Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering E-Book

Concepción Jiménez-González

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1259

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

The first textbook to fully integrate Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, now in its second edition

Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering addresses key concepts and processes from an industrial and manufacturing perspective. Using an integrated, systems-oriented approach, this invaluable single-volume resource bridges the divide between chemistry, process design, and engineering, as well as environment, health, safety, and life cycle considerations.

This revised new edition discusses trends in chemical processing that can lead to more sustainable practices, explores new methods in the design of greener chemical synthesis, addresses sustainability challenges and implementation issues, and more. Up-to-date examples and new practical exercises based on the broad experience of the authors in applied and fundamental research, corporate consulting, and education are incorporated throughout the text.

Designed to advance green chemistry and green engineering as disciplines in the broader context of sustainability, Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering:

• Illustrates the role of green and sustainable chemistry and engineering in the adoption of sustainable practices
• Describes the components of chemistry supporting the design of sustainable chemical reactions and reaction pathways
• Presents an approach to materials selection promoting the sustainability of chemical synthesis without diminishing efficiency
• Highlights key concepts that support the design of more sustainable chemical processes
• Provides background and context for placing a particular chemical process in the broader chemical enterprise
• Includes access to a companion website with a solutions manual and supplementary resources

Green and Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering: A Practical Design Approach, Second Edition, remains an ideal textbook for graduate and senior-level courses in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and an invaluable reference for chemists and engineers in manufacturing and R&D, especially those working in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

COVER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

PART I: GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING IN THE MOVEMENT TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY

1 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY

1.1 WHY GREEN CHEMISTRY?

1.2 GREEN CHEMISTRY, GREEN ENGINEERING, AND SUSTAINABILITY

1.3 UNTIL DEATH DO US PART: A MARRIAGE OF DISCIPLINES

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

2 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

2.1 GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES

2.2 TWELVE MORE GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES

2.3 TWELVE PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING

2.4 THE SAN DESTIN DECLARATION: PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING

2.5 SIMPLIFYING GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

2.6 ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

3 STARTING WITH THE BASICS: INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE

3.2 HEALTH ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE

3.3 SAFETY ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE

3.4 HAZARD AND RISK

3.5 INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE ON ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, AND SAFETY

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

4 HOW DO WE KNOW IT'S GREEN? A METRICS PRIMER

4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING METRICS

4.2 CHEMISTRY METRICS

4.3 PROCESS METRICS

4.4 COST IMPLICATIONS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY METRICS

4.5 THOUGHTS ON CIRCULARITY

4.6 A FINAL WORD ON GREEN METRICS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

5 SYSTEMS THINKING ESSENTIALS FOR MORE SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING

5.1 SYSTEMS THINKING IN CHEMISTRY

5.2 WHERE SYSTEMS THINKING FITS

5.3 A SYSTEMS THINKING EXAMPLE

5.4 SYSTEMS AND LIFE CYCLE THINKING BACKGROUND

5.5 APPLICATION OF GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY THINKING TO THE SYSTEM

5.6 SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY

5.7 GLOSSARY OF SYSTEMS THINKING TERMS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

PART II: THE BEGINNING: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER, MORE SUSTAINABLE CHEMICAL SYNTHESES

6 ROUTE AND CHEMISTRY SELECTION

6.1 THE CHALLENGE OF SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY

6.2 MAKING MOLECULES

6.3 USING DIFFERENT CHEMISTRIES

6.4 ROUTE STRATEGY

6.5 PROTECTION–DEPROTECTION

6.6 GOING FROM A ROUTE TO A PROCESS

6.7 ADDITIONAL TOOLS FOR GREENER ROUTE AND PROCESS DESIGN

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

7 MATERIAL SELECTION: SOLVENTS, CATALYSTS, AND REAGENTS

7.1 SOLVENTS AND SOLVENT SELECTION STRATEGIES

7.2 CATALYSTS AND CATALYST SELECTION STRATEGIES

7.3 OTHER REAGENTS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

8 REACTION CONDITIONS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY

8.1 STOICHIOMETRY

8.2 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

8.3 TEMPERATURE

8.4 SOLVENT USE

8.5 SOLVENTS AND ENERGY USE

8.6 REACTION AND PROCESSING TIME

8.7 ORDER AND RATE OF REAGENT ADDITION

8.8 MIXING

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

9 BIOPROCESSES

9.1 HOW BIOTECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN USED

9.2 ARE BIOPROCESSES GREEN?

9.3 WHAT IS INVOLVED IN BIOPROCESSING

9.4 EXAMPLES OF PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM BIOPROCESSING

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

PART III: FROM THE FLASK TO THE PLANT: DESIGNING GREENER, SAFER, MORE SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

