Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1639

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Modern interpersonal psychology is now at a point where recent advances need to be organized so that researchers, practitioners, and students can understand what is new, different, and state-of-the art. This field-defining volume examines the history of interpersonal psychology and explores influential theories of normal-abnormal behaviors, widely-used assessment measures, recent methodological advances, and current interpersonal strategies for changing problematic behaviors. Featuring original contributions from field luminaries including Aaron Pincus, John Clarkin, David Buss, Louis Castonguay, and Theodore Millon, this cutting-edge volume will appeal to academicians, professionals, and students interested in the study of normal and abnormal interpersonal behavior.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Contributors

1. Introduction

History of Modern Interpersonal Psychology

Putting the Handbook Together

Organization and Content

Part I: Theoretical Perspectives

2. An Attachment-Theory Framework for Conceptualizing Interpersonal Behavior

Basic Concepts in Attachment Theory and Research

Attachment-Style Differences in Interpersonal Behavior

Attachment-Related Cognitive-Motivational Predispositions

Attachment-Related Differences in the Processing of Social Information

Antecedents of Individual Differences in Attachment Style

Concluding Remarks

3. Relatedness and Self-Definition in Normal and Disrupted Personality Development

Relatedness and Self-Definition in Contemporary Interpersonal and Attachment Theories

The Two-Configurations Model of Personality Development and Psychopathology

Implications for the Conceptualization and Classification of Psychopathology

Relatedness and Self-Definition and Processes of Therapeutic Change

Conclusions

4. Origins and Applications of the Interpersonal Circumplex

Conclusion

Appendix

5. Evolution, Life History Theory, and Personality

Evolution, Life History Theory, and Personality

Section 1: Key Features of an Evolutionary Approach

Section 2: Interpersonal Models and Explanations of Why Personality Exists

Section 3: Why Is There Variability in Personality?

Section 4: Sociosexuality as an Example of an Adaptive Cluster of Traits

6. The Five-Factor Model, Five-Factor Theory, and Interpersonal Psychology

Traits

The Personality System

FFT at the Interpersonal Level

The Origins of Interpersonal Orientations and Attachments

Summary and Conclusions

Part II: Basic Interpersonal Processes and Mechanisms

7. Interpersonal Motivation

Interpersonal Motivation

Interpersonal Goals

Interpersonal Goals/Values and Interpersonal Problems

Interpersonal Motivation in Clinical Practice

Conclusion

8. Interpersonal Complementarity

Empirical Evidence for Complementarity

Complementarity as Interdependent Shifts, Bursts, and Oscillations

Summary and Conclusions

9. Empathic Accuracy and Inaccuracy

Measuring Empathic Accuracy: Three Paradigms

Explorations of Gender Differences and Acquaintanceship Effects

Empathic Accuracy and Psychotherapy

Summary and Implications

10. Person Perception, Dispositional Inferences, and Social Judgment

Person Perception, Dispositional Inferences, and Social Judgment

Two Useful Models of Person Perception

Factors That Influence Dispositional Inferences

Conclusion

11. The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Interpersonal Relations

A Brief History

Evolutionary Bases of Nonverbal Communication

Social Psychological Theories of Nonverbal Communication

Research Methods

How Encoding and Decoding Are Related

Ten Troublesome Complexities

Influences on Nonverbal Communication

Contexts of Nonverbal Communication

Using Nonverbal Behavior to Predict Interpersonal Outcomes

Implications for Everyday Interpersonal Interactions

Conclusion

Part III: Personality and Interpersonal Interactions

12. Trust as Motivational Gatekeeper in Adult Romantic Relationships

Grounded Faith: The Nature of Trust

Going Beyond the Evidence: The Essence of Faith

Motivational Gatekeeping: How Trust Regulates Responsiveness in Specific Situations

Cautious or Audacious? Trust Captures Variability in Affect, Cognition, and Behavior

Summary and Conclusions

13. An Attachment-Theory Perspective on Social Support in Close Relationships

Seeking and Giving Support: The Interface of Three Behavioral Systems

An Attachment Theory Perspective on Social Support

Research on Safe Haven Processes: Support in Times of Stress

Concluding Statement

14. Conceptualizing Relationship Violence as a Dyadic Process

Background and Dispositional Factors

Relationship Context

Situational Context

Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence

Process and Contextual Issues

Summary

15. Differentiating the Dark Triad within the Interpersonal Circumplex

Introduction

Unificationist Theories

Contradictory Evidence: Yes, They Do Differ!

