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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
GOAT MEDICINE Provides readers with an in-depth understanding of the full range of diseases potentially occurring in goats across the wide spectrum of geographic and management conditions in which goats are kept, from extensive grazing to intensive dairy production to backyard pet. Goat Medicine, Third Edition is a complete resource for understanding caprine diseases worldwide. Covering the latest advances on diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the two authors, board certified veterinarians with a global experience in goat health and production, offer a comprehensive examination of all important diseases encountered in the goat. The book offers authoritative and clinically relevant information on recognizing, diagnosing, treating, controlling and preventing goat disease at the individual, herd, and national levels. To aid in reader comprehension and promote seamless assimilation of the knowledge contained within, the book is logically organized by body system and includes full color images throughout. Sample topics covered within the work include: * Control of economically important infectious diseases including caprine arthritis encephalitis, paratuberculosis and peste des petits ruminants, as well as internal and external parasites * Differential diagnosis of chronic weight loss and sudden death, anesthesia, and dehorning/descenting * Nutrition and metabolic diseases, herd health management, and preventive medicine * Formulary of drugs used in goats and suggested dosages, plus options for alternative medicine Scientists, researchers, government veterinarians, laboratory diagnosticians, industry veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and veterinary practitioners around the world can confidently consult this book time and again as an all-in-one, complete resource for all topics pertaining to goat health and disease.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
1 Fundamentals of Goat Practice
Overview
Goat Behavior
Handling Goats
Clinical Examination of Goats
Physical Examination
References
2 Skin
Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin and Hair
Fiber Production
Production of Skins
Diagnosis of Skin Disease
Etiologic Diagnoses
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Nutritional Diseases
Environmental Insults
Neoplasia
Inherited or Congenital Conditions
Miscellaneous Conditions
References
3 Subcutaneous Swellings
Swellings with Unrestricted Distribution
Lymph Node Enlargement
Swellings Involving the Head
Swellings Involving the Neck and Chest
Swellings Involving the Abdomen and Escutcheon
References
4 Musculoskeletal System
Background Information of Clinical Importance
Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disease by Presenting Signs
Specific Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
Toxicological Diseases
Inherited and Congenital Diseases
Traumatic Conditions
Neoplastic Diseases
References
5 Nervous System
Background Information of Clinical Importance
Diagnosis of Neurologic Disease by Presenting Signs
Specific Diseases of the Nervous System
Bacterial Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
Plant Toxicities
Inorganic Chemical Neurotoxicities
Organic Chemical Neurotoxicities
Congenital and Inherited Diseases
Neoplastic Disease
Neurologic Diseases of Unknown Etiology
References
6 Ocular System
Clinical Anatomy and Examination of the Eye
Malformations of the Globe
Lid Abnormalities
Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis
Anterior Uveitis, Cataracts, and Glaucoma
Retinal Changes
Amaurosis
Enucleation
References
7 Blood, Lymph, and Immune Systems
Basic Caprine Hematology
Basic Caprine Immunology
Diagnosis of Hemic‐Lymphatic Diseases by Presenting Sign
Specific Diseases of the Hemic‐Lymphatic System
Rickettsial Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Protozoal Diseases
Toxicological Diseases
Diseases of the Immune System
References
8 Cardiovascular System
Background Information of Clinical Importance
Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease by Presenting Sign
Subclinical Cardiovascular Conditions
Specific Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
References
9 Respiratory System
Anatomy
Clinical Examination of the Respiratory Tract
Effect of Environment on Respiratory Disease
Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases
Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases
Viral Causes of Pneumonia
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Q Fever Pneumonias
Bacterial Pneumonia
Fungal Pneumonia
Enzootic Pneumonia
Parasitic Pneumonia
Aspiration Pneumonia
General Considerations Regarding Treatment and Prophylaxis of Pneumonia
Pulmonary Edema and Pleuritis
Pulmonary and Thymic Neoplasia
Plant Poisonings Causing Acute Respiratory Signs
Devocalization
References
10 Digestive System
Basic Caprine Gastroenterology
Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disease by Presenting Sign
Specific Diseases of the Digestive System
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Protozoal Diseases
Helminth Diseases
Metabolic Diseases
Diseases of Mixed Etiology
References
11 Liver and Pancreas
Background Information of Clinical Importance
Diagnosis of Hepatic Disease by Presenting Sign
Specific Diseases of the Liver
Viral Diseases
Bacterial Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
Toxicologic Diseases
Neoplastic and Congenital Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
References
12 Urinary System
Overview of Conditions Affecting the Caprine Urinary System
Background Information of Clinical Importance
Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Disease by Presenting Sign
Specific Diseases of the Urinary System
Infectious Diseases
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
The Adrenal Glands
References
13 Reproductive System
The Doe
Pregnancy Diagnosis
False Pregnancy (Pseudopregnancy) and Hydrometra
Abortion
Late Abortion: Infectious Causes
Late Abortion: Non‐infectious Causes
Induced Abortion or Parturition
Parturition
Periparturient Problems
Neoplasia of the Female Reproductive Tract
Disorders of Sexual Development (the Intersex)
The Buck
Testicular and Epididymal Abnormalities
