurig,Nebensatz: Konnektor:weil)Lisa heute nicht(Verb:gekommen ist.
Nebensatz: Konnektor:Weil)er krank(Verb:ist,Hauptsatz:ister nicht gekommen.
Nebensatz: Konnektor:Weil)Lisa heute nicht(Verb:gekommen ist,Hauptsatz:istRick sehr traurig.
Kapitel 2:
A2-02-01:Modalverben im Präteritum (past tense ofModalverb): We know Modalverbs' Präsens forms (present tense) and their uses. The Präteritum form of Modalverb will be discussed here. Below are two examples of Modalverbs "wollen" and "können", showing their structure and use:
A2-02-02: "wollen" and "können":
A2-02-03:Structure:
Subject: “ich(I)”;Präteritum form of the Verbs: wollte, konnte;verbs’ ending: woll-te, konn-te
Subject: “du{you (singular informal)}”;Präteritum form of the Verbs: wolltest, konntest;verbs’ ending: woll-te-st, konn-te-st
Subject: “er{he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es{it (neuter gender)}”, “sie{she, it (feminine gender)}”orany noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”;Präteritum form of the Verbs: wollte, konnte;verbs’ ending: woll-te, konn-te
Subject: “wir(we)”;Präteritum form of the Verbs: wollten, konnten;verbs’ ending: woll-te-n, konn-te-n
Subject: “ihr{you (plural and informal)}”;Präteritum form of the Verbs: wolltet, konntet;verbs’ ending: woll-te-t, konn-te-t
Subject: “sie (they)”, “Sie {you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Präteritum form of the Verbs: wollten, konnten; verbs’ ending: woll-te-n, konn-te-n
As seen above, "en" and Umlaut (If there is any) are removed from the Infinitiv form, "te" is added to it. This part is common in every form. For "ich-form" and "er/es/sie-form" nothing else is added to it. "ich-form" and "er/es/sie-form" are same. For the remaining forms, add the respective endings as shown above.
A2-02-04: Use: Modalverb's Präteritum form, like the Präsens form, is used together with another verb in the sentence. In this case, Modalverb is used in the second position of the sentence ("Aussagesatz" and "W-frage") or in the first position of the sentence ("Ja-Nein-Frage"). And the other verb is used in the infinitiv form at the last position of the sentence. Only the Modalverb is conjugated (changed) according to the Subject. The other verb is always used in the Infinitiv form. Here are some examples:
Gesternwollteer einen Computerkaufen. (He wanted to buy a computer yesterday.)
Am Sonntagkonntestdu nach Dhakafahren. (You could go to Dhaka on Sunday.)
A2-02-05:Possessivartikel im Dativ (Dativ form of Possessivartikel)
We know the Dativ form and its uses. Here we will discuss the Dativ form of Possessivartikel. Dativ forms of Possessivartikel are shown below. Dativ forms of other articles are also shown:
Dativ:
maskulin(masculine): dem Stift (the pen), einem Stift (a pen), keinem Stift (no pen),meinemStift (my pen)
neutrum(neuter): dem Buch (the book), einem Buch (a book), keinem Buch (no book) ,meinemBuch (my book)
feminin(feminine): der Tasche (the bag), einer Tasche (a bag), keiner Tasche (no bag) ,meinerTasche (my bag)
Plural(plural): den Stiften (the pens), den Büchern (the books), den Taschen (the bags); Stiften (pens), Büchern (books), Taschen (bags); keinen Stiften (no pens), keinen Büchern (no books), keinen Taschen (no bags),meinenStiften(my pens),meinenBüchern(my books),meinenTaschen (my bags)
Above it is noticed that an additional “n” is added to the Dativ plural form of the noun. But if the noun has already a “n” in its plural form, then no extra “n” is added. It shows above further that the last parts of Negativartikel and Possessivartikel are same.
Jean Leichter begrüßt die Teilnehmer inseinerKüche. (Jean Leichter greets the participants in his Kitchen.)