A Conceptual Review: Guided by the Masters

Explicating the Moderators

Integration

Conclusion

16. Social Allergens

Social Allergens

Features of Social Allergens and Social Allergies

Social Allergens and Interpersonal Theory

The Location of Social Allergens in Five-Factor Model Space

Social Allergens and Close Relationships

Theoretical Reasons Why Social Behaviors Can Become Allergenic

Summary and Directions for Further Research

17. Social Domains, Personality, and Interpersonal Functioning

Domain-Based Functioning

Theories of Normal Personality Functioning

A Developmental Model of Social Domain Organization: From Early Family Experiences to Adult Personality Functioning

Application of a Domain-Based Approach to Personality Disorders

Developing Empirical and Clinical Agendas

Summary

Part IV: Assessment of Interpersonal Characteristics

18. Circular Reasoning about Circular Assessment

What Is the Circular Model?

The Interpersonal Circumplex

What Is an Interpersonal Circumplex?

From Model to Measurement

From Individual to Group

Conclusions

19. Circumplex Measures of Interpersonal Constructs

The Interpersonal Circumplex Model

Circumplex Measures of Interpersonal Constructs

Scoring and Interpreting IPC Inventories

Using IPC Measures to Assess Maladaptive Interpersonal Styles

Conclusions

20. Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB)

The SASB Model

SASB and the Nature of Nature

SASB Items Were Written to Reflect Theory Directly

IAS, Factor Analysis, and the Nature of Personality

Interpersonal Reconstructive Therapy (IRT)

Summary and Conclusions

21. Interview Measures of Interpersonal Functioning and Quality of Object Relations

Introduction

The OPD Axis “Interpersonal Relations”

Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Relations Axis

The OPD Axis “Structure”

Psychometric Properties of the “Structure” Axis

Discussion

Part V: Psychopathology and Health

22. Interpersonal Diagnosis of Psychopathology

Origins of Interpersonal Diagnosis

Contemporary Interpersonal Diagnosis

Conclusions and Future Directions

23. Personality Disorders

Conceptual Issues

Theories of Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders: Development and Longitudinal Course

Taxonomies

Disturbed Processes in Individuals with Personality Disorders

Treatment of the Personality Disorders

Summary

24. Interpersonal Process and Trauma: An Interactional Model

The Trauma: How the Type of Trauma and Its Timing Shape the Posttraumatic Trajectory

25. Depressive Disorders and Interpersonal Processes

Social Skills Deficits and Depressions

Interpersonal Responses to Depression

Family Relations and Depression

Conclusion

26. Interpersonal Processes in the Anxiety Disorders

27. An Interpersonal Perspective on Risk for Coronary Heart Disease

An Overview of Coronary Heart Disease

Psychosocial Risk Factors

Mechanisms Underlying Psychosocial Risk

Applications of the Interpersonal Perspective

Conclusions and Future Directions

Part VI: Interpersonal Therapeutic Interventions

28. Interpersonal Issues in Treating Children and Adolescents

Introduction

Normative Interpersonal Development

Interpersonal Processes Leading to the Development of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology

The Role of Interpersonal Processes in the Treatment of Children and Adolescent Psychopathology