Penile and Preputial Abnormalities
Other Problems Affecting the Buck
Surgery of the Male Reproductive Tract
References
14 Mammary Gland and Milk Production
Anatomy of the Udder and Malformations
Milk Production by Kids and Unbred Goats
Skin Diseases and Injuries of the Udder
Mastitis
Diagnosis of Mastitis
Infectious Causes of Mastitis
Non‐mastitic Alterations in Goat Milk
Raw Milk and Other Safety Issues
References
15 Wasting Diseases
Clinical Examination for Diagnosis of Weight Loss
Causes of Chronic Weight Loss
References
16 Sudden Death
Preliminary Decisions
Interpretation of the Findings
References
17 Anesthesia
Local and Regional Analgesia
Single and Combination Agents for General Anesthesia
Preanesthetic Considerations and Tranquilization
Intubation
Precautions during Anesthesia
Postsurgical Pain Relief
Euthanasia and Slaughter
References
18 Dehorning and Descenting
Dehorning
Descenting
References
19 Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases
Energy
Protein
Fiber
Vitamins
Major Minerals
Trace Minerals
Water
Dry Matter Intake
General Ration Balancing Considerations for Goats
Feeding Pregnant Goats
Feeding Lactating Goats
Feeding Newborn Kids
Feeding Growing Kids
Feeding Bucks and Pet Goats
Special Considerations in Feeding Angora and Cashmere Goats
Poisonous Plants and Fungi
References
20 Herd Health Management and Preventive Medicine
Dairy Goat Herd Health Management and Preventive Medicine
Hair Goat Herd Health Management and Preventive Medicine
Meat Goat Herd Health Management and Preventive Medicine
Maintaining Quality Goat Skins
Herd Health Management for Organically Raised Goats
Herd Health Management for Transgenic Goats
References
Appendix A: Formulary of Some Drugs Used in Goats and Suggested Dosages
Pharmacokinetic Terminology
Formulary
Meat and Milk Withdrawal Times
References
Appendix B: Alternative Medicine
Acupuncture
Auricular Diagnosis and Therapy
Acupressure
Tellington TTouch
Chiropractic
Kinesiology
Herbal Remedies
Bach Flower Remedies
Homeopathy
References
Appendix C: Conversion Factors for Biochemistry and Hematology
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Goat diseases characterized by chronic infection or a carrier sta...
Table 1.2 Some congenital and inherited abnormalities in goats.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Some chemicals used for control of external parasites of goats....
Table 2.2 Some ticks of importance to goats.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Clinical pathologic changes associated with metabolic bone and mu...
Table 4.2 Some normal values for bone‐ and muscle‐related enzymes and elect...
Table 4.3 General global distribution of foot and mouth disease serotypes....
Table 4.4
Mycoplasma
spp. isolated from goats.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Clinical signs associated with lesions in different regions of th...
Table 5.2 Evaluation of cranial nerve function in goats.
Table 5.3 Selected normal values for constituents of cerebrospinal fluid of...
Table 5.4 Signs of classical scrapie that might be observed in individual g...
Table 5.5 Interpretation of DNA testing results for resistance to classical...
Table 5.6 Toxicity of some organophosphate, carbamate, and chlorinated hydr...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Erythrocyte parameters in the normal goat from selected reports w...
Table 7.2 Total leukocyte numbers and differential counts reported in norma...
Table 7.3 Coagulation parameters reported from normal goats.
Table 7.4 Concentrations of immunoglobulin types in various body fluids of ...
Table 7.5 Reported concentrations of serum proteins from normal goats.
Table 7.6 Anemia in goats: aids for differential diagnosis.
Table 7.7 Trypanosomosis in various hosts with the emphasis on goats.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Electrocardiographic parameters for lead II reported in normal go...
Table 8.2 Echocardiographic and Doppler measurements and calculated stroke ...
Table 8.3 Schistosomes reported to infect goats.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Some signs suggestive of respiratory disease and possible causes....
Table 9.2 Blood gases of adult goats determined on venous blood.
Table 9.3 Optimal housing for goats in temperate climates.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Normal values for blood constituents used in the assessment of d...
Table 10.2 Normal values reported for rumen fluid constituents.
Table 10.3 Reported infectious causes of diarrhea in young kids.
Table 10.4 Global distribution of bluetongue virus serotypes and the associ...
Table 10.5
Clostridium perfringens
types and the toxins produced.
Table 10.6 The
Eimeria
species infecting goats (
Capra hircus
).
Table 10.7 Coccidiostats used in the treatment or prevention of caprine coc...
Table 10.8 Dosages for various anthelmintics used orally in goats to treat ...
Table 10.9 Overview of cestode infections of goats.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Some normal values reported for liver‐associated enzymes and oth...
Table 11.2 Helminth parasites of the liver, pancreas, and related blood ves...
Table 11.3 Summary of information on flukicides used in goats.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Physiologic parameters of caprine renal function.
Table 12.2 Normal caprine urinalysis values.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Pregnancy diagnosis techniques for goats.
Table 13.2 Guidelines for estimating the gestational age of tropical breeds...
Table 13.3 Diagnostic samples for abortion testing.
Table 13.4 Changes observed in placentas from aborting goats.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores on goat milk.
Table 14.2 Zoonotic diseases potentially transmitted by raw goat milk.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Conditions causing sudden death in goats.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 FARAD recommended withdrawal (WD) intervals for tranquilizers an...
Table 17.2 Endotracheal tube sizes for goats.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Interrelationships of energy units in the total digestible nutri...
Table 19.2 Maintenance energy requirements for goats.
Table 19.3 Summary of major mineral requirements for dairy goats.
