Handbook of Fibrous Materials, 2 Volumes E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1861

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

Edited by a leading expert in the field with contributions from experienced researchers in fibers and textiles, this handbook reviews the current state of fibrous materials and provides a broad overview of their use in research and development. Volume One focuses on the classes of fibers, their production and characterization, while the second volume concentrates on their applications, including emerging ones in the areas of energy, environmental science and healthcare.
Unparalleled knowledge of high relevance to academia and industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Preface

1 Fundamentals of the Fibrous Materials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Historical Evolution of Fibers

1.3 Classification of Fibrous Materials

1.4 Fundamental Characteristics of Fibrous Materials

1.5 Morphological and Structural Properties of Fibrous Materials

1.6 Essential or Fundamental Properties of Fibrous Materials

1.7 Textile Processing

1.8 Textile Applications

References

2 Animal Fibers: Wool

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Classification of Wools

2.3 Processing of Wool Fibers and Yarns

2.4 Chemical Compositions and Structural Characteristics of Wool

2.5 Properties of Wool

2.6 Quality Inspection and Evaluation of Wools

2.7 Shape Memory Properties of Wool

2.8 Future Trends of Application of Wool Keratin

References

3 Animal Fibers: Silk

3.1 Introduction to Silk and Silk Industry

3.2 Types of Silk and Their Importance

3.3 Future Trends

3.4 Summary

References

4 Cellulose Fibers

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structure and Biosynthesis of Cellulose

4.3 Nanoscaled Cellulose Fibers

4.4 Submicron-Scaled Cellulose Fibers

4.5 Macroscaled Cellulose Fibers

4.6 Applications of Cellulose Fibers

4.7 Conclusion and Perspectives

References

5 Chitosan Fibers

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Extraction/Modification of Chitosan

5.3 Fibers from Chitosan

5.4 Electrospun Chitosan Fibers

5.5 Regenerated Chitosan Fibers

5.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

6 Collagen Fibers

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Source and Structure of CF

6.3 Isolation of Natural CF

6.4 Spinning of CF

6.5 Application of CF

6.6 Perspectives

References

7 Electrospun Fibers for Filtration

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fabrication Technologies

7.3 Principles and Theories

7.4 Structure and Properties

7.5 Application of Nanofibrous Membranes in Air Filtration

7.6 Future Trends

References

8 Aramid Fibers

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Preparation of Aromatic Polyamides

8.3 Aramid Solutions

8.4 Spinning of Aramid Fibers

8.5 Influence of Structure on Properties

8.6 Applications

8.7 Future Trends

References

9 Conductive Fibers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Production of Conductive Fibers: Principles and Technologies

9.3 Integration of Conductivity into Textile Structures

9.4 Applications/Examples

References

10 Phase Change Fibers

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

10.3 Phase Change Fibers

10.4 Phase Change Fibers for Advanced Material Applications

10.5 Summary

References

11 Bicomponent Fibers

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Bicomponent Fiber Spinning Technologies

11.3 Principles and Theories of Bicomponent Spinning

11.4 Post-treatment of Bicomponent Fibers

11.5 Applications of Bicomponent Fibers

References

12 Superabsorbent Fibers

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Overview of Superabsorbent Fibers

12.3 Application

12.4 Future Scope and Challenges Ahead

12.5 Summary

References

13 Elastic Fibers

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Structure, Principles, and Characteristics

13.3 New Development of Elastic Fibers

13.4 Evaluation and Application

13.5 Future Trends

References

14 Smart Fibers

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Raw Materials and Preparation

14.3 Structure and Properties

14.4 Principles and Theories

14.5 Applications

14.6 Future Trends

References

15 Optical Fibers

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Fundamentals of Fiber Optics

15.3 Optical Fiber Sensor

15.4 Healthcare Monitoring by Using FBG Sensor

15.5 Future Trends: As the Summary

References

16 Memory Fibers

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Morphology and Molecular Mechanism of Memory Polymers

16.3 Evaluation of Shape Memory Properties

16.4 Memory Polymers As Fibers (MPFs)

16.5 Novel Stress Memory Behavior in MPs

16.6 Stress Memory Behavior in Memory Fibers

16.7 Techniques of Characterization for Memory Fibers

16.8 Potential Application of Stress Memory Fiber/Filaments

16.9 Recent Advances in MP Fibers

16.10 Future Trends

References

17 Textile Mechanics: Fibers and Yarns

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Fiber

17.3 Strength Contributing Fiber Parameters

17.4 Mechanical Properties of Fiber

17.5 Yarn Classification

17.6 Yarn Construction

References

18 Textile Mechanics: Woven Fabrics

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Woven Fabrics Geometrical Models

18.3 Woven Fabric Mechanics, Theories, and Methodologies

18.4 Mathematical Modeling of Woven Fabric Constitutive Laws

18.5 Conclusion

References

19 Fabric Making Technologies

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Weaving

19.3 Knitting

19.4 Nonwovens

19.5 Braiding

19.6 Future Trends

References

20 Chemical Characterization of Fibrous Materials

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Chemical Finishing of Fibrous Materials for Advanced Applications

20.3 Principles and Methods in Chemical Characterization of Fibrous Materials

20.4 Performance, Evaluations, and Applications of Chemical Treatment on Fibrous Materials

20.5 Performance Tests

20.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

21 Soft Computing in Fibrous Materials

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Soft Computing Techniques

21.3 Applications of Soft Computing in Fibrous Materials

21.4 Conclusions

References

22 Fiber-Shaped Electronic Devices

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Fiber-Shaped Electronic Devices

22.3 Electrode Materials

22.4 Applications

22.5 Conclusions

References

23 Fibers for Optical Textiles

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Principles of Fibers Optics

23.3 Materials of POF

23.4 Side-Emitting POF

23.5 Properties of POF

23.6 Illumination Systems Using POF

23.7 LIHS Applications

23.8 Conclusion

References

24 Fibers as Energy Materials

24.1 Introduction to Fibers as Energy Materials

24.2 Fundamental Principles

24.3 Characterization, Structure, and Fabrication of Fibrous Energy Materials

24.4 Applications to Batteries, Supercapacitors, and Energy Harvesting

24.5 Future Trends

References

25 Fiber-Based Sensors and Actuators

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Fibers as Actuators and Sensors

25.3 Fundamental Principle and Types of Fiber Actuators

25.4 Fundamental Principle and Types of Fiber Sensors

25.5 Conclusions and Outlook

References

26 Textile-Based Electronics: Polymer-Assisted Metal Deposition (PAMD)

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Polymer-Assisted Metal Deposition (PAMD)

26.3 Strategy to Fabricate Patterned Metallic Traces in PAMD

26.4 Applications in Textile-Based Electronics

26.5 Conclusion, Future Outlook, and Challenges

References

27 Fibers for Medical Compression

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Compression Therapy

27.3 Role of Fibers in Compression Therapy

27.4 Theoretical Insights into Pressure Prediction

27.5 Fibrous Material and Construction Used in Compression and Their Performance

27.6 Innovation in Compression Products

27.7 Shape Memory Fibers for Compression

27.8 Conclusions

References

28 Electrospun Nanofibers for Environmental Protection: Water Purification

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Characters of Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffold

28.3 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibrous Composite Membranes

28.4 Conclusions

28.5 Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

29 Fibers for Filtration

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Filtration and Filter Media

29.3 Fibrous Materials as Filter Media

29.4 Forms of Fibrous Substrates for Filtration

29.5 Fibers in Filtration Applications

29.6 Factors Governing the Performance of Fibrous Filter Media

29.7 Characterization of Filter Media

29.8 Future Prospects

References

30 Fibrous Materials for Thermal Protection

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Performance Requirements of Thermal Protective Clothing

30.3 Fibrous Materials Suitable for Thermal Protection

30.4 Performance Standards and Evaluation Method Development

30.5 Influencing Factors of Thermal Protective Performance

30.6 Future Trends

References

31 Comfort Management of Fibrous Materials

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Human Thermal Regulation and Heat Transfer Mechanisms

31.3 Clothing Comfort

31.4 Heat and Moisture Transfer Through Textiles

31.5 Assessment of Materials and Clothing

31.6 Fabric and Thermal Comfort

31.7 Personal Conditioning Clothing for Improving Wear Comfort

31.8 Conclusions

References

32 Fibers for Radiation Protection

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Structures and Properties of Fibers for Radiation Protection

32.3 Functions, Performance, Evaluations, and Applications

32.4 Future Trends

Acknowledgments

References

33 Fibrous Materials for Antimicrobial Applications

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Quaternary Ammonium Compound Modified Fabrics

33.3 N-Halamine Modified Fabrics

33.4 Metals and Metal Oxide Modified Fabrics

33.5 Photoactive Chemical Modified Fabrics

33.6 Natural Antimicrobial Polymers

33.7 Conclusions

References

34 Fibers for Auxetic Applications

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Auxetic Structures and Geometries

34.3 Auxetic Polymeric Fibers and Materials

34.4 Properties and Applications of Auxetic Fibers

34.5 Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Properties of different types of textile fiber [6, 26, 30, 31].

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Quality of main China's wools.

Table 2.2 Type and property of wools from the main production country.

Table 2.3 Content (%) of α-amino acids in natural proteins.

Table 2.4 Relationship of wool quality count and average diameter of China's ...

Table 2.5 Lipid content (%) of wool fiber.

Table 2.6 Physical requirements of wool worsted fabric.

Table 2.7 Color fastness requirements of wool worsted fabric.

Table 2.8 Dimensional stability to washing requirements of worsted wool fabri...

Table 2.9 Appearance of defects, evaluation, and grading of wool worsted prod...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Amino acid composition of fibroin and sericin.

Table 3.2 World raw silk production (tonnes).

Table 3.3 Amino acid composition of silk fibers.

Table 3.4 Mechanical properties of different varieties of silk.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Degrees of crystallinity (

x

c

), crystallite sizes (

D

(

hkl

)

), and late...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Sources used for production of chitosan.

Table 5.2 Common solvent/solvent mixtures used to dissolve chitosan.

Table 5.3 Various forms and applications of chitosan.

Table 5.4 Comparison of the apparent viscosities (cP) of extracted and commer...

Table 5.5 Characteristics of the chitosan extracted from

Metapenaeus stebbingi

Table 5.6 Comparison of the properties of chitosan obtained using the convent...

Table 5.7 Properties of various forms of chemically modified chitosans.

Table 5.8 Variations in the properties of chitosan filaments with change in s...

Table 5.9 Tensile properties of chitosan films in the dry and wet condition.

Table 5.10 The variation of dry fiber mechanical properties with concentratio...

Table 5.11 Comparison of the properties of cellulose/

O

-hydroxyethyl chitosan ...

Table 5.12 Properties of papain purified using the chitosan/nylon hybrid fibe...

Table 5.13 Some properties of chitosan solutions containing hydroxyapatite (H...

Table 5.14 Influence of HAp, β-TCP, and HAp/ β-TCP on the mechanical properti...

Table 5.15 Effect of various conditions on the removal efficiency of Cu(II) b...

Table 5.16 Antioxidant activity of chitosan fibers grafted with various flavo...

Table 5.17 Examples of methods used to process chitosan into nanofibers and t...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Polymerization conditions for certain copolyaramids.

Table 8.2 Properties of some aramids.

Table 8.3 Various applications of aramids.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Conductivity of different materials from conductive to insulation.

Table 9.2 Examples on conductive fibers/yarns/fabrics with best achieved cond...

Table 9.3 Stages of integration of conductivity in textile material and their...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Melting point temperature and latent heat of absorption for variou...

Table 10.2 Key advantages and disadvantages of organic PCMs.

Table 10.3 Major advantages and disadvantages of inorganic PCMs.

Table 10.4 Heat storage capacity of PCM incorporated fibers.

Table 10.5 Some of the key advantages and disadvantages of melt spinning and ...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Main applications of superabsorbent materials.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Comparison of four spinning processes of polyurethane fiber.

Table 13.2 Elasticity principle of the fibers with hard and soft segments.

Table 13.3 Physical properties of elastic fibers.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Classification of fiber optics.

Table 15.2 Comparison of FBG and B-OTDR as a strain sensor.

Table 15.3 Specification of FBG sensor system of Mach–Zehnder interrogator.

Table 15.4 Calibration and validation of PLS models for systolic blood pressu...

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Thermal properties of melt- and wet-spun MP fibers.

Table 16.2 Physical properties of MP fibers.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 List of conductive fibers.

Table 20.2 Literatures about chemicals used and treatment method for electron...

Table 20.3 Antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textiles.

Table 20.4 Literatures about chemicals used and treatment methods for medical...

Table 20.5 Literatures about chemicals used and treatment methods for self-cl...

Table 20.6 Infrared frequencies associated with chemical finishes.

Table 20.7 Literatures on evaluations, performance, and applications of elect...

Table 20.8 Literatures on evaluations, performance, and applications of medic...

Table 20.9 Literatures on evaluations, performance, and applications of self-...

Table 20.10 Summary of various performance tests.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Number of ANFIS parameters.

Table 21.2 Hybrid learning for ANFIS.

Table 21.3 Glimpse of soft computing applications in yarn technology.

Table 21.4 The accuracy of yarn engineering system.

Table 21.5 ANFIS parameters.

Table 21.6 Summary of UPF prediction accuracy of regression, ANN, and ANFIS m...

Table 21.7 Prediction performance of ANN model.

Table 21.8 Comparison between experimental and predicted properties of needle...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Structure parameters and feature of the fiber-shaped electronic de...

Table 22.2 Summary of typical electrode materials used in wearable electronic...

Table 22.3 Recent development on fiber-shaped solar cells.

Table 22.4 Recent progress on fiber-shaped supercapacitors.

Table 22.5 Summary of characterization techniques and key parameters.

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 The attenuation of POF.

Table 23.2 Selected properties of PMMA [19, 20, 28, 32].

Table 23.3 Monomers of poly(fluoroalkyl methacrylates).

Table 23.4 Polymers suitable for jackets.

Table 23.5 Tensile characteristics of Hypof.

Table 23.6 Standard characteristics of flex fatigue.