10 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES

10.1 WHY WE NEED MASS BALANCES, ENERGY BALANCES, AND PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

10.2 TYPES OF PROCESSES

10.3 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

10.4 MASS BALANCES

10.5 ENERGY BALANCES

10.6 MEASURING GREENNESS OF A PROCESS THROUGH ENERGY AND MASS BALANCES

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

11 THE SCALE‐UP EFFECT

11.1 THE SCALE‐UP PROBLEM

11.2 FACTORS AFFECTING SCALE‐UP

11.3 SCALE‐UP TOOLS

11.4 NUMBERING‐UP VS. SCALING‐UP

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

12 REACTORS AND SEPARATIONS

12.1 REACTORS AND SEPARATIONS IN GREEN ENGINEERING

12.2 REACTORS

12.3 SEPARATIONS AND OTHER UNIT OPERATIONS

12.4 BATCH VS. CONTINUOUS PROCESSES

12.5 PROCESS INTENSIFICATION: DOES SIZE MATTER?

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

13 PROCESS SYNTHESIS

13.1 PROCESS SYNTHESIS BACKGROUND

13.2 PROCESS SYNTHESIS APPROACHES AND GREEN ENGINEERING

13.3 EVOLUTIONARY TECHNIQUES

13.4 HEURISTICS METHODS

13.5 HIERARCHICAL DECOMPOSITION

13.6 SUPERSTRUCTURE AND MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

13.7 SYNTHESIS OF SUBSYSTEMS

13.8 PROCESS SYNTHESIS APPLIED TO CIRCULAR ECONOMY

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

14 MASS AND ENERGY INTEGRATION

14.1 PROCESS INTEGRATION: SYNTHESIS, ANALYSIS, AND OPTIMIZATION

14.2 ENERGY INTEGRATION

14.3 MASS INTEGRATION

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

15 INHERENT SAFETY

15.1 INHERENT SAFETY VS. TRADITIONAL PROCESS SAFETY

15.2 INHERENT SAFETY AND INHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN

15.3 INHERENT SAFETY IN ROUTE STRATEGY AND PROCESS DESIGN

15.4 CONCLUSIONS ON INHERENT SAFETY

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

PART IV: EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES

16 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT CONCEPTS

16.1 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT BACKGROUND

16.2 LCI/A METHODOLOGY

16.3 INTERPRETATION: MAKING DECISIONS WITH LCI/A

16.4 STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

17 IMPACTS OF MATERIALS AND PROCUREMENT

17.1 LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

17.2 WHERE CHEMICAL TREES AND SUPPLY CHAINS COME FROM

17.3 GREEN (SUSTAINABLE) PROCUREMENT

17.4 TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

18 IMPACTS OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

18.1 WHERE ENERGY COMES FROM

18.2 ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS AND IMPACTS OF ENERGY GENERATION

18.3 FROM EMISSIONS TO IMPACTS

18.4 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE TREATMENT

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

19 IMPACTS OF WASTE AND WASTE TREATMENT

19.1 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DATA

19.2 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE INFORMATION: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

19.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE INFORMATION: TRANSFORMATION AND DEPLETION MECHANISMS

19.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS INFORMATION

19.5 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT

19.6 ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE CYCLE IMPACTS OF WASTE TREATMENT

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

20 EVALUATING TECHNOLOGIES

20.1 WHY WE NEED TO EVALUATE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES COMPREHENSIVELY

20.2 COMPARING TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES

20.3 ONE WAY TO COMPARE TECHNOLOGIES

20.4 TRADE‐OFFS

20.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF COMPARING TECHNOLOGIES

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

PART V: WHAT LIES AHEAD

21 DESIGN FOR CIRCULARITY

21.1 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY BACKGROUND

21.2 PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, CIRCULARITY, AND DESIGN

21.3 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND CIRCULARITY BY DESIGN

21.4 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND CIRCULARITY IN PRACTICE

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

22 RENEWABLE RESOURCES

22.1 WHY WE NEED RENEWABLE RESOURCES

22.2 RENEWABLE MATERIALS

22.3 THE BIOREFINERY

22.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

23 TYING IT ALL TOGETHER: IS SUSTAINABILITY POSSIBLE?

23.1 HOW MIGHT GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING ENABLE SUSTAINABILITY?

23.2 SUSTAINABILITY: CULTURE AND POLICY

23.3 INFLUENCING SUSTAINABILITY

23.4 MOVING TO ACTION

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

INDEX

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1 Summary of Several Approaches to Sustainable Development Principl...

TABLE 1.2 Issues Related to Sustainability

Chapter 2

TABLE 2.1 Mass Intensity of Various Sectors of the Chemical Industry

TABLE 2.2 Broad Themes in Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Principles...

TABLE 2.3 Mass and Energy Intensity of an iMac

TABLE 2.4 Simplifying Green Chemistry and Engineering Principles

Chapter 3

TABLE 3.1 Direct Global Warming Potentials of Selected Gases (Mass Basis) R...