Kapitel 3:
A2-03-01:Positiv, Komparativ and Superlativ forms of Adjektiv: There are three forms of adjective: Positiv, Komparativ and Superlativ. The Positiv form is the basic form of the adjective. The adjective is mentioned in the dictionary in this form. When we learn an adjective, we memorize this form. There are certain rules about how to make the other two forms. Their forms and uses are shown below:
A2-03-02:Structure
Positiv:billig/Komparativ: (Form:billiger) (Endung:billig-er) /Superlativ: (Form:billigst) (Endung:billig-st)
Positiv:klein/Komparativ: (Form:kleiner) (Endung:klein-er) /Superlativ: (Form:kleinst) (Endung:klein-st)
Positiv:lang/Komparativ: (Form:länger) (Endung:läng-er) /Superlativ: (Form:längst) (Endung:läng-st)
Positiv:jung/Komparativ: (Form:jünger) (Endung:jüng-er) /Superlativ: (Form:jüngst), (Endung:jüng-st)
Positiv:kalt/Komparativ: (Form:kälter) (Endung:kält-er) /Superlativ: (Form:kältest) (Endung:kält-est)
Positiv:teuer/Komparativ: (Form:teurer) (Endung:teur-er) /Superlativ: (Form:teuerst) (Endung:teuer-st)
Positiv:dunkel/Komparativ: (Form:dunkler) (Endung:dunkl-er) /Superlativ: (Form:dunkelst) (Endung:dunkel-st)
It is visible from above how Komparativ and Superlative are formed:
1) "er" is added at the end of adjective in Komparativ form and "st" is added at the end of adjective in Superlativ form.
2) If there is any of the vowels "a", "o" or "u" inside the adjective, then Umlaut is usually used on the vowel in Komparativ and Superlativ forms.
3) If there is "el" or "er" at the end of the adjective, then the "e" is omitted in the Komparativ form.
4) If there is "d" or "t" at the end of the adjective, then "est" is added at the end of the adjective in the Superlativ form.
A2-03-03: Exceptions: There are some adjectives that are an exception to this rule. We have to memorize their Komparativ and Superlativ forms. Below are Komparativ and Superlativ forms of some exceptional adjectives:
Positiv:gut/Komparativ:besser/Superlativ:best
Positiv:gern/Komparativ:lieber/Superlativ:liebst
Positiv:viel/Komparativ:mehr/Superlativ:meist
A2-03-04: Use:
1) Komparativ form is used to compare two persons or two things. "Als" is used before the person or thing with whom/what it is compared. When two persons or two things are compared, those two persons or those two things will be in the same form. That means, both should be in Nominativ form or Akkusativ form or Dativ form, or with preposition, or one with preposition and the other one as an adverb. It is shown in the following examples:
Der Zugfährtschneller alsder Bus. (The train runs faster than the bus.) (Both are in Nominativ form.)
Ich trinkeden Kaffeelieber alsden Tee. (I drink coffee more preferably than tea) (Both are in Akkusativ form.)
Ich helfemeinem Vateröfter alsmeinem Bruder. (I help my father more frequently than I help my brother.) (Both are in Dativ form.)
Ich wohnein der Stadtlieber alsauf dem Land. (I live in city more preferably than in country side.) (Both are with preposition.)
Auf dem Landist esschöner alshier. (It is more beautiful in country side than here.) (One is with preposition, the other is an adverb.)
2) Positiv form can also be used to compare two persons or two things. "Wie" is used before the person or thing with whom/what it is compared, and "(genau)so" is used before the adjective. When two persons or two things are compared, those two persons or those two things will be in the same form. That means, both should be in Nominativ form or Akkusativ form or Dativ form or with preposition, or one with preposition and the other one as an adverb. It is shown in the following examples:
Der Zugfährtgenausoschnell wieder Bus. (The train runs as fast as the bus.) (Both are in Nominativ form.)
Ich trinkeden Kaffeeso gern wieden Tee. (I drink coffee as preferably as tea) (Both are in Akkusativ form.)
Ich helfemeinem Vaterso oft wiemeinem Bruder. (I help my father as frequently as I help my brother.) (Both are in Dativ form.)
Ich wohnein der Stadtso gern wieauf dem Land. (I live in city as preferably as in country side.) (Both are with preposition.)
Auf dem Landist esso schön wiehier. (It is as beautiful in country side as here.) (One is with preposition, the other is an adverb.)
3) The Superlativ form is used to compare more than two persons or things:
Der Bus fährtschnell. (The bus runs fast.)
Das Auto fährtschneller alsder Bus. (The car runs faster than the bus.)
Der Zugfährtam schnellsten(unterden drei Verkehrsmitteln). {The train runs fastest (among the three vehicles).}
When the superlativ form of adjective is used in the sentence as adverb, that means, it is not used before a noun as its attribute, then "am" is used before the superlativ form and "en" is attached to the superlativ form at the end. However, if Positiv or Komparativ form is used as adverb, nothing is added to them.
A2-03-05:Nebensatz mit "dass" (subordinate clause with "dass" ("that"): "dass" is a Konnektor like "weil" (see A2-01-03). A sentence with "dass" is a Nebensatz:
Paul sagt, dass man gemeinsam an Projekten arbeiten kann. (Paul says that one can work together in a project.)