Table 23.7 Calculated parameters of Weibull distribution.

Table 23.8 Selected characteristics of typical sources of illumination.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Summary of shape memory polymer-based fiber actuators.

Table 25.2 Summary of piezoelectric material-based fiber actuators.

Table 25.3 Summary of electrical conductive polymer-based fiber actuators.

Table 25.4 Summary of dielectric elastomer-based fiber actuators.

Table 25.5 Summary of CNT-/graphene-based fiber actuators.

Table 25.6 Summary of other types of fiber actuators.

Table 25.7 Piezoresistive fiber-based sensors and their applications.

Table 25.8 Capacitive sensors and their applications.

Table 25.9 Piezoelectric sensors and their applications.

Table 25.10 Polymeric optical fiber sensors and their applications.

Table 25.11 Humidity and temperature sensing fibers and their applications.

Table 25.12 Chemical sensors and their applications.

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Recommended compression.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Filtration performance of TFNC UF membranes.

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Fibers used in filtration applications and their properties [32–34...

Table 29.2 Market potential for filtration textiles.

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 Thermal transition of the commonly fibrous materials.

Table 30.2 Standards for evaluating thermal protective performance (TPP) of c...

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Thermal conductivity of various fibers.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Overview on different types of radiation, their wavelength, and so...

Table 32.2 Comparison of different positions of a functional component in a f...

Table 32.3 Overview on products commercialized for EMI shielding by YSHIELD G...

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Comparison among some common antimicrobial agents.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Evolution of human civilization.

Figure 1.2 Evolution of textile fibers.

Figure 1.3 Classification of fibrous materials.

Figure 1.4 Phases of polymeric chains in fibrous materials.

Figure 1.5 Structural and photographical images of natural and animal fibers...

Figure 1.6 Microscopic structural images of fibrous materials. (a) Longitudi...

Figure 1.7 Structural photographic images of plain woven fibrous assembly. (...

Figure 1.8 Typical stress–strain plots for woven fabrics. (a) Plot of stress...

Figure 1.9 Flow process chart of textile manufacturing.

Figure 1.10 Weaving mechanism.

Figure 1.11 Applications of textile materials.

Figure 1.12 Advanced applications of textile materials.

Figure 1.13 Properties of functional textile.

Figure 1.14 Application of high-performance textile.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Wool fibers from sheep, (a) sheep before shearing, (b) fine Merin...

Figure 2.2 Wool received by Australian brokers and dealers (tons/quarter) si...

Figure 2.3 Classification of wool in terms of different parameters.

Figure 2.4 SEM images of cross sections of (a) down wool, (b) heterotypical ...

Figure 2.5 Fleece of fine New Zealand Merino wool and combed wool top on a w...

Figure 2.6 Wool fibers in format of slivers, single yarn, or plied structura...

Figure 2.7 Two-dimensional macromolecular structure of wool fiber and intera...

Figure 2.8 The right-hand spatial structure of α-keratin macromolecular chai...

Figure 2.9 A typical hierarchical structure of wool fiber.

Figure 2.10 Wool productivity and wool fineness distribution. (a) China wool...

Figure 2.11 A set of typical measure tool for wool length.

Figure 2.12 Illustration of crimped shape of wool fiber along fiber axis.

Figure 2.13 Wool blanket, belt, and fabrics manufactured using wool friction...

Figure 2.14 Impurities of raw wool.

Figure 2.15 Physical properties of wool. (a) Effect of water content on wool...

Figure 2.16 (a) Twin-net-switch structural model of wool for SM abilities. (...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Structure of silk.

Figure 3.2 Crystal structure of the polypeptide bond in the silk fibroin....

Figure 3.3 Mulberry silkworms and cocoons.

Figure 3.4 Tasar silkworm and cocoon.

Figure 3.5 Eri silkworm and cocoons.

Figure 3.6 Muga silkworm and cocoons.

Figure 3.7 (a) Longitudinal view of silk fibers (undegummed). Longitudinal v...

Figure 3.8 Cross-sectional view of silk fibers (degummed). (a) Mulberry. (b)...

Figure 3.9 Tenacity vs. denier thread relationship.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Molecular structure of cellulose showing repeating cellobiose uni...

Figure 4.2 (a) Plasmatic fracture face of plasma membrane of a developing xy...

Figure 4.3 Schematic of unit cells for cellulose Iα (triclinic, dashed line)...

Figure 4.4 (a, b) The two alternative hydrogen-bond networks in cellulose Iα...

Figure 4.5 (a) Schematics of hierarchical structure of wood cellulose fibers...

Figure 4.6 Schematics of the working principle of (a) homogenizer, (b) micro...

Figure 4.7 TEM images of mechanically derived microfibrillated cellulose: (a...

Figure 4.8 Schematic model of oxidation of C6 primary hydroxyl on cellulose ...

Figure 4.9 Transmission electron microscopy images of cellulose nanofibrils ...

Figure 4.10 Hierarchical structure of bacterial cellulose.

Figure 4.11 Electrospun pure cellulose nanofibers from different solvent sys...

Figure 4.12 SEM micrographs of the aerogels as prepared by quickly freezing ...

Figure 4.13 Schematics of the effect of CNF content on the assembled morphol...

Figure 4.14 SEM image of self-assembled submicron fibers from varied nanocel...

Figure 4.15 Nanofibers assembled from freezing (−196 °C) and freeze-drying o...

Figure 4.16 (a) Preparation of NFC macrofibers based on extrusion of NFC hyd...

Figure 4.17 (a) Schematic drawing for the computer-controlled wet-stretching...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Structure of chitosan.

Figure 5.2 FTIR spectrum of chitosan shows the distinct peaks.

Figure 5.3 Schematic of the process of extraction of chitosan from chitin us...

Figure 5.4 Structure of chitosan after various carboxymethylations.

Figure 5.5 Changes in the pH response of chitosan fibers withdifferent level...

Figure 5.6 Scanning electron images of the morphology of pure and cross-link...

Figure 5.7 Schematic representation of the microfluidic approach of producin...

Figure 5.8 Changes in the moisture absorption capacity of chitosan fibers mo...

Figure 5.9 Digital image of a scaffold made using chitosan fibers and suitab...

Figure 5.10 SEM images shows substantial proliferation of osteoblast cells o...

Figure 5.11 New method of centrifugal electrospinning using different collec...

Figure 5.12 Images of chitosan membranes containing various levels of carbon...

Figure 5.13 Digital image of the morphology of the fibers and picture of the...

Figure 5.14 Properties of the chitosan/PVA/PEDOT blend fibers.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 CF in different tissues.

Figure 6.2 Hierarchical structure of CF.

Figure 6.3 Spinning methods used to prepare CF.

Figure 6.4 Calfskin type I collagen electrospun onto a static, cylindrical m...

Figure 6.5 SEM images of fibers wet spun from suspensions with varied collag...

Figure 6.6 Using a constant collagen flow (here, 50 μl/h) and varying buffer...

Figure 6.7 Absorption rate of modified skin CF to different metal ions ([7],...

Figure 6.8 SEM of skin CF and metal fibers using CF as templates ([40–42])....