TABLE 3.2 Ozone Depletion Potential of Selected Gases, Expressed in CFC‐11 ...

TABLE 3.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential Values for Selected Compou...

TABLE 3.4 Acidification Potentials of Selected Compounds

TABLE 3.5 Eutrophication Potentials of Selected Compounds

TABLE 3.6 Potential Pollutants

TABLE 3.7 Calculating Table

TABLE 3.8 Examples of US OSHA PELs for Air Contaminants

TABLE 3.9 Solvents and Reactants

TABLE 3.10 Health Hazards

TABLE 3.11 Basic Safety Considerations for Preventing Accidents in the Work...

TABLE 3.12 Inherent Safety Principles

TABLE 3.13 Phases of Environmental Predictive Risk Assessments

TABLE P3.8 Potential Pollutants (kg/h)

TABLE P3.12 Process Materials

TABLE P3.13 Lifetime Average Daily Doses

TABLE P3.15 Typical Ratios in Municipal Wastewater

Chapter 4

TABLE 4.1 Comparison of Metrics for Different Chemistries

TABLE 4.2 Comparison of Three Different Chemistries with Similar Mass Inten...

TABLE 4.3 Comparing Atom Economy and Mass Productivity for 38 Processes

TABLE 4.4 General Areas of Interest for Process Metrics

TABLE P4.10 Emissions

TABLE P4.12 Amounts of Chemicals

TABLE P4.14 Electronic Tablet Data

TABLE P4.15 Redesign Electronic Tablet Data

Chapter 5

TABLE 5.1 Common Focus Areas when Thinking About Chemical Systems

TABLE 5.2 Characterization of the Tire System Using a Systems Based on Figu...

TABLE 5.3 Sustainable Chemistry Concepts

Chapter 6

TABLE 6.1 Categorizations of Chemistries

TABLE 6.2 Examples of Atom‐Economical and Atom‐Uneconomical Reactions...

TABLE 6.3 Commonly Used Protecting Strategies

Chapter 7

TABLE 7.1 POCPs of Selected Organic Solvents

TABLE 7.2 Acute Toxicity and Log

K

ow

Data for Selected Solvents

TABLE 7.3 Lower and Upper Explosion Limits of Selected Solvents

TABLE 7.4 Several Solvent Selection Tools and Databases

TABLE 7.5 Solvent Scores

TABLE 7.6 Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Catalysts from a Green ...

TABLE 7.7 Selectivities of Natural Zeolite Catalysts for the Isopropylation...

TABLE 7.8 Examples of Types of Chemicals Used in Catalysis

TABLE 7.9 Applications of Phase‐Transfer Catalysts

TABLE 7.10 Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysts

TABLE 7.11 Material Use

TABLE 7.12 Comparison of Mass Intensities and Efficiencies

TABLE P7.12 Catalyst TOFs

Chapter 8

TABLE 8.1 Nitration of Aromatics with Catalytic Quantities of Yb(OTf)

3

a

...

TABLE 8.2 Recycled Ytterbium(III) Triflate for the Nitration of

m

‐Xylene...

TABLE 8.3 Strategies That Chemists Might Employ for Solvent Reduction

TABLE 8.4 Heating Requirements

TABLE P8.3 Recipe for One‐Pot Synthesis

TABLE P8.5A Bromination of Phenyl Acetate in the Presence of Various Cataly...

TABLE P8.5B Effect of Bases on the Selectivity of Bromination of 1

a

TABLE P8.5C Additions to Reaction

a

Chapter 9

TABLE 9.1 Use of Bioprocessing in Industry

TABLE 9.2 Market Overview for Key Fermentation Products in 2013 and Annual ...

TABLE 9.3 Principles of Green Chemistry and Potential Biotechnology Deliver...

TABLE 9.4 Characteristics of Commonly Used Fermentation Carbon Source Subst...

TABLE 9.5 Characteristics of Commonly Used Fermentation Nitrogen Source Sub...

TABLE 9.6 Cost and Environmental Benefits Reported from Case Studies of the...

TABLE 9.7 Process Comparison

TABLE 9.8 Process Comparison

TABLE 9.9 Characteristics of Biocatalysts

TABLE 9.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysts

TABLE 9.11 Overview of Recent API Syntheses Using Enzyme Cascades

TABLE P9.7A Mass Balance

TABLE P9.7B Energy Use

TABLE P9.8 Material Balance

TABLE P9.12 E‐factors of Three Pharmaceutical Products

TABLE P9.13 Bio‐based Plastics

Chapter 10

TABLE 10.1 Data for Example 10.6

TABLE 10.2 Sample Calculation

TABLE 10.3 Mass and Energy Balance Metrics

TABLE P10.7 Thermodynamic Values

TABLE P10.17 Energy Requirements

Chapter 11

TABLE 11.1 Reported Catalyst Scale‐up Problems and Factors Affecting Scale‐...