Hauptsatz:Paul sagt,Nebensatz: Konnektor:dass)man gemeinsam an Projekten(Verb:arbeiten kann.
Nebensatz: Konnektor:Dass)man gemeinsam an Projekten(Verb:arbeiten kann,Hauptsatz:sagtPaul.
Kapitel 4:
A2-04-01:Nebensatz mit "wenn" (subordinate clause with "wenn" ("if" / "when"): "wenn" is a Konnektor like "weil" and "dass" (see A2-01-03 and A2-03-05). A sentence with "wenn" is a Nebensatz:
Wir gehen ins Theater, wenn wir Zeit haben. (We will go to theatre, if we have time.)
Hauptsatz:Wir gehen ins Theater,Nebensatz: Konnektor:wenn)wir Zeit(Verb:haben.
Nebensatz: Konnektor:Wenn)wir Zeit(Verb:haben,Hauptsatz:(dann) gehen wir ins Theater.
Nebensatz: Konnektor:Wenn)wir Zeit(Verb:haben,Hauptsatz:gehen wir ins Theater.
In case of a Nebensatz with "wenn" it is noteworthy that if the Nebensatz is used before the Hauptsatz, "dann" may be used before the Hauptsatz's verb.
A2-04-02:Verben mit Reflexivpronomen (Verbs withReflexivpronomen): We know, there are 3 forms of Pronomen: Nominativ, Akkusativ and Dativ. There is another form of Pronomen called Reflexivpronomen. Following are the forms and uses of Reflexivpronomen:
Nominativ (subject): ich (I), Akkusativ (object): mich (me), Dativ (object): mir (me), Reflexivpronomen: mich(myself)
Nominativ (subject): du {you (singular informal)}, Akkusativ (object): dich (you), Dativ (object): dir (you), Reflexivpronomen: dich(yourself)
Nominativ (subject): er {he, it (masculine gender)}, Akkusativ (object): ihn (him / it), Dativ (object): ihm (him / it), Reflexivpronomen: sich(himself / itself)
Nominativ (subject): es {it (neuter gender)}, Akkusativ (object): es (it), Dativ (object): ihm (it), Reflexivpronomen: sich(itself)
Nominativ (subject): sie {she, it (feminine gender)}, Akkusativ (object): sie (her / it), Dativ (object): ihr (her / it), Reflexivpronomen: sich(herself / itself)
Nominativ (subject): wir (we), Akkusativ (object): uns (us), Dativ (object): uns (us), Reflexivpronomen: uns(ourselves)
Nominativ (subject): ihr {you (plural and informal)}, Akkusativ (object): euch (you), Dativ (object): euch (you), Reflexivpronomen: euch(yourselves)
Nominativ (subject): sie (they), Akkusativ (object): sie (them), Dativ (object): ihnen (them), Reflexivpronomen: sich(themselves)
Nominativ (subject): Sie {you (singular and plural, formal)}, Akkusativ (object): Sie (you), Dativ (object): Ihnen (you) (This “Ihnen” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.), Reflexivpronomen: sich(yourself / yourselves)
As seen in the above, Reflexivpronomen is always "sich" when the subject is 3rd person (singular or plural) or "Sie". In other cases Reflexivpronomen is similar to the Akkusativ form.
A2-04-03: Use of Reflexivpronomen:
1) If the subject and the object are same in the sentence, then the object is used in form of Reflexivpronomen.
Er sieht das Kind. (He sees the child.) (Subject and object are different persons. Object is in Akkusativ form.)
Er sieht sich. (He sees himself.) (Subject and object are same person. Object is in form of Reflexivpronomen.)
2)There are some verbs in German that need to be used with Reflexivpronomen when used in a sentence. These verbs are called Reflexivverb. These verbs are mentioned in dictionary with "sich" to show that they are Reflexivverb. Reflexivpronomen should be used according to the subject of the sentence when using this verb in a sentence. Following are some examples:
sich langweilen (get bored): Ich langweile mich. (I get bored.). Er langweilt sich. (He gets bored.)
Kapitel 5:
A2-05-01:Adjektive mit Nomen (forms of adjectives, used before a noun): When an adjective is used with a noun, various endings are added to that adjective:
"Der fleißigeSchüler schreibt mit dem rotenStift den langenAufsatz". (The laborious student is writing the long essay with the red pen.)
What type of ending will be added depends on:
3) type of Artikel, used before the noun (bestimmter Artikel or unbestimmter Artikel etc.)