Table 19.4 Summary of trace mineral requirements of goats.
Table 19.5 Daily dry matter intake (in kg) and capacity for ingestion (MFU)...
Table 19.6 Body condition scoring scheme for dairy goats.
Table 19.7 Plants poisonous to goats.
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Seasonal herd health management and preventive medicine calendar...
Table 20.2 Herd health management and preventive medicine calendar for fibe...
Table 20.3 Herd health management and preventive medicine calendar for meat...
Table 20.4 Synthetic substances allowed for use in organic livestock produc...
Appendix A
Table A.1 Drug dosages used in goats.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Useful restraint methods for intravenous blood sampling or medici...
Figure 1.2 Typical waxy secretion found at the base of the tail of goats, wh...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Angora goats, the source of mohair.
Figure 2.2 Cashmere goats from Mongolia.
Figure 2.3 Alopecia on the side of a wether caused by grooming by its pen ma...
Figure 2.4 Healing crusts from contagious ecthyma on the muzzle of a mature ...
Figure 2.5 Severe contagious ecthyma lesions on the gums of a Boer kid.
Figure 2.6 Orf (contagious ecthyma) lesion on the author's wrist.
Figure 2.7 Early macules of capripox infection on the skin of an experimenta...
Figure 2.8 Dry scabs typical of dermatophilosis on the external surface and ...
Figure 2.9 Apparent recurrent insect hypersensitivity in a buck that showed ...
Figure 2.10 Mild crusting and scaling on the pastern of a goat with choriopt...
Figure 2.11 Cigar‐shaped demodectic mange mites in a smear of exudate expres...
Figure 2.12 Vertically oriented alopecic lesion on the side of a cashmere go...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Large, thin‐walled abscess in the upper neck of a 1‐month‐old kid...
Figure 3.2 Abscessation of a parotid lymph node due to caseous lymphadenitis...
Figure 3.3 Location of common swellings caused by caseous lymphadenitis and ...
Figure 3.4 Abscessation of a popliteal lymph node.
Figure 3.5 Swellings involving the head or neck: (1) cheek abscess or cud re...
Figure 3.6 Congenital salivary gland duct cyst in a Nubian kid.
Figure 3.7 Tooth root abscess involving the mandible.
Figure 3.8 Congenital iodine‐deficiency goiter in a stillborn kid.
Figure 3.9 Goiters exposed in twin stillborn kids by reflecting the skin....
Figure 3.10 Enlarged thymus in the upper neck of a rapidly growing Nubian cr...
Figure 3.11 Distension of the atlantal bursa in a goat with clinical caprine...
Figure 3.12 Ectopic mammary gland distending the vulva of a mature Saanen do...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The caprine skeleton. (1) Maxilla, (2) mandible, (3) atlas, (4) a...
Figure 4.2 Topographic anatomy of the superficial caprine musculature. (1) M...
Figure 4.3 Severely neglected, overgrown foot of a goat. Such excessive grow...
Figure 4.4 Procedure for proper foot trimming in the goat. (a) Plantar view ...
Figure 4.5 Typical stance of goat with ruptured gastrocnemius muscle. Note t...
Figure 4.6 Clinical progression of goats with carpal arthritis due to
caprin
...
Figure 4.7 Radiographic changes in the carpus of a goat with advanced caprin...
Figure 4.8 Cross‐section of the sternum of a goat showing a chronic abscess ...
Figure 4.9 Radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis in the ribs of a goat (not...
Figure 4.10 Gross postmortem lesions in the rear limb muscles of a goat with...
Figure 4.11 Bowing deformity of the forelimbs due to carpal epiphysitis asso...
Figure 4.12 Clinical appearance, radiographic and postmortem findings in fib...
Figure 4.13 Typical dental lesions of chronic fluorosis. Note mottling and s...
Figure 4.14 This goat caught its forelimb in the fork of a tree at pasture a...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Periorbital alopecia and inflammation due to excessive rubbing of...
Figure 5.2 Clinical progression of a laboratory‐confirmed case of scrapie in...
Figure 5.3 Testing flowchart for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (...
Figure 5.4 Progressive paresis in a kid with the nervous form of
caprine art
...
Figure 5.5 Clinical presentations of encephalitic listeriosis in goats. (a) ...
Figure 5.6 Young goat with advanced tetanus. Note extensor rigidity and opis...
Figure 5.7 Circular lesions of the skull associated with excessive heat appl...
Figure 5.8 A 2‐day‐old kid with hydrocephalus. The kid was dull and depresse...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 The lower lid has been everted to expose the conjunctiva. This go...
Figure 6.2 The normally rectangular pupil has been dilated with tropicamide ...
Figure 6.3 The fundus of a Saanen goat. a, arteriole; o.c., optic cup; o.d.,...
Figure 6.4 The fundus of a normal Boer goat.
Figure 6.5 (a) Chronic spastic entropion with severe keratitis and hair loss...
Figure 6.6 Early keratoconjunctivitis with chemosis and slight ocular discha...
Figure 6.7 A corneal ulcer is green from uptake of fluorescein stain. Marked...
Figure 6.8 (a) A totally opaque and softened cornea from severe bilateral ke...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 White‐colored conjunctiva characteristic of a goat with marked an...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Normal goat lung with trachea opened to demonstrate the tracheal ...
Figure 9.2 Feed particles adhering to a mucopurulent nasal discharge.