Figure 6.9 Schematic diagram showing the preparation mechanism of the one-st...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram of the basic setup for electrospinning.

Figure 7.2 Setup for electro-netting and its formed NF/N membrane. (a) Setup...

Figure 7.3 Fundamental theory and dynamic evolving process of electrospinnin...

Figure 7.4 (a) Schematic diagram of electro-netting process. (b,c) The force...

Figure 7.5 Various single fiber structures obtained by electrospinning. (a) ...

Figure 7.6 Different aggregate structure of electrospun nanofiber. (a) Rando...

Figure 7.7 Several typical NF/N membranes based on different polymer systems...

Figure 7.8 The relationship between pore structure and slip effect. The aver...

Figure 7.9 The influence of fiber diameter and pore size of the several PAN ...

Figure 7.10 Schematic description of electric charge categories existing in ...

Figure 7.11 FE-SEM images of PVC/PU membranes fabricated with varied weight ...

Figure 7.12 Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of the anti-...

Figure 7.13 Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of the super...

Figure 7.14 Schematic diagrams illustrating the fabrication of an NF/N layer...

Figure 7.15 (a) The fabrication process of N6–PAN NNB composite membranes on...

Figure 7.16 (a) Illustration of the sandwich-structured PA-6/PAN/PA-6 compos...

Figure 7.17 (a) Schematic showing (1) the fabrication process of the ripple-...

Figure 7.18 The left part: Illustration of the integrated air filter contain...

Figure 7.19 Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of silica nano...

Figure 7.20 Filtration performance of the YSZ nanofibrous membranes with dif...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Timeline of important historical developments of aramid fibers.

Figure 8.2 Reaction mechanism for the synthesis of aramids by low temperatur...

Figure 8.3 Reaction mechanism for the synthesis of Nomex (

m

-aramid).

Figure 8.4 Reaction mechanism for the synthesis of Kevlar (

p

-aramid).

Figure 8.5 Reaction mechanism for the synthesis of poly(

p

-phenylene terephth...

Figure 8.6 Reaction mechanism for the synthesis of aramids by hydrogen trans...

Figure 8.7 Directional orientation of rodlike molecules of PPTA.

Figure 8.8 (a) Structure of lyotropic nematic phase with respect to concentr...

Figure 8.9 Phase diagram of anisotropic solution of PPTA in 100% H

2

SO

4

.

Figure 8.10 Schematic diagram showing dry-jet-wet spinning of lyotropic solu...

Figure 8.11 Schematic representation of various methods for the preparation ...

Figure 8.12 (a) Pleated sheet structure in Kevlar 49 fibers. (b) Unit cell o...

Figure 8.13 Stress–strain behavior of Kevlar compared with other high-perfor...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Conductivity range of typical material classes (according to [1])...

Figure 9.2 Laser scanning image of a cellulose knitted fabric coated with na...

Figure 9.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy image of copper-deposited cellulose ...

Figure 9.4 Main chain structures of several representative conjugated polyme...

Figure 9.5 Coated textile electrode using active carbon black conductive pas...

Figure 9.6 Embroidered carbon fibers as electrode in redox flow batteries.

Figure 9.7 Polyester fabric after electroless coating with copper.

Figure 9.8 Synthetic filament yarn wrapped with copper fillet.

Figure 9.9 Washable wetness sensor for bedding (embroidered stainless steel)...

Figure 9.10 Embroidered textile current collector (copper wire) coated with ...

Figure 9.11 Thermographic photo of a flexible heating pan (a) and in use for...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Schematic of DSC heating and cooling thermograms for PCMs (

T

m

, c...

Figure 10.2 Thermal energy vs. temperature of solid–liquid phase changes.

Figure 10.3 Schematic representation of interactions for the PCM incorporate...

Figure 10.4 Scanning electron microscopic images of microcapsules containing...

Figure 10.5 Schematic of process flow for the core–shell structure formation...

Figure 10.6 Scanning electron microscope image showing the thickness of uret...

Figure 10.7 Schematic of PCM incorporated fibrous structures. (a) Encapsulat...

Figure 10.8 Scanning electron microscopy images of (a) electrospun

cellulosi

...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Two schematic examples of bicomponent spinnerets: (a) single die...

Figure 11.2 Die for producing islands-in-the-sea filament with 1519 islands:...

Figure 11.3 Typical cross sections of bicomponent fibers: (a) concentric cor...

Figure 11.4 Schematic assembly of a bicomponent melt spinning plant (see tex...

Figure 11.5 Cross section of the liquid-polymer coextrusion spin pack with c...

Figure 11.6 Schematic of wire coating die used for overjacketing high tenaci...

Figure 11.7 Schematic of a highly integrated spin pack for three different p...

Figure 11.8 Example of interaction of nonmiscible polymers with local segmen...

Figure 11.9 Two polymer melts introduced side by side into a capillary exper...

Figure 11.10 (a) In a multiple die core–sheath spinneret, the polymer flow p...

Figure 11.11 Segmented-pie (PET/PA6) spun-laid, moderately needle punched, a...

Figure 11.12 Woven textile of PET/EastOne islands-in-the-sea fibers; (a) bef...

Figure 11.13 Logotype of ITV; islands-in-the-sea fiber by Hills.

Figure 11.14 Cross section of Morphotex

®

fiber by Teijin, consisting of...

Figure 11.15 Cross section of a PA/PE bicomponent monofilament applied in sk...

Figure 11.16 Easy-to-clean fiber. (a) Fiber structure and (b) diagram of env...

Figure 11.17 Embroidery produced from flexible bicomponent polymer optical f...

Figure 11.18 Yarn with 50% antistatic side-by-side filaments melt-spun on th...

Figure 11.19 Cross sections of liquid-core fibers (LCFs) with 18% liquid con...

Figure 11.20 Scheme of the LCF coextrusion equipment. Design of spin pack (s...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 SAP based on polyacrylic acid.

Figure 12.2 Schematic representation of the interaction of a dry superabsorb...

Figure 12.3 Liquid sorption mechanism of a superabsorbent textile-based prod...

Figure 12.4 Superabsorbent yarn (containing SAF) [14] (having a permission f...

Figure 12.5 Swollen superabsorbent yarn (containing SAF) [14] (having a perm...

Figure 12.6 (a) Schematic representation of SAP-coated acrylic fiber. (b) Af...

Figure 12.7 “C” cross-sectional shape in which the outer surface is polyprop...

Figure 12.8 C-cross-sectional-shaped filament bundle where cavity of filamen...

Figure 12.9 Schematic representation of dry spinning.

Figure 12.10 Schematic representation of wet spinning.

Figure 12.11 SAF by Technical Absorbents [14] (having a permission from Tech...

Figure 12.12 Photographic image of an electrospinning system.

Figure 12.13 Scanning electron micrograph of electrospun nanofibers.

Figure 12.14 Application of SAF nonwoven. (a) Packaging, (b) medical, and (c...

Figure 12.15 Nonwoven structures. (a) Airlaid fabric, (b) needlefelt fabric,...

Figure 12.16 Nonwoven. (a) Before swollen and (b) after swollen [14] (having...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Reaction process and structure of PU fibers.