TABLE 11.2 Potential Strategies to Address Scale‐up Issues and Their Negati...

TABLE P11.9 Comparison of Parameters 1,000‐gal Reactor 2‐gal Reactor...

Chapter 12

TABLE 12.1 Some Factors Influencing Reactor Selection

TABLE 12.2 Questions to Consider During Reactor Design and Selection to Int...

TABLE 12.3 Some Characteristics of Microwave Reactors

TABLE 12.4 Examples of Less Traditional Reaction Technologies and Their Pot...

TABLE 12.5 Advantages of Green Engineering Principles

TABLE 12.6 Examples of Questions to Consider During Unit Operation Design a...

TABLE 12.7 Comparison of Options

TABLE 12.8 Potential Green Engineering Advantages and Disadvantages of Proc...

TABLE 12.9 Motivations and Barriers to the Implementation of Process Intens...

TABLE 12.10 Green Chemistry/Green Engineering Benefits Intensified Mixing T...

TABLE 12.11 Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Microreactors

TABLE 12.12 Reactor System Characteristics

TABLE 12.13 Metric Comparison

TABLE 12.14 Some Characteristics, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Spinning...

TABLE 12.15 Comparison Test

TABLE 12.16 Comparison Data

TABLE 12.17 Mass Intensity Data

TABLE P12.17 Study Results

TABLE P12.19 Minireactor Characteristics

TABLE P12.20 Comparison Characteristics

Chapter 13

TABLE 13.1 Evolution of Chemical Process Synthesis from the Perspective of ...

TABLE 13.2 Principal Indicators

TABLE 13.3 Operation Indicators for Batch Processes

TABLE 13.4 Heuristic Principles

TABLE 13.5 Paraffin/Olefin Data

TABLE 13.6 Summary of Decisions or Information Needed for Waste Minimizatio...

TABLE 13.7 Alternatives at Level 2

TABLE P13.2 Data for Compounds in Open and Closed Paths

TABLE P13.3 Indicator Values for Various Paths

TABLE P13.5 Hydrocarbon Data

TABLE P13.7 Effluent Data

Chapter 14

TABLE 14.1 Description of Streams

TABLE 14.2 Heat Capacity Calculations

TABLE 14.3 Temperature Interval Diagram

TABLE 14.4 Heat Loads

TABLE 14.5 Example of Mass Exchange Units

TABLE 14.6 Stream Data

TABLE 14.7 Stream Data

TABLE 14.8 Interval Data

TABLE 14.9 Exchangeable Loads Data

TABLE 14.10 Examples of Mass Exchange Network Applications

TABLE 14.11 Sink/Source Data

TABLE 14.12 Plot Point Data

TABLE P14.5 Stream Heat Data

TABLE P14.7 Stream Heat Data

TABLE P14.8 Stream Temperature/Composition Data

TABLE P14.10 Resource and Emission Data

TABLE P14.13 Wastewater and Process Stream Data

TABLE P14.14 Source/Sink Data

Chapter 15

TABLE 15.1 Inherent Safety Principles Considered in First Project Stages

TABLE 15.2 Tools for Developing Better Process Safety Understanding

TABLE P15.7

Chapter 16

TABLE 16.1 ISO Requirements During Scope Definition of an LCI/A

TABLE 16.2 Characterization of the Tire System Using a Systems and Life Cyc...

TABLE 16.3 Mass Balance of Chemicals in Each Process Stream for 3‐Pentanone...

TABLE 16.4 Energy Input for Each Unit Process, Cumulative Energy Requiremen...

TABLE 16.5 3‐Pentanone Cradle‐to‐Gate Summary Including Energy‐Related Emis...

TABLE 16.6 Some Examples of Commonly Used Life Cycle Impact Assessment Meth...

TABLE 16.7 Qualitative Comparison of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Results f...

TABLE 16.8 Various Names for Total Cost Assessment

TABLE 16.9 Total Cost Assessment Cost Types

TABLE 16.10 Effective Use of TCA

TABLE 16.11 Reaction Condition Results

TABLE P16.12 Cradle‐to‐Gate Results

TABLE P16.13 Gate‐to‐Gate Estimation

TABLE P16.17 Material Costs

Chapter 17

TABLE 17.1 Raw Materials

TABLE 17.2 FLASC estimations for the Chemical Route of Example

a

TABLE 17.3 EPA Principles on Environmentally Preferable Purchasing

TABLE 17.4 Supply Chain Sustainability U.N. Global Compact Principles

TABLE 17.5 Six Sins of Greenwashing

TABLE 17.6 Suggestions as to How to Avoid the Sins of Greenwashing

TABLE 17.7 Aggregate U.S. Transportation Data by Industry, 2017

TABLE 17.8 Selected Life Cycle Inventory Emissions for Transport by Truck, ...

TABLE 17.9 Estimated Emissions

Chapter 18

TABLE 18.1 Summary of Energy Requirements

TABLE 18.2 Direct Energy Sources

TABLE 18.3 Energy Requirements for Gate‐to‐Gate Production of Chemicals...