Figure 9.3 Abscessation of the retropharyngeal lymph node caused marked dysp...
Figure 9.4 Pulmonary radiograph of a goat with interstitial pneumonia.
Figure 9.5 Goat lung with caprine arthritis encephalitis interstitial pneumo...
Figure 9.6 Cross‐section of an affected lung lobe, showing infiltration of t...
Figure 9.7 Cranial ventral localization of a
Mannheimia
pneumonia with marke...
Figure 9.8 Larva of
Muellerius capillaris
, showing dorsal spur on tail.
Figure 9.9 Large thymoma that displaced the heart and lungs caudally.
Figure 9.10 Removal of the vocal folds for devocalization. (a) Ventral view ...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Dropped stomach in a mother and daughter pair of Saanen goats. N...
Figure 10.2 Herniation of the abdominal wall secondary to fighting with a ho...
Figure 10.3 Ulceration of the gums (a) and tongue (b) of a goat with acute p...
Figure 10.4 Clinical signs of bluetongue in goats observed during the BTV‐4 ...
Figure 10.5 (a) Gram‐stained impression smear of intestinal mucosa of goat w...
Figure 10.6 Adult Nubian buck with advanced clinical paratuberculosis. Note ...
Figure 10.7 Persistent granulomatous reaction (arrows) at site of vaccinatio...
Figure 10.8 Clinical coccidiosis in a weanling goat. Note diarrhea‐soiled ta...
Figure 10.9 Intestinal lesions of coccidiosis in a goat. (a) Pronounced nodu...
Figure 10.10 Movable hutches used in coccidiosis control. Fencing and hutche...
Figure 10.11 Submandibular edema (bottle jaw) associated with hypoproteinemi...
Figure 10.12 In the tropics, goats are often housed in raised pens on slatte...
Figure 10.13 Adult
Moniezia
tapeworm from the intestine of a goat.
Figure 10.14 Tapeworm proglottids in goat feces.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Location of the liver in the abdomen of the goat and relationshi...
Figure 11.2 Cysticercus metacestode (
Cysticercus tenuicollis
) of the canid t...
Figure 11.3 Blood‐filled tracks in the liver due to migration of embryos of
Figure 11.4
Fascioloides magna
fluke and cross section of a necrotic goat li...
Figure 11.5 Icterus (jaundice) noted in the omental fat of a goat with hepat...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Urethral process of the buck extending beyond the glans penis....
Figure 12.2 Urethral recess (arrow) of the buck at the ischial arch.
Figure 12.3 Multiple urinary calculi present in a goat urinary bladder as se...
Figure 12.4 Urinary calculi (arrow at top of picture) in a goat urinary blad...
Figure 12.5 Hair ring encircling the penis of a goat. This can lead to dysur...
Figure 12.6 Erosive lesions of the penis (arrows) in balanoposthitis caused ...
Figure 12.7 A common site of urethral obstruction with calculi is at the ure...
Figure 12.8 Necrosis, inflammation, and hemorrhage of the penile urethra at ...
Figure 12.9 Characteristic calcium carbonate calculi obtained from a Boer go...
Figure 12.10 View of the abdomen of a goat following surgical tube cystostom...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 This buck in rut is teasing does in estrus through the panel. No...
Figure 13.2 Transabdominal ultrasound of a pregnant doe showing a doughnut‐s...
Figure 13.3 Correlation of biparietal diameter (BPD) and fetal age.
Figure 13.4 Real‐time ultrasound image of hydrometra.
Figure 13.5 Ventral view of an arthrogrypotic Boer kid documented to have be...
Figure 13.6 Aborted twin Boer kids. The upper fetus was alive at delivery, w...
Figure 13.7 Postpartum doe with lochia adhering to the tail.
Figure 13.8 Meconium staining of the mucus indicates fetal distress and need...
Figure 13.9 Prepartum prolapse of the vagina. The cervix of this pygmy doe f...
Figure 13.10 Results of crossing a polled doe (always heterozygous, Pp) with...
Figure 13.11 Normal maturation of the penis. (a) The urethral process is com...
Figure 13.12 Sperm granuloma in the head of the epididymis of the testis on ...
Figure 13.13 Gynecomastia in a 5‐year‐old Nubian buck. Although initially fe...
Figure 13.14 Location of incisions for penile deviation is shown by the dash...
Figure 13.15 Necrotic testicular parenchyma and crimp lines on the cords abo...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Anatomy of the udder and teat.
Figure 14.2 Bilateral forked teats in a Boer kid.
Figure 14.3 Precocious udder in a doe that was never bred. The udder produce...
Figure 14.4 Soremouth lesions on the teats of a doe that had been suckled by...
Figure 14.5 Pustules on the skin of the udder and moist dermatitis between t...
Figure 14.6 Abscess in the supramammary lymph node of a doe in a herd with e...
Figure 14.7 Udder warts on a Saanen doe.
Figure 14.8 Scars on the caudal aspect of the teats of a Boer doe caused by ...
Figure 14.9 Flow chart for identification of bacteria, other than mycoplasma...
Figure 14.10 Zones of complete and partial hemolysis around colonies of
Stap
...
Figure 14.11 Early gangrenous mastitis with edema and erythema of the udder....
Figure 14.12 Udder abscesses in an aged doe caused by
Trueperella pyogenes
. ...
Figure 14.13 Initial skin incision and vessels to be ligated during udder am...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Wasting goats such as this one, with no other localizing signs, ...