Figure 13.2 Scheme of principles of elasticity with hard and soft segments....

Figure 13.3 Molecular structure of polyether type PU.

Figure 13.4 Molecular structure of polyester type PU fiber.

Figure 13.5 Structure of hard segment and soft segment of polyether-ester fi...

Figure 13.6 Molecular structure comparison of PET, PTT, and PBT fiber.

Figure 13.7 Macromolecular structure diagram of PET, PTT, and PBT fiber.

Figure 13.8 Model of lamella structure and microvoids created of hard elasti...

Figure 13.9 Load–elongation curves of different elastic fibers.

Figure 13.10 Elastic property test of elastic fiber.

Figure 13.11 Force at specified elongation of elastic fiber.

Figure 13.12 Stress decay of elastic fiber.

Figure 13.13 Permanent elongation of elastic fiber below e1.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Factors of smart fibers differ from stimuli-responsive fibers wi...

Figure 14.2 (a) Typical components of smart fiber and conventional stimulus ...

Figure 14.3 Raw materials of smart fibers and their main application.

Figure 14.4 Schematic diagram of wet-spun method to prepare multilayered CNT...

Figure 14.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of a fiber-based l...

Figure 14.6 Schematic diagram of moisture-driven actuator (a) before and (b)...

Figure 14.7 Schematic procedure for fabrication of PCL/PNIPAAm core–sheath n...

Figure 14.8 Schematic diagram of preparation of core-spun CNT-coated PU/cott...

Figure 14.9 Photographs of SWNT-cotton yarn. (a) Comparison of the original ...

Figure 14.10 (a) An illustration of a typical organic light-emitting device ...

Figure 14.11 (a) Photograph of a blank fabric. (b–d) SEM images of the cotto...

Figure 14.12 (a) Schematic showing the synthetic steps: (1) Homogenized nano...

Figure 14.13 (A) Schematic of formation of parallel-arranged PNIPAM fiber ac...

Figure 14.14 (a) Electroluminescent fiber was fabricated into textile under ...

Figure 14.15 (a) Cross-sectional SEM image of color-changed smart textile. (...

Figure 14.16 (a) Scheme of a self-charging power textile. (

SC

,

supercapacito

...

Figure 14.17 A scheme of a smart hyperthermia nanofiber system that utilizes...

Figure 14.18 (a) A schematic illustration of the fiber-based stress sensor n...

Figure 14.19 Energy harvesting from the breath (a) and heartbeat (b) of a li...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Typical fiber optics manufacturing process.

Figure 15.2 FBG making apparatus by using YAG 4th harmonic (266 nm).

Figure 15.3 Geometry and Bragg wave diffraction of FBG sensor.

Figure 15.4 An arrangement for vital sign measurement by using fiber-optics....

Figure 15.5 Pulse wave measurement at subject's wrist on the radial artery....

Figure 15.6 Detected raw signals of FBG (upper) and filtered waves. (a) Typi...

Figure 15.7 Pulse transit time measurement by FBG sensors. (a) Block diagram...

Figure 15.8 Relationship between pulse transit time and systolic blood press...

Figure 15.9 Typical PLSR model for systolic blood pressure calibration and v...

Figure 15.10 Covering method (braiding) and look of covered optical fiber(ri...

Figure 15.11 Covered FBG embedded knitted fabric.

Figure 15.12 Development of smart textiles embedded FBG sensor.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Molecular structure and mechanism of MPs. (a) Responsiveness tre...

Figure 16.2 Scheme of thermomechanical cyclic test. (a) Plot of stress with ...

Figure 16.3 Properties of wet-spun memory fibers. (a) Comparison of elastic ...

Figure 16.4 Thermal and mechanical properties of melt- and wet-spun MP fiber...

Figure 16.5 Schematic passage of MP filament through thermal setting process...

Figure 16.6 Influence of heat treatment on fiber properties. (a) DSC thermog...

Figure 16.7 Melt-spun smart MPU hollow fiber. (a) Cross-sectional image. (b–...

Figure 16.8 Electro-active memory fiber reinforced with MWNTs. (a) Schematic...

Figure 16.9 Stress memory profile of a thermal-sensitive memory polymer.

Figure 16.10 Mechanism of stress memory process. (a) Crystal-coil-cross-link...

Figure 16.11 Comparison of stress memory behavior in MPs. (a) Stress memory ...

Figure 16.12 Memory stress and their relationships in MP film and filaments....

Figure 16.13 Schematic scheme showing structural changes in MP film and fila...

Figure 16.14 Method of characterization for memory polymeric fibers.

Figure 16.15 Stress memory filaments integrative smart compression stocking....

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Flow chart of different textile fibers.

Figure 17.2 Schematic of the stress–strain curve of a fiber under tensile lo...

Figure 17.3 Flow chart of different yarn types.

Figure 17.4 Schematic of a continuous filament yarn.

Figure 17.5 Schematic of a spinning process for a staple spun yarn.

Figure 17.6 Different types of ring-spun yarn. (a) Carded yarn. (b) Combed y...

Figure 17.7 Modern ring spinning machines.

Figure 17.8 Schematic structure of a rotor yarn.

Figure 17.9 Rotor machine.

Figure 17.10 The schematic diagram of an air vortex yarn.

Figure 17.11 A comparison of twist in (a) ring-spun yarn, (b) rotor yarn, an...

Figure 17.12 Schematic structure of friction spun yarn.

Figure 17.13 Schematic of a yarn strength with increasing twist.

Figure 17.14 Schematic of an interpretation of strength–twist relationship....

Figure 17.15 Schematic of a comfort–strength–twist relationship.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Unit cells of regular weaves. (a) Plain, (b) twill, (c) satin, a...

Figure 18.2 Unit cell of some irregular weaves.

Figure 18.3 Geometrical model of plain woven fabric.

Figure 18.4 Elliptical cross section.

Figure 18.5 Kemp's racetrack cross section.

Figure 18.6 (a) Tensile stress–strain curve of a woven fabric. (b) Moment–cu...

Figure 18.7 Extension in bias direction arrows inside square indicates warp ...

Figure 18.8 Typical compression (pressure–thickness) curve of woven fabrics....

Figure 18.9 The proposed model of a woven fabric under lateral compression....

Figure 18.10 Five-layer structure of woven fabrics.

Figure 18.11 Stress–strain curve of woven fabrics during shear deformation....

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Schematic of structures of main fabric types. (a) Woven. (b) Kni...

Figure 19.2 Fundamental weaves. (a) Plain. (b) Twill. (c) Sateen.

Figure 19.3 Compound weaves and structures. (a) Weft-backed weave. (b) Self-...

Figure 19.4 Basic steps for making a nonwoven fabric.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Chemical structure of (a) PEDOT and (b) PSS.

Figure 20.2 Chemical composition of electrically conductive polymer coating ...

Figure 20.3 Chemical structure of chitosan polymer of

β

-(1-4)-

D

-glucosa...

Figure 20.4 Chemical structure of alginate.

Figure 20.5 Triclosan.

Figure 20.6 Chemical structure of

quaternary ammonium compound

s (

QAC

s) used ...