TABLE 18.4 Energy Requirements

TABLE 18.5 Energy Submodules: Rule of Thumb for Operating Temperature Range...

TABLE 18.6 Selected Life Cycle Inventory Parameters for Electricity Product...

TABLE 18.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP) for Electricity Production in Sel...

TABLE 18.8 Major Emissions Related to Electricity (g/1,000 kg 3‐pentanone)...

TABLE 18.9 Selected Gate‐to‐Gate Life Cycle Inventory Parameters for Steam ...

TABLE 18.10 Selected Cradle‐to‐Gate Life Cycle Inventory Parameters for Ste...

TABLE 18.11 Selected Cradle‐to‐Gate Life Cycle Inventory Parameters for Hea...

TABLE 18.12 Emission Profile Estimate

TABLE 18.13 Selected Cradle‐to‐Gate Life Cycle Inventory Parameters for Coo...

TABLE 18.14 Typical Temperature Ranges of Some Heat Transfer Fluids

TABLE 18.15 Selected Cradle‐to‐Gate Life Cycle Inventory Parameters Using a...

TABLE P18.7 Energy Requirements

TABLE P18.11 Energy Requirements

Chapter 19

TABLE 19.1 Fate and Effects Parameters and Typical Expected Ranges

TABLE 19.2 Examples of Inferences Based on Fate Data

a

TABLE 19.3 Wastewater Treatment Model for an API

TABLE 19.4 Acute Aquatic Toxicity Data and Their Interpretation

TABLE 19.5 Vapor Pressure and Volatilization Half‐Lives of Selected Chemica...

TABLE 19.6 Log

D

ow

of Selected Chemicals and Fate Inferences

TABLE 19.7 Compound Attributes

TABLE 19.8 Aquatic Biodegradation Data and Their Interpretation

TABLE 19.9 Respiration Inhibition IC50 Interpretation

TABLE 19.10 Phases of Environmental Predictive Risk Assessments

TABLE 19.11 Sources of Predictions for Potential Adverse Effects in Differe...

TABLE 19.12 Example of Selected LCI Emissions (kg) from Treating 1 kg of TO...

TABLE 19.13 Example of Selected LCI Emissions from Treatment in 1,000 kg of...

TABLE 19.14 Change in Selected LCI Parameters for the Use of 1 Metric Ton o...

TABLE 19.15 Top Ten Solvents

TABLE 19.16 Rules of Thumb for Selecting the Treatment/Recovery Technology ...

TABLE 19.17 Sample of Results

TABLE P19.12 Solvent Data

Chapter 20

TABLE 20.1 Examples of Mass and Energy Metris

TABLE 20.2 Color Code for Comparative Ranking

TABLE 20.3 Laboratory Conditions

TABLE 20.4 Mass Metric Results

TABLE 20.5 Energy Requirement Results

TABLE 20.6 LCI for Selected Solvent and Energy

TABLE 20.7 Color‐Coded Ranking

TABLE 20.8 Technology Comparison

TABLE P20.3 Metrics for API Production

TABLE P20.5 Reactor System Characteristics

TABLE P20.6 Data for Equipment Comparison

Chapter 21

TABLE 21.1 Traditional Product Design Goals

TABLE 21.2 Recycling Options for Various Materials

TABLE 21.3 Goals in Design for the Environment

Chapter 22

TABLE 22.1 U.S. and European Union Goals for the Use of Renewable Resources...

TABLE 22.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Biotech Route

TABLE 22.3 Common Renewably Derived Products and Their Feedstocks

TABLE 22.4 Derivative and Applications of Several Bio‐based Chemicals

TABLE 22.5 Composition of Hops

TABLE 22.6 Chemical Building Blocks Derived from Biomass

TABLE 22.7 Biomass Energy Production by Category for the United States in 2...

TABLE 22.8 Savings from the Use of Wood

TABLE 22.9 Some Renewable Energy Sources, Their Potential Barriers, and Pot...

TABLE P22.6 Syngas Production Processes

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.1 Simplified vision of some of the challenges and realities of desi...

FIGURE 1.2 Spheres of action of sustainability.

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.1 Chronological representation of environmental laws.

FIGURE 2.2 Some of the many products in use.

FIGURE 2.3 Fate and effects of a common household detergent.

FIGURE P2.9 Atmospheric distillation followed by vapor permeation.

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.1 Factors in setting occupational exposure limits.

FIGURE 3.2 Nodes analyzed in a HAZOP of a pilot plant hydrogenation system. ...

FIGURE 3.3 Screenshot of a HAZOP study showing the outcome of one deviation ...

FIGURE P3.3

Chapter 4

FIGURE 4.1 Interrelationships between process metrics categories.

FIGURE 4.2 Generic example of hazard scoring for process materials.