Figure 15.2 A thin doe with chronic mastitis due to
Trueperella (Arcanobacte
...
Figure 15.3 Urban goats in Kabul, Afghanistan, foraging in an open trash pil...
Figure 15.4 Two 7‐month‐old Saanen doeling sisters. The stunted goat in the ...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Emaciated goat lacking omental fat. The intestines should not be...
Figure 16.2 Opening the cranial cavity of a horned goat. (a) The initial tra...
Figure 16.3 Two
Haemonchus contortus
worms with barberpole appearance are pr...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Visualizing the larynx with a long laryngoscope blade. Gauze loo...
Figure 17.2 Placement of captive bolt for euthanasia perpendicular to the sk...
Figure 17.3 Placement of captive bolt for euthanasia between the horns, dire...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Horned kid with twist of hair over each bud.
Figure 18.2 Polled kid with central hair whorl.
Figure 18.3 Removing horn bud with butane‐heated dehorner.
Figure 18.4 Injection sites for the cornual branches of the lacrimal (a) and...
Figure 18.5 Use of a wire saw to remove the horns of an adult doe.
Figure 18.6 (a) Dehorning wound at time of bandage removal 6 days after surg...
Figure 18.7 Brain abscess subsequent to bone damage by use of disbudding pas...
Figure 18.8 Scurs from incomplete disbudding of a buck kid.
Figure 18.9 Location of skin to be cauterized or extirpated for descenting....
Figure 18.10 Surgical reflection of skin to locate scent glands of mature bu...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Energy categories. DE, digestible energy; GE, gross energy; NE, ...
Figure 19.2 Laboratory scheme for fiber analysis. ADF, acid detergent fiber;...
Figure 19.3 Regions of the United States with deficient or toxic levels of s...
Figure 19.4 A fill float mounted in the bucket ensures that water is availab...
Figure 19.5 Factors determining the development of ketosis in dairy goats....
Figure 19.6 Lactation curves for dairy goats. A, Alpine; L, LaMancha; N, Nub...
Figure 19.7 Homemade sound for obtaining rumen fluid from an adult goat.
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Appendix A Formulary of Some Drugs Used in Goats and Suggested Dosages
Appendix B Alternative Medicine
Appendix C Conversion Factors for Biochemistry and Hematology
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Goat Medicine
Third Edition
Mary C. Smith, DVM, Diplomate, ACT
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
Ithaca, NY, USA
David M. Sherman, DVM, MS, Diplomate, ACVIM
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
Paris, France
This third edition first published 2023© 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition HistoryLea & Febiger (1e, 1994); Wiley‐Blackwell (2e, 2009)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Mary C. Smith and David M. Sherman to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Smith, Mary C., DVM, author. | Sherman, David M., author.Title: Goat medicine / Mary C. Smith, David M. Sherman.Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2022000546 (print) | LCCN 2022000547 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119382737 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119382768 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119382744 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Goat Diseases | GoatsClassification: LCC SF968 (print) | LCC SF968 (ebook) | NLM SF 968 | DDC 636.30896–dc23/eng/20220610LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000546LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000547
Cover Design: WileyCover Images: © Vincent and Christine Maefsky, Poplar Hill Dairy Goat Farm, Scandia, Minnesota; © Mary C. Smith
Preface to the First Edition
The writing of this book was undertaken in recognition of the need for a comprehensive veterinary text addressing health and disease issues of goats raised under varying conditions around the world. The authors’ primary experiences are with intensively managed dairy and fiber goats in temperate zones. However, because most of the world’s goats live in tropical and subtropical regions, serious effort has been made to fully cover disease entities and production constraints in those areas. Much of the material presented on tropical diseases is derived from the published literature. The authors invite readers whose personal and clinical experience with these diseases in goats varies from our presentation to share their knowledge with us for the purpose of improving later editions.
We intend this book for veterinary practitioners dealing with diagnosis and treatment of individual goats as well as for those striving to improve the health and productivity of commercial herds and flocks throughout the world. Veterinarians involved in formulation of animal health policy, regulatory medicine, and livestock development should also find this information valuable.
We expect this book to be useful also for academic clinicians, researchers, and veterinary students with a special interest in goats. Others who might find this book a useful reference are animal scientists, extension agents, herd managers, and hobbyists.
David M. Sherman
Mary C. Smith
Preface to the Second Edition
The first edition of Goat Medicine was well received and we are pleased to have the opportunity to produce a second edition. Since the first edition appeared in 1994, the global landscape for veterinary medicine has changed dramatically. In 1996, bovine spongiform encephalopathy was recognized to be a zoonotic disease, causing variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. In 1999, West Nile virus infection reached the United States and in a short time was endemic throughout the country. In 2001, there was a major outbreak of foot and mouth disease in northern Europe, with devastating effects in the United Kingdom. That same year, the specter of bioterrorism emerged with the use of anthrax as a weapon against citizens in the United States.
These events underscored the continued importance of infectious diseases in what has become an intimately interconnected, global society. These events also emphasized the need for veterinary practitioners everywhere to have knowledge of and be able to recognize diseases which traditionally have been considered exotic to their own countries. International issues influencing contemporary veterinary medicine are discussed further in David Sherman’s other textbook “Tending Animals in the Global Village”, also available from Wiley‐Blackwell.