Figure 20.7 Structure of

polyhexamethylene biguanide

(

PHMB

).

Figure 20.8 Proposed reaction scheme between silver nanoparticles/3-MPTMS an...

Figure 20.9 Chemical structure of polymers used as hydrogel.

Figure 20.10 Schematic illustration of one step process for the preparation ...

Figure 20.11 Formation of hydrophobized OTMS/TCPP/TiO

2

-coated cotton.

Figure 20.12 The FTIR spectrum of (a) chitosan, (b) CZO, (c) AN–CS, and (d) ...

Figure 20.13 XRD spectra of pure BC, pure PPy, and a BC/PPy composite.

Figure 20.14 XRD spectra of cotton: (a) pristine, (b) TiO

2

-coated cotton, (c...

Figure 20.15 XPS spectra of (a) naïve cotton, (b) cotton treated with silver...

Figure 20.16 XPS survey scan analysis of pristine cotton compared with the c...

Figure 20.17 EDX image for cotton-coated fabric with 100 ppm AgNPs.

Figure 20.18 EDX of the samples (a) pristine fabric and (b) PVDF/PDMS-coated...

Figure 20.19 The knee sleeve.

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Multilayered artificial neural network structure.

Figure 21.2 Simple model of an artificial neuron.

Figure 21.3 Effect of (a) very small and (b) very large learning rate on con...

Figure 21.4 Global and local minima of error surface.

Figure 21.5 Different forms of membership function.

Figure 21.6 Membership functions of yarn tenacity.

Figure 21.7 Steps involved in fuzzy modeling.

Figure 21.8 Schematic representation of single-point crossover and mutation....

Figure 21.9 Possible hybrid combinations of three soft computing techniques....

Figure 21.10 ANFIS architecture.

Figure 21.11 Effect of proportion of polyester and weft count on UPF.

Figure 21.12 Effect of proportion of polyester and pick density on UPF.

Figure 21.13 Fuzzy linguistic rules.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Overview of applications of fiber-based electronics.

Figure 22.2 Typical structures of the fiber-shaped electronic devices: (a) F...

Figure 22.3 Fiber-shaped solar cell with FEWFD structure before bending at (...

Figure 22.4 Cross-sectional comparison between fiber-shaped supercapacitor w...

Figure 22.5 (a) Schematic of alternative coating of thermoelectric fibers. (...

Figure 22.6 Structure and performance of TE textiles. (a–f) Schematic illust...

Figure 22.7 (a) Schematic of fiber perovskite solar cell, (b) performance de...

Figure 22.8 (a) Schematic of ZnO nanowires fiber-shaped piezoelectric device...

Figure 22.9 (a) Schematic of ZnO paper-based piezoelectric device, (b) outpu...

Figure 22.10 Electrochemical properties of supercapacitor wires. (a) Cyclic ...

Figure 22.11 (a) Schematic of preparation process of a stretchable supercapa...

Figure 22.12 Electrochemical properties of the cable battery with hollow ano...

Figure 22.13 Schematic and electrochemical performance. (a) Schematic of a s...

Figure 22.14 (a–c)

Scanning electron microscopy

(

SEM

) images of a spring-lik...

Figure 22.15 Illustration of electrochromic application of composite fibers:...

Figure 22.16 (A) Chromatic transitions during the charge–discharge process....

Figure 22.17 Working schematic of (a) OFET and (b) OECT with respect to thei...

Figure 22.18 (a) The dependence of luminance on the observation angle for a ...

Figure 22.19 Mechanical–electric properties of the sensor unit. (a) Optical ...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Light passing through (a) end-emitting POF and (b) side emitting...

Figure 23.2 Typical structure of optical fiber.

Figure 23.3 Effect of refractive index on speed of light rays.

Figure 23.4 Internal reflection in optical fibers.

Figure 23.5 (a) Step-index and (b) graded-index profile optical fiber.

Figure 23.6 Light passing through single-mode optical fibers.

Figure 23.7 Light passing through multimode optical fibers. (a) Step index a...

Figure 23.8 Different models of light propagation. (a) Geometric model of li...

Figure 23.9 Aperture angle and core diameter of single and multimode glass f...

Figure 23.10 Attenuation of various media.

Figure 23.11 Attenuation profile of silica optical fiber.

Figure 23.12 Attenuation profile of PMMA optical fiber.

Figure 23.13 Structure of PMMA.

Figure 23.14 Structure of polycarbonate (PC).

Figure 23.15 Structure of polystyrene (PS).

Figure 23.16 Structure of CYTOP.

Figure 23.17 SEPOF Grace standard. (a) Cross section – magnification 350× an...

Figure 23.18 SEPOF Grace flexi. (a) Cross section – magnification 40× and (b...

Figure 23.19 Influence of type and diameter of SEPOF on their illumination i...

Figure 23.20 Influence power source voltage on SEPOF illumination intensity....

Figure 23.21 Local side emitting due to creating of woven fabric.

Figure 23.22 Peirce geometrical model of cloth.

Figure 23.23 Side-emitting intensity of woven structures with POF fibers in ...

Figure 23.24 Influence of radii of curvature

r

on the side-emitting intensit...

Figure 23.25 Solid core Bragg photonic fiber.

Figure 23.26 SEPOF with particles in core [25].

Figure 23.27 SEPOF with particles in cladding [47].

Figure 23.28 SEPOF with micro-cuts or notches in the cladding.

Figure 23.29 Micrograph of polymer optical fiber with one notch.

Figure 23.30 Surface

scanning electron microscopy

(

SEM

) images of SEPOF with...

Figure 23.31 Abrasion of SEPOF type Hypo by using of emery paper graininess ...

Figure 23.32 Changes of attenuation profiles of end-emitting POF and SEPOF b...

Figure 23.33 Side light emission effect on end-emitting POF: (a) without tre...

Figure 23.34 Attenuation profiles of fibers damaged by repeated bending.

Figure 23.35 Attenuation profiles of fibers damaged by various manner.

Figure 23.36 Local enhancement of POF side emission by combination of pressu...

Figure 23.37 Device for measurement of POF light intensity in straight state...

Figure 23.38 Preparation of POF ends.

Figure 23.39 Mean attenuation profile and lines of 95% confidence interval f...

Figure 23.40 Mean attenuation profile for SEPOF Grace standard with added li...

Figure 23.41 Mean attenuation profile for SEPOF Grace standard with added li...

Figure 23.42 Dependence of SEPOF flexibility on their diameter

d

.

Figure 23.43 Ideal geometry o fiber extension.

Figure 23.44 Stress–strain curves of SEPOF and polyester fibers.

Figure 23.45 Device for flex fatigue measurements.

Figure 23.46 Weibull

Q

–

Q

plot for Hypof 1 mm.

Figure 23.47 The dependence of log(

F

l

) on log(FC

M

).

Figure 23.48 Change of attenuation and FC

M

of SEPOF due to repeated washing....

Figure 23.49 Device for flex fatigue measurements. (a) Picture and (b) schem...

Figure 23.50 Active illumination by (a) SEPOF and (b) LIHS.

Figure 23.51 Side illumination intensity of SEPOF and LIHS.