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5.1 Where systems thinking fits in green chemistry and engineering an...

FIGURE 5.2 Process for defining a chemistry‐specific system from Constable e...

FIGURE 5.3 Systems‐oriented concept map extension (SOCME) for a tire system....

FIGURE 5.4 Life cycle inventory/assessment for acetone production. Box (a): ...

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6.1 Example of chemistry types ranked by their relative greenness.

FIGURE 6.2 Process flow diagram for a single reaction step.

FIGURE 6.3 Venn diagram for the American Chemical Society’s Green Chemistry ...

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7.1 Some solvent uses and examples of applications.

FIGURE 7.2 The goal is to select a solvent that promotes chemical reactivity...

FIGURE 7.3 Chemical tree of ethyl ether. Each block in the tree represents a...

FIGURE 7.4 General iterative solvent selection process.

FIGURE 7.5 Solvent properties and their role in solvent selection.

FIGURE 7.6 PCA used for solvent selection. Each dot represents a solvent in ...

FIGURE 7.7 Mechanism‐based solvent selection procedure (Britest Ltd., http:/...

FIGURE 7.8 GlaxoSmithKline’s solvent selection guide (http://www.gsk.com)....

FIGURE 7.9 Methodology to select green solvents for organic reactions using ...

FIGURE 7.10 Screen shot of a CAMD search using ProCAMD software.

FIGURE 7.11 Catalyst effect on activation energy of a reaction. Note that th...

FIGURE 7.12 General classification of catalysts.

FIGURE 7.13 Industrial processes using acid–base catalysts.

FIGURE 7.14 Type of catalysts used in industrial processes.

Chapter 8

FIGURE 8.1 (a) Simple 2‐level factorial design of experiment; (b) response s...

FIGURE 8.2 Figure for Example 8.4. Holding a reaction at reflux.

Chapter 9

FIGURE 9.1 Simplified graphic representation of a bioprocess.

FIGURE 9.2 Chemical (a) and biocatalytic (b) routes for 7‐ACA.

FIGURE 9.3 Petrochemical process for polylactic acid.

FIGURE 9.4 Polylactic acid production.

FIGURE 9.5 Solvent use of the chemical (a) and biocatalytic (b) routes to Pf...

FIGURE 9.6 Comparison of chemical and biocatalytic routes to Molnupiravir....

FIGURE P9.8

FIGURE P9.10

Chapter 10

FIGURE 10.1 Block diagram (a) and process flow diagram (b) for Example 10.1....

FIGURE 10.2 Common symbols used in process flow diagrams.

FIGURE 10.3 Block diagram for Example 10.2.

FIGURE 10.4 Two different system boundaries for the same 3‐pentanone process...

FIGURE 10.5 Process flow diagram for hypochlorous acid, Example 10.5.

FIGURE 10.6 Changes in temperature at a constant volume.

FIGURE 10.7 Changes in temperature at a constant volume Example 10.8.

FIGURE 10.8 Heats of reaction.

FIGURE 10.9 Block flow diagram for the chemical synthesis of 7‐ACA.

FIGURE P10.10 Distillation column.

FIGURE P10.17 Process flow diagram for Problem 10.17.

Chapter 11

FIGURE 11.1 Activated carbon adsorption process.

FIGURE 11.2 Scale‐up process and how the various tools interact to provide t...

FIGURE 11.3 Scaling‐up (a) vs. numbering‐up (b).

Chapter 12

FIGURE 12.1 Reactor configurations.

FIGURE 12.2 Some characteristics of fluid processing reactors in relationshi...

FIGURE 12.3 Examples of separations and size reduction/augmentation unit ope...

FIGURE 12.4 Mass balance for azeoptropic distillation of Example 12.5.

FIGURE 12.5 Mass balance for extractive distillation of Example 12.5.

FIGURE 12.6 Mass balance for pervaporation of Example 12.5.

FIGURE 12.7 Some areas of process intensification.

FIGURE 12.8 Illustrative schemes for static (a), Y‐shaped jet (b), and vorte...

FIGURE 12.9 Microchannel reactor. The reaction zones are darker than the hea...

FIGURE 12.10 Spinning disk reactor.

FIGURE 12.11 Spinning tube‐in‐tube reactor.

FIGURE 12.12 Oscillatory flow reactor.

FIGURE 12.13 Rotating packing bed.

FIGURE 12.14 Carbon dioxide emissions for Example 12.8, estimated using a st...

FIGURE P12.21

FIGURE P12.23

Chapter 13

FIGURE 13.1 (a) Ideal reaction situation, where there is no waste and thus n...

FIGURE 13.2 Separation sequences for the simple hypothetical example of Figu...

FIGURE 13.3 Process synthesis approaches.

FIGURE 13.4 Flowsheet decomposition for a continuous process and a batch pro...

FIGURE 13.5 Operational variables for best improvement during the generation...