2) whether the noun is in singular or plural form
3) whether the noun is in Nominativ, Akkusativ or Dativ form
We will discuss here what types of endings are added, if the noun is used with bestimmter Artikel. It is shown below:
Nominativ:
maskulin (masculine): derguteStift (the good pen)
neutrum (neuter): dasguteBuch (the good book)
feminin (feminine): dieguteTasche (the good bag)
Plural (plural): die guten Stifte (the good pens), die guten Bücher (the good books), die guten Taschen (the good bags)
Akkusativ:
maskulin (masculine): den guten Stift (the good pen)
neutrum (neuter): dasguteBuch (the good book)
feminin (feminine): dieguteTasche (the good bag)
Plural (plural): die guten Stifte (the good pens), die guten Bücher (the good books), die guten Taschen (the good bags)
Dativ:
maskulin (masculine): dem guten Stift (the good pen)
neutrum (neuter): dem guten Buch (the good book)
feminin (feminine): der guten Tasche (the good bag)
Plural (plural): den guten Stiften (the good pens), den guten Büchern (the good books), den guten Taschen (the good bags)
It is clear from above that two types of endings are added to adjective: "e" and "en". All Nominativ-Singular forms and Akkusativ-Singular forms excepting Maskulin-Akkusativ-Singular form have the ending "e". All other forms have the ending “en”.
A2-05-02: Prepositions with Akkusativ: There is another group of prepositions which are always used with the Akkusativ form of a noun or pronoun. The prepositions are described below:
durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, entlang
durch(through):Ergeht durch den Park. (He is going through the park.)
für(for):Er kauft das Buch für seinen Bruder. (He will buy the book for his brother.)
gegen(against):Er istgegen den Vorschlag. (He is against this proposal.)
ohne(without):Wirgehen ohne ihn ins Theater. (We will go to theatre without him.)
um(around / at):Wir sitzen um den Tisch. (We are sitting around the table.)Er kommt um 16:00 Uhr. (He will come at 4 p.m.)
entlang(along):Das Auto fährt die Straße entlang. (The car is running along the street.)
The preposition "entlang" is used after the noun.
A2-05-03:Konjunktiv-II (conjunctive form of verb): We know that there are different forms of verb. One of these forms of verb is called "Konjunktiv-II". Here we will discuss the structure and use of the Konjunktiv-II form of the verb "können". The structure and use of the Konjunktiv-II form of other verbs will be discussed later.
A2-05-04:Structure: We have discussed the Präteritum (past tense) of Modalverb in Kapitel 2 of A2. Konjunktiv-II is formed using Umlaut with the vowel of the Präteritum form of verb. The Konjunktiv-II form of the verb "können" is shown below:
Subject: “ich(I)”; Konjunktiv-II form of the Verb: könnte
Subject: “du{you (singular informal)}”; Konjunktiv-II form of the Verb: könntest
Subject: “er{he, it (masculine gender)}”, “es{it (neuter gender)}”, “sie{she, it (feminine gender)}” or any noun in singular form e.g. “die Frau”, “das Kind”, Peter, Maria etc.”; Konjunktiv-II form of the Verb: könnte
Subject: “wir(we)”; Konjunktiv-II form of the Verb: könnten
Subject: “ihr{you (plural and informal)}”; Konjunktiv-II form of the Verb: könntet
Subject: “sie(they)”, “Sie{you (singular and plural, formal}” (This “Sie” is always written with capital letter, also when not used at the beginning of a sentence.) or any noun in plural form e.g. “die Frauen”, “die Kinder”, Peter & Maria etc.”; Konjunktiv-II form of the Verb: könnten
A2-05-05:Use: The Konjunktiv-II form is used to request someone politely:
Könnten Sie bitte mir das Buch geben? (Could you please give me the book?)
Könntest du bitte den Kuli auf den Tisch legen? (Could you please put the pen on the table?)
Kapitel 6:
A2-06-01:Adjektive nach dem unbestimmten Artikel (forms of adjectives after unbestimmter Artikel):
In Kapitel 5 we discussed adjective-endings after bestimmter Artikel. We will discuss here what types of endings are added, if the noun is used with unbestimmter Artikel. It is shown below:
"Ein fleißigerSchüler schreibt mit einem rotenStift einen langenAufsatz". (A laborious student is writing a long essay with a red pen.)
Nominativ:
maskulin(masculine): (der) ein guterStift (a good pen)
neutrum(neuter): (das) ein gutesBuch (a good book)
feminin(feminine): (die) eine guteTasche (a good bag)
Plural(plural): (die) guteStifte (good pens), guteBücher (good books), guteTaschen (good bags)
Akkusativ:
maskulin(masculine): (den) einen gutenStift (a good pen)
neutrum(neuter): (das) ein gutes