Figure 23.52 System components for side illumination.

Figure 23.53 Light output from typical sources of illumination [81]. (a) Inc...

Figure 23.54 Influence of temperature on the lifetime of LED.

Figure 23.55 Attachment of LED for two branches of SEPOF.

Figure 23.56 Some portable powering structure for LIHS.

Figure 23.57 Systems using LIHS for accessories.

Figure 23.58 Systems using LIHS for line illumination.

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Schematic representation of a first-generation Li-ion cell.

Figure 24.2 Schematic illustration of sodium storage in carbon nanofibers....

Figure 24.3 Schematic representation of a double-layer capacitor by using po...

Figure 24.4 Schematic illustration of a pseudocapacitor (M: a metal atom)....

Figure 24.5 Schematic illustration of sodium storage mechanism in N-CNFs....

Figure 24.6 SEM image of Li

3.95

Cu

0.05

Ti

5

O

12

/CNFs.

Figure 24.7 Schematic image of (a) Si/C composite nanofibers and (b) Si/C–C ...

Figure 24.8 Schematic image of porous carbon nanofiber.

Figure 24.9 Schematic of electrospun trilayer nonwoven mats. (a) PAN/P(VdF-c...

Figure 24.10 Schematic of a typical electrospinning setup.

Figure 24.11 Schematic image of the centrifugal spinning system.

Figure 24.12 Schematic representation of Si/C/CNF nanofiber production and t...

Figure 24.13 (a) Schematic image of the synthesis of aligned MWCNT/Si fiber;...

Figure 24.14 Schematic representation of porous 1D α-Fe

2

O

3

/CNF nanofiber pro...

Figure 24.15 Schematic illustration of (a) centrifugal spinning device, (b) ...

Figure 24.16 Schematic presentation of PAN/SiO

2

-adapted separator for Li–S b...

Figure 24.17 (a) Ionic conductivity, (b) electrochemical impedance spectra o...

Figure 24.18 (a) Production method of porous CNFs and (b–d) their morphology...

Figure 24.19 (a) Production method and (b) rate capability of a supercapacit...

Figure 24.20 (a) Schematic image of preparation of CNT/PANI composite fiber-...

Figure 24.21 (a) SEM image of the SnO

2

-TiO

2

-NF photoanode containing 10% SnO

Figure 24.22 SEM images of twisted aligned (a, c) CNT and (b, d) CNT/TiO

2

fi...

Figure 24.23 (a) Production method of Pt-supported N-doped porous CNF, (b) t...

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Illustration of a closed loop of system of integrated sensors an...

Figure 25.2 Shape memory material-based fiber actuators. (a)

Scanning electr

...

Figure 25.3 Piezoelectric material-based fiber actuators. (a) Hollow piezoel...

Figure 25.4 Electrically conductive polymer-based fiber actuators. (a) Solid...

Figure 25.5 Dielectric elastomer (DE)-based fiber actuators. (a) Prototype o...

Figure 25.6 CNT-/graphene-based fiber actuators. (a) Kapton fabric ribbon wo...

Figure 25.7 Basic working principle of a sensor with the various measurands ...

Figure 25.8 Fabrication methods of some piezoresistive sensors: (a) schemati...

Figure 25.9 Fabrication processes of various capacitive fiber sensors. (A) S...

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Schematic illustration showing stress developed at metal/textile...

Figure 26.2 Polymer brush as an interfacial layer in between textiles and th...

Figure 26.3 Schematic illustration comparing the amount of functional groups...

Figure 26.4 “Grafting-to” strategy only allows low brush grafting density, t...

Figure 26.5 “Grafting-from” strategy allows high brush grafting density for ...

Figure 26.6 Typical PAMD process on a textile substrate. (1) A pristine text...

Figure 26.7 Chemical structures of two cationic polymer brushes: (a) PMETAC ...

Figure 26.8 Chemical structures of two anionic polymer brushes: (a) PAA and ...

Figure 26.9 Chemical structures of two nonionic polymer brushes: (a) P4VP an...

Figure 26.10 (a)

Scanning electron microscopy

(

SEM

) images of the cross-sect...

Figure 26.11 Schematic illustration showing the procedures to obtain metal p...

Figure 26.12 Schematic illustration showing the procedures to obtain metal p...

Figure 26.13 Performance of solid-state supercapacitor (SC) yarns. (a) Schem...

Figure 26.14 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedures of sup...

Figure 26.15 Fabrication and structure of the t-TENG. (a) Schematic illustra...

Figure 26.16 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the PS...

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Schematic of the fluid transport of the human in the cardiovascu...

Figure 27.2 (a)

Chronic venous deficiency

(

CVD

). (b) Venous leg ulcer.

Figure 27.3 Effect of compression. (a) Increase in venous flow. (b) Restorat...

Figure 27.4 Fiber-based compression modalities.

Figure 27.5 (a) Changes of ankle pressure. (b) Pressure gradient due to comp...

Figure 27.6 Derivation of Laplace's law for a cylinder.

Figure 27.7 Inlay structure used for medical stocking for compression.

Figure 27.8 (a) Stress relaxation behavior of the material. (b) Generalized ...

Figure 27.9 (a) Pressure profiles over time for a cotton bandage. (b) Pressu...

Figure 27.10 Effect of material type on interface pressure profile generated...

Figure 27.11 Effect of thread density on the pressure profile of different b...

Figure 27.12 (a) Mechanism to obtain constant stretch. (b) Thonic bandage to...

Figure 27.13 (a) Thermomechanical process to observe shape memory (fixity an...

Figure 27.14 Experimental results of memory filaments integrative stocking f...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Simulations of electrospun nanofibrous composite membrane with t...

Figure 28.2 Representative electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with porosity of ...

Figure 28.3 Illustration of the correlations between pore size and fiber dia...

Figure 28.4 Schematic representations of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds: (a...

Figure 28.5 Illustration of the nonwoven electrospun nanofibers (a) and poro...

Figure 28.6 Schematic representative of (a) straight tubular pores, (b) tort...

Figure 28.7 Compaction effect of electrospun nanofiber scaffold from 80 to 5...

Figure 28.8 Microfiltration membrane for removal of bacteria from contaminat...

Figure 28.9 Electrospun nanofibrous composite membranes after filtration of ...

Figure 28.10 Depiction of a two-layered fibrous structure with a top electro...

Figure 28.11 Top view (a, b) and cross-sectional view (c, d) of SEM image of...

Figure 28.12 Schematic representation of a TFNC membrane with the three-tier...

Figure 28.13 Purification of emulsified oil/water mixture with PVA-CN (1.25 ...

Figure 28.14 Cross-flow ultrafiltration of oil/water emulsion using TFNC mem...

Figure 28.15 Schematic representation of the formation of a cellulose nanofi...

Figure 28.16 Permeation flux and rejection ratio of TFNC membrane containing...

Figure 28.17 (a) SEM image of electrospun nanofibers embedded in the polymer...

Figure 28.18 Schematic representation of the nature of water channels in the...

Figure 28.19 Schematic representative of TFNC-based nanofiltration membrane ...

Figure 28.20 The schematic diagram indicating the morphological arrangement ...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Schematic representation of various mechanisms of filtrations: (...