Global infectious disease trends also have affected goat medicine. In 2005, the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy was confirmed in a goat in France. Peste des petits ruminants, a serious viral disease of goats and sheep, has extended its range from Africa through the Middle East and well into Asia, causing widespread hardship for subsistence farmers and herders who depend on goats for their livelihoods. Repeated outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya have also taken a toll on goat populations and the people who rely on them. As such, the second edition of Goat Medicine continues to maintain a global perspective and provide information on goat diseases as they occur throughout the world.
Another significant development since the publication of the first edition has been the advent of the Internet and the increased availability of information on all subjects, including the diseases of goats. Some of this information is very good and some is not so good. As in the first edition, we have strived to provide the most accurate information available on the diseases of goats, their diagnosis, treatment, and control. We have avoided whenever possible extrapolating information from other species and we continue to strive, as in the first edition, to provide definitive information that is specific to goats and supported by citations from the world’s veterinary literature as well as our own expanded experience in dealing with goat diseases in various locations around the world.
As with the first edition, we intend this book primarily for veterinary practitioners but believe that academic clinicians, veterinary students, regulatory veterinarians, researchers working with goats, animal scientists, extension agents, livestock development workers, and goat owners will also find it useful.
David M. Sherman, Kabul, Afghanistan
Mary C. Smith, Ithaca, New York
Preface to the Third Edition
The first and second editions of Goat Medicine were well received, and we are pleased to have the opportunity to produce a third edition. Since the second edition appeared in 2009, the global landscape for veterinary medicine and for goats has continued to change.
Goat numbers worldwide now exceed 1 billion, reflecting the ever‐growing demand for goat products in the meat, dairy, and fiber sectors and the recognition that goats are versatile, resilient, and highly adaptable, making them an increasingly attractive form of hoofed livestock in regions where climate change is resulting in warmer, more arid conditions.
Climate change is also affecting global patterns of disease, particularly vector‐borne disease, as vector ranges expand in association with warming temperatures. This has implications for goats. Bluetongue, for example, which is transmitted by Culicoides midges, is now present in every continent except Antarctica. Its presence in Europe has been steadily expanding northward, affecting goats and other ruminant animals in countries where it had not previously been noted. There are concerns that other serious vector‐borne diseases of goats, notably Rift Valley fever, may eventually become established in Europe due to warming temperatures. Other diseases, such as leptospirosis, though already present, may become more common due to increased rainfall and associated flooding.
Around the time that the second edition of Goat Medicine was published, a single case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) had been confirmed in a clinically normal goat at slaughter in France and it was unclear if BSE was going to emerge as an important disease in the species. However, since that report, countries throughout the European Union have conducted extensive slaughter surveillance in small ruminants, searching specifically for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. This surveillance indicates that the initial caprine BSE case was an isolated occurrence and there is little evidence that BSE is a concern in goats. Nevertheless, that same surveillance activity revealed that scrapie was occurring in goats at about the same frequency as it does in sheep, underscoring the need for practitioners to include scrapie in their diagnostic assessments of live goats showing neurologic signs.
Another development of note since the last edition of Goat Medicine is the global eradication of rinderpest (cattle plague), announced in 2011 by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Goats were susceptible to rinderpest and while they usually did not show clinical signs of the disease, rinderpest was an important differential diagnosis for the related morbillivirus disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), known in English as small ruminant plague. PPR occurs commonly in goats and sheep in the same regions where rinderpest occurred in cattle.
Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the OIE and FAO in 2015 launched a global program for the eradication of PPR. The disease has been expanding across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia for decades and causes significant morbidity and mortality in small ruminants. As such, PPR is a major constraint on the well‐being of farmers and herders who depend on goats and sheep for their livelihood. The goal of the program is for PPR to be eradicated globally by 2030, which, like the eradication of rinderpest, would be a major achievement in the veterinary arena.
The growing problems of antimicrobial resistance and resistance to anthelmintics also have a significant impact on the health of goats and the practice of caprine medicine. It is increasingly evident that practitioners must advocate vigorously with their clients for improved management practices that will reduce the occurrence of infectious and parasitic diseases, and stress the importance of vaccination and other preventive measures so that when antibiotics and anthelmintics are truly required to protect goat health, they will be reliably efficacious.
The availability of information on goats, goat health, and goat disease continues to expand dramatically. On the positive side, peer‐reviewed publications on veterinary medicine are now readily available to anyone on the internet. On the negative side, the internet continues to be a major source of misinformation. As with past editions of this book, we have attempted to provide the most accurate, evidence‐based information available on the diseases of goats, their diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control. We have avoided whenever possible extrapolating information from other species, and we continue to strive to provide definitive information that is specific to goats and supported by citations from the world's veterinary literature, as well as our own expanded experience in dealing with goat diseases in various settings around the world.
We intend this book primarily as a resource for veterinary practitioners, but believe that academic clinicians, veterinary students, veterinary technicians, regulatory veterinarians, researchers working with goats, animal scientists, extension agents, livestock development workers, and goat owners worldwide will also find it useful.