Conclusion

29. The Therapeutic Alliance Research and Theory

Alliance and Outcome

Alliance Patterns

Alliance Development

Predictors of Alliance

General Guidelines for Future Research

Concluding Thoughts

30. Interpersonal Interventions for Maintaining an Alliance

Therapeutic Interpersonal Interventions: Resolving Alliance Ruptures

Alliance Ruptures

Rupture Resolution

31. Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

The Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Course of Treatment

Initial Phase

Middle Phase

Termination Phase

Efficacy and Effectiveness of IPT

Geriatric Depression

Adolescent Depression

Other Psychiatric Disorders

International Dissemination of IPT

International Society for Interpersonal Psychotherapy

32. Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy

Integrative View of TLDP

TLDP Principles and Goals

Goals

Formulation and Intervention Strategies

Empirical Research

Summary

33. Group Therapies

Unstructured Time as a Differentiator of Group Therapies

Effectiveness of Group Therapy

Patients' Concerns about Group Therapy

Therapists' Concerns about Group Therapy

Therapeutic Factors and Different Forms of Group Therapy

Basic Relationship Variables in Group Therapy

Factors That Influence Relationship Variables in Group Therapy

Interpersonal Processes and Therapist Technique in Group Therapy

Summary

34. Summary and Concluding Remarks

The Interpersonal Approach as an Integrative Theory

Distinctive Propositions of the Interpersonal Approach

Author Index

Subject Index

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone].

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.

For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone], or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Handbook of interpersonal psychology : theory, research, assessment and therapeutic interventions / edited by Leonard M. Horowitz, Stephen Strack.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-47160-9 (cloth); 978-0-470-88103-3 (ebk); 978-0-470-88106-4 (ebk); 978-0-470-88107-1 (ebk)

1. Interpersonal relations. 2. Social psychology. 3. Psychology, Applied. I. Horowitz, Leonard M. II. Strack, Stephen.

HM1106.H363 2011

302.01--dc22

2010010872

ISBN 978-0-470-47160-9

This book is dedicated to:

The Society for Interpersonal Theory and Research (SITAR) for nurturing the science and practice of interpersonal psychology in the 21st century

Foreword

Leslie C. Morey

The disciplines of personality, social, and clinical psychology have long struggled to identify an emergent paradigm that can help consolidate the many and disparate contributions that scholars have made to these fields. Dating back to Sigmund Freud (e.g., 1895, 1916–1917), various expansive theories have been offered, but these theories have typically demonstrated profound limitations in their capacity to generate specific and testable hypotheses regarding human behavior. This volume represents compelling evidence that the interpersonal tradition in psychology has matured to a point that it represents a viable contender to serve as such a consolidating model.

One of the earliest challenges to Freud's overarching model of personality came from Alfred Adler (e.g., 1951, 2002). For Freud, most of the dynamic elements of personality were intrapsychic; interpersonal relations were conceived as following relatively fixed templates with a limited number of characteristic outcomes. Adler observed that the interpersonal milieu of the developing person reflected a powerful and ever-changing source of motivation through social comparison, and the adaptations to this milieu resulted in diverse yet consistent patterns of motivations and behaviors, patterns that continued to be responsive to the social environment throughout life. These themes were refined and expanded by Harry Stack Sullivan (e.g., 1953a, 1953b), who provided keen insight into how interpersonal mechanisms could help provide meaning even to the most severe forms of psychopathology. Such seminal ideas were further developed by succeeding generations of interpersonal scholars, such as Timothy Leary (1957), who proposed a revolutionary circumplex model for mapping interpersonal characteristics as well as a means for representing these elements at various levels of awareness and automaticity; and Jerry Wiggins (e.g., 2003; Wiggins, Trapnell, & Phillips, 1988), who provided both a strategy for understanding the origins of the salient dimensions of the model as well as critical refinements in measuring these dimensions. Many other important figures, such as Robert Carson (e.g., 1969), Donald Kiesler (e.g., 1983), and Maurice Lorr (e.g., 1996), introduced and elaborated principles (such as the principle of complementarity) to understand components of these models as dynamic processes as well as personological styles. Such giants in the field provided a rich and comprehensive foundation from which the contemporary field of interpersonal science could flourish.

And flourish it has. The contributor list to this volume is a veritable “Who's Who” of the leading scholars of the current generation of interpersonal theorists and researchers, as well as of extensions of interpersonal theory into essential areas of personality and psychopathology. The chapters bear testimony to the enduring impact of the foundational work, and the remarkable development, that the field has witnessed in recent years. The chapters make clear that the interpersonal approach provides both a structure by which key individual differences can be described and understood, as well as a representation for mapping the dynamic, transactional aspects of human interaction. These contributions demonstrate how the approach serves to help understand aspects of human experience as fundamental as empathy, attachment, alliance, and adaptation, and its failures. Despite the far-reaching impact of these principles, each chapter also documents the extensive empirical base that helps elaborate and refine our understanding of the application of the interpersonal paradigm within these specific areas—research that is the result of developing and testing hypotheses directly derived from theory, a progression uncharacteristic of many other broad theories of human behavior.