FIGURE 13.6 Representation of the vinyl chloride monomer process and output ...

FIGURE 13.7 Fermentation section of the insulin production process.

FIGURE 13.8 Insulin fermentation process used for the flowsheet decompositio...

FIGURE 13.9 Proposed separation sequence

FIGURE 13.10 Linnhoff's onion diagram used to decompose the design process....

FIGURE 13.11 Example of a superstructure generated to represent two alternat...

FIGURE 13.12 Simplified representation of the reduced superstructure for Exa...

FIGURE P13.2

FIGURE P13.3

Chapter 14

FIGURE 14.1 Pinch diagram with hot and cold composite curves, ΔQH is externa...

FIGURE 14.2 Grid diagram representing hot streams, cold streams, heat exchan...

FIGURE 14.3 Simple reaction system for Example 14.1.

FIGURE 14.4 Building hot composite curves.

FIGURE 14.5 Pinch diagram for Example 14.1: (a) thermal pinch, (b) the graph...

FIGURE 14.6 Cascade Example diagrams for 14.2. All amounts in kJ/h.

FIGURE 14.7 Equilibrium in a mass exchange unit using a mass separating agen...

FIGURE 14.8 Phenol recovery using polymeric resins.

FIGURE 14.9 Cascade diagram for mass integration in Example 14.3. Amounts in...

FIGURE 14.10 Recycle/reuse pinch diagram for Example 14.4.

FIGURE P14.4

FIGURE P14.8

Chapter 15

FIGURE 15.1 Layers of protection in classic chemical plant safety.

FIGURE 15.2 Traditional vs. inherent safety approach.

FIGURE 15.3 (a) Pollution prevention hierarchy; (b) inherent safety hierarch...

FIGURE 15.4 Flowchart for integrating IS into route strategy and process des...

FIGURE 15.5 Material‐centric methodology for integrating pollution preventio...

FIGURE 15.6 Flowchart for process design decision making.

FIGURE 15.7 Interaction matrix: example of all interactions safe.

FIGURE P15.1 (a) Batch reactor; (b) continuous tank reactor.

FIGURE P15.4 (a) Batch emulsion process; (b) loop reactor.

FIGURE P15.8

Chapter 16

FIGURE 16.1 Life cycle inventory and assessment. Including all the phases in...

FIGURE 16.2 Phases of an LCI/A.

FIGURE 16.3 Chemical tree for the production of 3‐pentanone. All figures in ...

FIGURE 16.4 Process flow diagram, 3‐pentanone manufacture, for Example 16.3....

FIGURE 16.5 Representation of a chain/network of effects (a) and an example ...

FIGURE 16.6 Examples of an industrial application of most of the elements of...

FIGURE 16.7 Examples of a quality analysis. Sensitivity analysis on the effe...

FIGURE 16.8 System boundaries for the life cycle assessment of an API.

FIGURE 16.9 Comparison of selected life cycle inventory results for the five...

FIGURE 16.10 Results of the life cycle impact assessment for Example 16.3 us...

FIGURE 16.11 Cradle‐to‐gate LCA pretreatment contributions of solvent manufa...

FIGURE 16.12 Cradle‐to‐gate LCA posttreatment contributions of energy, produ...

FIGURE 16.13 Impact of X compared to Y. The hatched portion of the emission ...

FIGURE 16.14 Break‐even analysis of an LCA score that shows the environmenta...

FIGURE 16.15 Ecoefficiency and footprint comparisons for the BASF example....

FIGURE 16.16 Some of the results of the life cycle assessment for the ibupro...

FIGURE 16.17 Output of a streamlined life cycle assessment tool used to comp...

Chapter 17

FIGURE 17.1 Life cycle management as building the operational side of life c...

FIGURE 17.2 Chemical tree of tetrahydrofuran derived from natural sources.

FIGURE 17.3 Chemical tree of tetrahydrofuran derived from a synthetic route....

FIGURE 17.4 One route to producing a fine chemical product used in the manuf...

FIGURE 17.5 Potential pathways for a simple supply chain.

FIGURE 17.6 High‐level output of the streamlined LCA for Example 17.2 (FLASC...

FIGURE 17.7 Some environmental labels.

FIGURE 17.8 Contribution of total GHG emissions for food consumption in an a...

FIGURE 17.9 Relative pretreatment contributions of process‐, energy‐, and tr...

FIGURE P17.11 Symbol in the container.

Chapter 18

FIGURE 18.1 Potential energy paths in a chemical process. Primary energy car...

FIGURE 18.2 Contributions to the U.S. electricity grid for 2021 by geographi...

FIGURE 18.3 Basic flow of electricity, including generation, transmission, a...

FIGURE 18.4 Typical mass and energy flows to produce steam.

FIGURE 18.5 Mass and energy flows for a typical cooling water cycle.

FIGURE 18.6 Mass and energy flows for a typical refrigeration cycle.