Figure 29.2 Schematic of surface macromorphology of various textile fibers: ...

Figure 29.3 Fine structure models of fibers: (a) fibrillar model and (b) mic...

Figure 29.4 Cartridge filter media made of roving. (a) Roving package and (b...

Figure 29.5 Interlaced fabric structures: (a) high cover factor and (b) low ...

Figure 29.6 Needle-punched nonwoven.

Figure 29.7 Interloped structures: (a) weft knitted structure and (b) micros...

Figure 29.8 Typical class of particles and their physical size.

Figure 29.9 Structure of cotton fiber.

Figure 29.10 Schematic of wool fiber. (a) Scale and fibrils and (b) macrosco...

Figure 29.11 Chemical repeat unit structure of (a) Kevlar (poly-paraphenylen...

Figure 29.12 Chemical structure of some of the high-performance fibers for f...

Figure 29.13 Various types of fiber cross sections along with the respective...

Figure 29.14 Types of bicomponent fiber: (a) side by side, (b) sea island, (...

Figure 29.15 Cross-sectional image of CCP™ fiber.

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Performance requirements of thermal protective clothing.

Figure 30.2 Combustion mechanism of fibrous materials.

Figure 30.3 Flame-retardant strategies of fibrous materials.

Figure 30.4 Structure of

meta

-aramid.

Figure 30.5 Structure of

para

-aramid.

Figure 30.6 Structure of PBI polymer.

Figure 30.7 Structure of polyamide-imide.

Figure 30.8 Structure of polybenzoxazole fiber.

Figure 30.9 Frame design of LOI test apparatus from ASTM D2863.

Figure 30.10 (a) Forty-five degree and (b) vertical flammability test appara...

Figure 30.11 Thermal protective performance test apparatus. (a) TPP tester a...

Figure 30.12 Comparison of different evaluation methods based on Stoll crite...

Figure 30.13 Thermal protective performance evaluation based on full-scaled ...

Figure 30.14 Thermal protective performance evaluation based on RadMan.

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Human thermoregulation and heat transfer mechanisms.

Figure 31.2 A schematic chart on human thermal balance.

Figure 31.3 Absorption, diffusion, and desorption.

Figure 31.4 Five stages in the development and assessment of clothing system...

Figure 31.5 The sweating guarded hotplate housed in a climate chamber.

Figure 31.6 The Newton-type sweating thermal manikin (Thermetrics LLC, Seatt...

Figure 31.7 A sweating manikin is wearing the saturated knitted fabric “skin...

Figure 31.8 Skin temperature measurements on human subjects.

Figure 31.9 (a) Phase change material pack and (b) the air ventilation fan....

Figure 31.10 Hybrid personal cooling clothing incorporated with phase change...

Figure 31.11 Heating fabric pads for engineering electrically heated clothin...

Figure 31.12 A smart electrical heating sleeping bag.

Figure 31.13 Time course changes in the mean foot temperature in CON (i.e. t...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Schematic overview on different types of electromagnetic radiati...

Figure 32.2 Schematic drawing of the radiation transfer through a textile ma...

Figure 32.3 Schematic drawing and distinguishing of reflection and transmiss...

Figure 32.4 Schematic overview on different measurements to determine the tr...

Figure 32.5 View on different positions of a functional component in a fiber...

Figure 32.6 Chemical structure of an organic IR absorber – dithiene complex ...

Figure 32.7 Chemical structure of an organic IR absorber – dithiolene metal ...

Figure 32.8 Chemical structures of organic UV absorbers with (a) 2-hydroxybe...

Figure 32.9 Chemical structure of an organic UV absorber – type phenylacryle...

Figure 32.10 Chemical structure of an organic UV absorber with the basic str...

Figure 32.11 Chemical structure of an organic UV absorber with the basic str...

Figure 32.12 Chemical structures of organic UV absorbers. Different examples...

Figure 32.13 Chemical structure of a fluorescence whitening agent (optical b...

Figure 32.14 Schematic overview on aspects of life cycle and durability of t...

Figure 32.15 Overview on products commercialized for EMI shielding by YSHIEL...

Figure 32.16 Overview on two products commercialized for EMI shielding by YS...

Figure 32.17 Bag for mobile phones with EMI shielding properties with metal-...

Figure 32.18 SEM image of knitted fabric dedicated for heat management, alum...

Figure 32.19 Spectra of diffuse transmission (a) and diffuse reflection (b) ...

Figure 32.20 SEM image of a viscose fiber with embedded titania, useful for ...

Figure 32.21 Spectra of diffuse transmission (a) and diffuse reflection (b) ...

Figure 32.22 Comparison of cellulosic composite fiber with barium sulfate an...

Figure 32.23 SEM images of cellulosic fibers with different embedded inorgan...

Figure 32.24 Hand protecting device constructed from a cellulose/inorganic c...

Figure 32.25 Protective jacket constructed from a cellulose/inorganic compos...

Figure 32.26 Transmission spectra for different knitted structures prepared ...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Number of publications each year that cover the topic of antimic...

Figure 33.2 Some examples of possible structures of

N

-halamine compounds. (a...

Figure 33.3 Reduce reaction of

N

-halamine (halogenated with chlorine), which...

Figure 33.4 Reaction of

N

-halamine (halogenated with chlorine) in water. Thi...

Figure 33.5 Skeletal formula of hyaluronic acid. In each monomer unit, on th...

Figure 33.6 Chemical structure of (1→4)-linked β-

D

-mannuronate.

Figure 33.7 Chemical structure of (1→4)-linked α-

L

-guluronate.

Figure 33.8 Chemical structure of alginate.

Figure 33.9 Chemical structure of chitosan, which is a copolymer consisting ...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Deformation behavior of materials when stretched: (a) auxetic an...

Figure 34.2 Re-entrant hexagon auxetic geometry (a) re-entrant hexagon struc...

Figure 34.3 Rotating rectangles geometry (a) free state and (b) stretched st...

Figure 34.4 Schematic of nodule–fibril model representing microstructure of ...

Figure 34.5 Chiral honeycombs formed with the same chiral units.

Figure 34.6 Geometrical structure: (a) three-dimensional structure and (b) u...

Figure 34.7 Foldable geometries: folded stripes in the oblique fashion in th...

Figure 34.8 Foldable geometries: folded stripes in parallel in-phase zigzag ...

Figure 34.9 Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP), arrangement of main chain (a) ...

Figure 34.10 Width–length data for polypropylene fibers.

Figure 34.11 (a) Schematic of a general melt extruder, (b) the Davis-Standar...

Figure 34.12 Schematic of the video extensometer setup.

Figure 34.13 (a) Raw width and length data, showing conventional behavior; (...

Figure 34.14 (a) Raw width and length data, showing auxetic behavior; (b) pl...

Figure 34.15

Scanning electron microscopy

(

SEM

) images of auxetic microporou...

Figure 34.16 Width–length data for polyester fibers processed at temperature...

Figure 34.17 Width–length data for polyamide fibers.

Figure 34.18 Fiber reinforced composites. (a) Fiber Matrix interface; (b) co...

Guide

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