David M. Sherman, Paris, France
Mary C. Smith, Ithaca, New York
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge with great appreciation and sincere thanks the contributions of the following colleagues: Professor Christophe Chartier, Department of Farm Animal Health and Public Health, National Veterinary School‐ONIRIS, Nantes, France, for providing current information on the use of various anthelmintics in goats in Europe in Chapter 10; Dr. William G. Gavin, Chief Operating Officer, LFB USA, Inc. (formerly GTC Biotherapeutics, Inc.), Framingham, MA, for his major contributions in Chapters 1 and 20 on the content related to transgenic and cloned goats; Dr. John Spiropoulos, Pathologist, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey, UK, for his significant contributions to Chapter 5 on the content related to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy; and Ms. Ann Starbard, author of The Dairy Goat Handbook: For Backyard, Homestead, and Small Farm and former owner of Crystal Brook Goat Cheese, Sterling, MA, for her review and suggestions on dairy goat herd health in Chapter 20. Any errors that might occur in the sections for which these colleagues have provided inputs are solely the responsibility of the author.
David M. Sherman
I would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of the following colleagues in the preparation of this edition: Dr. Nita Irby, ophthalmologist, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, for her assistance with many clinical cases in goats and with the revisions of Chapter 6; Dr. Pablo Moroni, Quality Milk Production Services at the Animal Health Diagnostic Center in Ithaca, NY, for his insights into the diagnosis and control of mastitis in goats as presented in Chapter 14; Dr. Stephanie Hon, anesthesiologist at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, for her helpful review of the myriad of options for analgesia and anesthesia of goats in a hospital setting; and Dr. Andrew Miller, pathologist at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, for his contribution of excitement and expertise to the understanding of the many specimens from goats that I have brought to him through the years.
Mary C. Smith
From both of us, a special acknowledgment is needed for Dr. David Van Metre (formerly of the Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine) for his preliminary comments on revised chapters and his eagerness to serve as a third author of this textbook, before his untimely death in 2019.
1Fundamentals of Goat Practice
CHAPTER MENU
Overview
Distribution of Goats
Use of Goats
Current Interest in Goats
Distinguishing Goats from Sheep
Goat Behavior
General Characteristics
Ingestive and Eliminative Behavior
Sexual Behavior
Maternal Behavior
Handling Goats
Group Considerations
Individual Restraint
Administering Medications
Clinical Examination of Goats
History Taking
Special Considerations for Range and Pastured Goats
Special Considerations for Intensively Managed Goats
Special Considerations for Hobby Farms
Special Considerations for Organic Goat Production
Special Considerations for Genetically Modified (Transgenic) and Cloned Goats
Physical Examination
Inspection from a Distance
Direct Physical Examination of Individual Goats
General Inspection
Examination of the Integument
Examination of the Head
Examination of the Neck
Examination of the Chest
Examination of the Abdomen
Examination of the Limbs
Examination of the Reproductive System
Examination of the Environment
Field Necropsies and Slaughterhouse Checks
References
Overview
Distribution of Goats
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, in 2020 there were an estimated 1.13 billion goats in the world, approximately 51.4% of which were in Asia, 43.4% in Africa, 2.9% in South and Central America, 1.4% in Europe, 0.3% in the Caribbean, 0.4% in Oceania, and 0.2% in North America. Approximately 55.9% of the world's goats are found in 50 low‐income, food‐deficit countries as defined by the FAO (FAO 2022a). Goats are well adapted to a broad range of climatic and geographic conditions and are more widely distributed than any other mammalian livestock. Goats are managed under every imaginable production system, including feral, transhumant, nomadic, extensive, intensive, and total confinement systems.
Use of Goats
Goats are exploited for diverse purposes, including meat production, milk and cheese production, cashmere and mohair fiber production, and skins for leather making. Specialty uses include brush and weed control, sometimes referred to as “goatscaping” (Putzier 2020), pack and draft use, research (particularly as models of ruminant digestion and human heart disease and as transgenic animals), commercial antibody production, transgenic production of recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins, and companionship. Goat horn and bone are sometimes used for ornamental purposes and musical instruments, while goat skins are also used for drum making.
Meat production is the major use of goats on a worldwide basis, particularly in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, and world goat meat production continues to expand dramatically, as it has for decades (Morand‐Fehr et al. 2004; Skapetas and Bampidis 2016). In 2020, the ten leading goat meat–producing nations in descending order were China, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Chad, Mongolia, Sudan and Myanmar (FAO 2022b). A multitude of local and regional breeds exists around the world that are used mainly for meat. In recent years, more attention has been paid to selective breeding in goats for meat production, leading to the development of two highly efficient, purpose‐bred meat goat breeds. These are the South African Boer goat (Mahan 2000) and the Kiko goat of New Zealand (Batten 1987), both of which have gained popularity in the United States.
The major milking breeds of goats originated primarily in Europe. These breeds include the Saanen, Toggenburg, Anglo‐Nubian, and Alpine breeds. The more recently developed La Mancha breed originated in the United States. The Jamnapari and Beetal breeds of India are also important dairy breeds that are well adapted to and becoming more widely distributed in the humid tropics. The use of goat milk to manufacture cheese is an important industry in France, Spain, and some other European countries. The global situation regarding dairy goat production has been reviewed (Miller and Lu 2019).
Angora goats, the source of mohair fiber, have traditionally been concentrated in a number of distinct regions, notably Turkey, where they originated, South Africa, Texas, Argentina, and some central Asian republics formerly in the USSR. Cashmere or Pashmina goats, which produce cashmere fiber, are found primarily in the mountainous regions of Central Asia, including parts of Tibet, China, Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Skins are usually a byproduct of goat slaughter for meat, but skins of certain goat breeds such as the Red Sokoto of Niger are prized for high‐quality leather goods such as kidskin gloves and purses. Details of the various goat industries are beyond the scope of this veterinary text. The interested reader is referred to other sources (Gall 1981; Dubeuf et al. 2004; Morand‐Fehr et al. 2004; Skapetas and Bampidis 2016).