FIGURE 18.7 Mass and energy flows for a typical heat transfer fluid that is ...

FIGURE 18.8 Life cycle assessment impacts for energy requirements in kg of e...

FIGURE 18.9 Contributions to air, water, and solid life cycle inventory emis...

FIGURE 18.10 Graphic representation of some potential energy paths in a chem...

Chapter 19

FIGURE 19.1 Model ecosystem.

FIGURE 19.2 Sample UV/visible spectrum.

FIGURE 19.3 Predictive ecological risk assessment.

FIGURE 19.4 Environmental impacts of waste treatment and recovery technologi...

FIGURE 19.5 Examples of inputs and outputs of a wastewater treatment Plant (...

FIGURE 19.6 Results of TRI modeling for incineration with no energy recovery...

FIGURE 19.7 Total waste credits estimated by recovering 1 kg of THF.

FIGURE 19.8 Results from Example 19.5.

FIGURE P19.11 Manufacturing plant alternatives.

Chapter 20

FIGURE 20.1 Technology comparison: metrics and categories.

Chapter 21

FIGURE 21.1 Linear production and waste.

FIGURE 21.2 Type I, II, and III, systems.

FIGURE 21.3 Idealized industrial ecology production model.

FIGURE 21.4 Visualization of the concept of circular economy.

FIGURE 21.5 R framework of circular economy.

FIGURE 21.6 XEROX equipment recovery and parts reuse/recycle process.

Chapter 22

FIGURE 22.1 Bioprocesses (a) might present an opportunity to close the cycle...

FIGURE 22.2 Materials that can be derived from biomass.

FIGURE 22.3 Potential products of a biorefinery from several biomass sources...

FIGURE 22.4 Some hops derivatives for brewing and nonbrewing applications.

FIGURE 22.5 Renewable energy sources.

FIGURE 22.6 Estimates of global energy generation growth 2020 through 2050....

FIGURE 22.7 Net onshore wind capacity additions by country or region, 2022–2...

FIGURE 22.8 Share of cumulative power capacity by technology, 2010–2027.

Chapter 23

FIGURE 23.1 Balancing the sustainability table.

FIGURE 23.2 Areas of influence.

FIGURE 23.3 Examples of tools to influence sustainability.

Guide

COVER PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

LIST OF FIGURES

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

BEGIN READING

INDEX

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING

A Practical Design Approach

SECOND EDITION

CONCEPCIÓN JIMÉNEZ‐GONZÁLEZ

GSKDurham, NC, USA

DAVID J. C. CONSTABLE

American Chemical Society (Retired)Washington, USA

Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence technologies or similar technologies.

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. Concepción “Conchita” Jiménez‐González is currently Vice President, Head of R&D Environment, Health, Safety, and Sustainability at GSK, where she has held various roles of increasing responsibility throughout 20+ years. In her current role, she is responsible for embedding a safety culture and sustainability principles into the Research and Development operations at GSK. She is an adjunct professor at North Carolina State University (NCSU) teaching a Green Chemical Engineering class. She has been an active contributor in the fields of sustainability, life cycle assessment, green engineering, material selection, green technologies, and energy optimization, much of this is a result of her GSK’s work. Prior to joining GSK, she was program manager, full‐time researcher, and professor at the Environmental Quality Center and the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tecnológico de Monterrey (previously ITESM, México). She was also a visiting researcher at Pfizer in Groton, CT, a visiting faculty in the Environmental Engineering graduate program at the Saltillo Institute of Technology, Mexico, and a consultant in Environmental Engineering. She received her B.S. in Chemical and Industrial Engineering from the Chihuahua Institute of Technology, Mexico; M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Superior Education (ITESM), Monterrey, Mexico; PhD in Chemical Engineering from NCSU, and MBA also from NCSU. Following the Spanish tradition, she is also known as Conchita.

Dr. David J. Chichester‐Constable is currently retired. From January 2013 to December 2022, David worked for the American Chemical Society as Director and Science Director of the Green Chemistry Institute. In this role, David contributed to advancing the science and practice of Sustainable and Green Chemistry and Engineering. Prior to joining the ACS, David served as Vice President of Energy, Environment, Safety and Health at Lockheed Martin for three years. Before joining Lockheed Martin, he worked in GlaxoSmithKline for over 17 years in various positions of increasing responsibility in environmental fate and effects testing, product stewardship, green chemistry and technology, life cycle inventory/assessment, and sustainable development. He also spent 6 ½ years at ICI Americas, heading a laboratory that developed sampling and analytical methods for environmental and human exposure studies. David holds a B.S. in Environmental Studies, Air and Water Pollution from the Slippery Rock University, PA, and a PhD in Chemistry from the University of Connecticut. He has taught a course in Green Chemistry at Rowan University, NJ, and has published in various areas such as analytical chemistry, environmental fate and effects, material selection, and green chemistry and technology and sustainability.

PREFACE