One wonders what pioneers such as Adler and Sullivan might think if they were able to review this volume. Surely they would be impressed by the steady progression and refinement of ideas and methods in this area, a progression that characterizes any science as it matures. Perhaps they might be a bit mystified by methodological developments that include applications of Cartesian geometric models or structural equation modeling. Nonetheless, because both were practitioners attempting to apply interpersonal principles to help alleviate human suffering, I suspect both would be pleased about the direct translation of the theory into practice and intervention. As shown in a number of the chapters, the interpersonal approach not only provides an explanation for what is observed, but also suggests a course of action with explicit predictions about what might be needed to bring about desired change.

Doctors Horowitz and Strack are to be commended for assembling a remarkable group of scholars whose work represents the cutting edge of interpersonal theory, research, and practice. The broad span of ideas and findings integrated here succeeds in collating and organizing a field that is growing in exciting ways. This book should serve as both an inspiration and a challenge to the next generation of interpersonal scientists, professionals, and students as the field continues to evolve over the next decades.

References

Adler, A. (1951). The practice and theory of individual psychology (2nd ed., rev.). Oxford, UK: Humanities Press. (Original work published 1924)

Adler, A. (2002). The neurotic character: Fundamentals of individual psychology and psychotherapy. Bellingham, WA: The Classical Adlerian Translation Project. (Original work published 1926)

Carson, R. C. (1969). Interaction concepts of personality. Chicago, IL: Aldine.

Freud, S. (1916–1917). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 15–16, pp. 9–496). London: Hogarth Press.

Freud, S. (1895). Project for a scientific psychology. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 109–140). London: Hogarth Press.

Kiesler, D. J. (1983). The 1982 Interpersonal Circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions. Psychological Review, 90, 185–214.

Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press.

Lorr, M. (1996). The interpersonal circle as a heuristic model for interpersonal research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 234–239.

Sullivan, H. S. (1953a). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: W. W. Norton.

Sullivan, H. S. (1953b). Conceptions of modern psychiatry. New York: W. W. Norton.

Wiggins, J. S. (2003). Paradigms of personality assessment. New York: Guilford Press.

Wiggins, J. S., Trapnell, P., & Phillips, N. (1988). Psychometric and geometric characteristics of the Revised Interpersonal Adjectives Scale (IAS-R). Multivariate Behavioral Research, 23, 517–530.

Contributors

Lynn E. Alden, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ananda B. Amstadter, PhD

National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

Medical University of South Carolina

Charleston, SC

Kim Bartholomew, PhD

Department of Psychology

Simon Fraser University

Burnaby, BC, Canada

Julia Bear, PhD

Tepper School of Business

Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, PA

Lorna Smith Benjamin, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT

Kristy E. Benoit, MS

Department of Psychology

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Blacksburg, VA

Sidney J. Blatt, PhD

Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology

Yale University

New Haven, CT

Peter Borkenau, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Halle-Wittenberg

Halle, Germany

James F. Boswell, MS

Department of Psychology

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA

Franz Caspar, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Bern

Bern, Switzerland

Louis G. Castonguay, PhD

Department of Psychology

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA

John F. Clarkin, PhD

Weill Medical College of Cornell University

White Plains, NY

Rebecca J. Cobb, PhD

Department of Psychology

Simon Fraser University

Burnaby, BC, Canada

Nancy L. Collins, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of California

Santa Barbara, CA

Michael J. Constantino, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA

Natalie M. Costa, PhD

Child Study Center

Virginia Tech University

Blacksburg, VA

Paul T. Costa, Jr., PhD

Laboratory of Personality and Cognition

NIH Biomedical Research Center

Baltimore, MD

Jenny M. Cundiff, MA

Department of Psychology

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT

Ronen Cuperman, MS

Department of Psychology

University of Texas

Arlington, TX

William D. Ellison, MS

Department of Psychology

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA

Nicole Ethier, MA

Department of Psychology

University of Waterloo

Waterloo, ON, Canada

Catherine Eubanks-Carter, PhD

Department of Psychiatry

Beth Israel Medical Center

New York, NY

Brooke C. Feeney, PhD

Department of Psychology

Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, PA

Máire B. Ford, PhD

Department of Psychology

Loyola Marymount University

Los Angeles, CA

Marc A. Fournier, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Toronto Scarborough