Current Interest in Goats
Worldwide interest in goats continues to increase dramatically. There is a greater understanding of the importance of goats in agricultural systems in low‐income countries and the factors involved in improving their worth and productivity for smallholders and herders (Devendra 2013). Some humanitarian and development organizations, such as Heifer International and FARM‐Africa, have recognized the value of using goats as a tool in rural development programs to improve the social and economic conditions of subsistence farmers and the rural poor. Methodologies for improved goat production in the tropics in support of rural development have been published (Peacock 1996). The impacts of climate change on rural livelihoods have also brought increased attention to goats, as studies indicate that goat ownership can help buffer households against climate shocks, most notably drought (Acosta et al. 2021).
There is also increased demand for goat products in developed countries, especially goat cheese, cashmere goods, and goat meat. Demand for goat meat in the United States, for example, has exceeded domestic supply in recent years. In 2014, 43 188 million pounds of goat meat were imported for a total value of $94.7 million, compared to 2994 million pounds in 1990 for a total value of $1.9 million (Luginbuhl 2015). Increases in the global trade in goats and goat products is associated with certain risks for the spread of goat‐associated diseases, which veterinarians need to be aware of from both a clinical and a regulatory standpoint (Sherman 2011).
Through the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS), the US Department of Agriculture has tracked the expansion of the goat industry and its use of veterinarians (USDA 2020). The number of goats increased from approximately 2 250 000 in 1997 to approximately 2 700 000 in 2017, and the number of goat operations increased from approximately 76 500 in 1997 to approximately 136 400 in 2017. The proportion of goat operations identified as primarily dairy increased from 11.9% in 2009 to 18.7% in 2019, while the proportion of goat operations that consider themselves to be multipurpose (e.g., meat and dairy) has also increased. This expanding interest in and exploitation of goats have been associated with an increased demand for goat‐related clinical veterinary services, with the number of US goat operations that consulted a veterinarian increasing from 39.5% in 2009 to 49.7% in 2019. In response to this growing demand, interested veterinarians must familiarize themselves with goats as a species distinct from sheep and cattle, recognizing their characteristic behavior and physiology, the diseases that affect them, and the proper diagnosis and management of those diseases.
Fortunately, the growing interest in goats has been accompanied by a growth of organizations and information focused on the species. The International Goat Association (https://www.iga‐goatworld.com) sponsors a quadrennial international conference on goats and regularly publishes the peer‐reviewed, international research journal Small Ruminant Research, which reports research findings on all aspects of goat production including health, nutrition, genetics, physiology, and husbandry from all over the world. The American Sheep Industry Association regularly produces a similar, multidisciplinary research publication, Sheep and Goat Research Journal, which focuses specifically on small ruminant production in North America and is available on the internet (https://www.sheepusa.org/sheep‐goat‐research‐journal).
The American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners (AASRP) is an excellent resource for veterinary practitioners in North America. This member organization produces a regular newsletter, Wool and Wattles, full of current, relevant information on regulatory and clinical issues as well as an e‐mail discussion forum for AASRP members. The AASRP website (www.aasrp.org) provides links to other useful resources for goat health and production. Another useful web‐based resource for veterinarians is Consultant, which generates differential diagnoses based on clinical signs entered by the user on a species basis, with goats recognized as a distinct species. It is available on the internet at http://consultant.vet.cornell.edu. Finally, many state extension agencies now have much more information available on goat husbandry and production than they had in the past, with much of it accessible on the internet.
Distinguishing Goats from Sheep
Source of Confusion
For those whose experience with sheep and goats is limited to the common European wool breeds of sheep and the European dairy breeds of goats, the notion that individuals of the two species could be confused may seem ridiculous. However, in tropical and subtropical regions, various breeds of hair sheep are common. These breeds are often maintained in mixed flocks with local breeds of goats, and may not be readily differentiated. The following information can help in distinguishing the two species.
Genetic Distinctions
Goats have 60 chromosomes and sheep have 54. Though very uncommon, fertile goat–sheep hybrids have been reported. These hybrids have 57 chromosomes. The phenomenon is discussed in Chapter 13. Efforts to map the entire goat genome are well advanced (Bickhart et al. 2017).
Behavioral Distinctions
A major difference between sheep and goats is feeding behavior. Sheep are grazing animals, consistently feeding at ground level, while the goat is more of a browsing animal, readily feeding on shrubs, bushes, and trees. While both species are social, individual goats are less anxious than sheep when separated from the group. Goats are less tolerant of rain and more readily seek shelter in wet weather.
The males of both species will fight, buck goats by rearing up on their hind feet and coming down forcefully to butt heads, while rams back up and then charge forward to butt heads. The anatomic structure of the horns, frontal sinuses, and neck muscles of each species is appropriate to its method of fighting, minimizing the risk of injury to combatants (Reed and Schaffer 1972). When young bucks and rams are maintained together, the rams become dominant because they preemptively strike bucks in the abdomen while the male goats are still in the act of rearing up.
Whereas lambs are almost constantly at the side of ewes in early life, goats practice “lying‐out” or “planting” behavior, with kids left in “camps” for a good part of the day while does feed.