Toronto, ON, Canada

Robert Gifford, PhD

Department of Psychology and School of Environmental Studies

University of Victoria

Victoria, BC, Canada

Tilman Grande, PhD

Clinic for Psychosomatics and General Clinical Medicine

University of Heidelberg

Heidelberg, Germany

Vladas Griskevicius, PhD

Carlson School of Management

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, MN

Meredith Gunlicks-Stoessel, PhD

Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

New York State Psychiatric Institute

New York, NY

Michael B. Gurtman, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Wisconsin-Parkside

Kenosha, WI

Jeffrey A. Hayes, PhD

Counseling Psychology

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA

Jonathan Hill, MRCP FRCPsych

University of Manchester

Manchester, England

and Tavistock Clinic

London, England

John G. Holmes, PhD

Psychology Department

University of Waterloo

Waterloo, ON, Canada

Martin Grosse Holtforth, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Bern

Bern, Switzerland

Leonard M. Horowitz, PhD

Department of Psychology

Stanford University

Stanford, CA

William Ickes, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Texas

Arlington, TX

Daniel N. Jones, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

John S. Kim, BA

Department of Psychology

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, MN

Karestan C. Koenen, PhD

Departments of Society, Human Development, and Health and Epidemiology

Harvard School of Public Health

Boston, MA

David R. Kraus, PhD

Behavioral Health Labs

Marlborough, MA

Daniel Leising, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Halle-Wittenberg

Halle, Germany

Hanna Levenson, PhD

Wright Institute

Berkeley, CA

Kenneth N. Levy, PhD

Department of Psychology

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA

Kenneth D. Locke, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Idaho

Moscow, ID

Patrick Luyten, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Leuven

Leuven, Belgium

Robert R. McCrae, PhD

Laboratory of Personality and Cognition

NIH Biomedical Research Center

Baltimore, MD

Mario Mikulincer, PhD

The New School of Psychology

Interdisciplinary Center

Herliya, Israel

Leslie C. Morey, PhD

Department of Psychology

Texas A&M University

College Station, TX

D. S. Moskowitz, PhD

Department of Psychology

McGill University

Montreal, QC, Canada

J. Christopher Muran, PhD

Department of Psychiatry

Beth Israel Medical Center

New York, NY

Sandra L. Murray, PhD

Psychology Department

State University of New York

Buffalo, NY

Nicole R. Nugent, PhD

Brown Medical School

Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center

Providence, RI

Brian P. O'Connor, PhD

Department of Psychology

Barber School of Arts and Sciences University of British Columbia-Okanagan

Kelowna, BC, Canada

John S. Ogrodniczuk, PhD

Department of Psychiatry

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Thomas H. Ollendick, PhD

Department of Psychology

Child Study Center

Virginia Tech University

Blacksburg, VA

Delroy L. Paulhus, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Paul A. Pilkonis, PhD

Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic

Pittsburgh, PA

Aaron L. Pincus, PhD

Department of Psychology

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, PA

William E. Piper, PhD

Department of Psychiatry

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Marci J. Regambal, MA

Department of Psychology

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Kathryn H. Rollings, MS

Department of Psychology

University of Texas

Arlington, TX

Pamela Sadler, PhD

Department of Psychology

Wilfrid Laurier University

Waterloo, ON, Canada

Jeremy D. Safran, PhD

Department of Psychology

New School University

New York, NY

Henning Schauenburg, MD

Clinic for Psychosomatics and General Clinical Medicine

University of Heidelberg

Heidelberg, Germany

Chris G. Segrin, PhD

Department of Communication

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ

Phillip R. Shaver, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of California

Davis, CA

Jeffry A. Simpson, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, MN

Timothy W. Smith, PhD

Department of Psychology

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT

Stephen Strack, PhD

Psychology Service

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

Los Angeles, CA

Andrea Thomas, PhD