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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH GmbH
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This book focuses on the fundamentals and developments of high-entropy alloys and ceramics as well as on their microstructure and properties for a wide range of applications.
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Seitenzahl: 514
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 Introduction to High‐Entropy Materials
1.1 History of High‐Entropy Materials
1.2 Definition of High‐Entropy Materials
1.3 Core Effects of HEMs
1.4 Development of the HEMs
References
2 Structural Features and Thermodynamics of High‐Entropy Materials
2.1 Structural Features of High‐Entropy Materials
2.2 Electronic Structure and Band Gap Engineering
2.3 Lattice Dynamics and Phonon Dispersion
2.4 Thermodynamics and Phase Formation
References
3 Theoretical Design Aspects in High‐Entropy Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Formability Prediction
3.3 Properties Prediction
3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
4 Synthesis and Processing of High‐Entropy Materials
4.1 Powders
4.2 Dense and Porous Bulks
4.3 Films and Coatings
4.4 Other Novel Synthesis and Processing Methods
References
5 Characterization of High‐Entropy Materials
5.1 Phase Identification
5.2 Elemental Distribution
5.3 Lattice Distortion
5.4 Microstructure Evolutions
5.5 Other Advanced Characterization Methods
References
6 Mechanical Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Exceptional Toughness at Cryogenic Temperatures
6.3 Superior Performances at Elevated Temperatures
6.4 Improved Hardness: Toward Super Hard Materials
6.5 More Examples on HEMs with Intriguing Mechanical Properties
6.6 Strengthen Mechanisms
6.7 Microstructure‐Mechanism‐Based Design Approaches
6.8 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
7 Functional Properties
7.1 Thermal Conductivity
7.2 Thermal Expansion
7.3 Oxidation Resistance
7.4 Molten Salt Corrosion Resistance
7.5 Irradiation Resistance
7.6 Electronic and Ionic Conductivity
7.7 Dielectric Properties
7.8 Magnetic Properties
References
8 Applications of High‐Entropy Materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structural Applications
8.3 Thermal Protection and Management
8.4 Thermoelectricity
8.5 Electromagnetic Wave (EMW) Absorption
8.6 Rechargeable Batteries
8.7 Other Applications
8.8 Summary and Perspectives
References
9 Challenges and Future Directions of High‐Entropy Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Vastness of Tunable Elements, Microstructures, and Properties
9.3 Preparation, Characterization, and Modeling
9.4 Materials Database, Materials Screening, and Design
9.5 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Rising trend of alloy chemical complexity versus time (IMs: inter...
Figure 1.2 Alloy world based on configurational entropy. Source: Reproduced ...
Figure 1.3 A schematic illustration of serious distorted AlCoCrFeNiTi
0.5
lat...
Figure 1.4 Schematic diagram of the variation in lattice potential energy (L...
Figure 1.5 Diffusion coefficients of Ni in FCC elements, stainless steel all...
Figure 1.6 Measured hardness of high‐entropy borides and the average values ...
Figure 1.7 XRD patterns and
electron backscatter diffraction
(
EBSD
) phase ma...
Figure 1.8 Thermal conductivity (
κ
) versus Young's modulus (
E
) of sever...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Hardness and lattice constants of the CuCoNiCrAl
x
Fe alloy system ...
Figure 2.2 Schematic illustration of selected high‐entropy ceramics (HECs) f...
Figure 2.3 A schematic representation of two lattices illustrating how the f...
Figure 2.4 An atom map shows the atomic distribution within the B2 phase of ...
Figure 2.5 STEM image and the corresponding
energy dispersive spectroscopy
(
Figure 2.6 Grain boundary (GB) segregation and precipitation in (Zr
0.2
Hf
0.2
N...
Figure 2.7 (a) A bright‐field TEM image oriented in [100] zone axis and the ...
Figure 2.8 Distributions of displacements of atoms from their ideal position...
Figure 2.9 Calculated electronic structure of the Al
0.5
TiZrPdCuNi crystallin...
Figure 2.10 (a) O K edge X‐ray absorption spectra of as‐synthesized and redu...
Figure 2.11 Broadening of phonon spectra with increasing number of constitue...
Figure 2.12 (a) Relationship between Delta and
Δ
H
mix
for high‐entropy a...
Figure 2.13 Phase‐formation rules based on Ω and
δ
for multicomponent a...
Figure 2.14 Phase selection with the root mean square residual strain being ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Pipeline of materials design. Source: Xiang et al. [11]/Springer ...
Figure 3.2 (a) Mixing enthalpy
∆
H
mix
versus atom radius mismatch
δ
...
Figure 3.3 (a) DFT‐calculated formation enthalpy and EFA of eight‐cation hig...
Figure 3.4 Flowchart of the strategy to search for the best combination of d...
Figure 3.5 Prediction accuracy of ML models versus empirical models. Source:...
Figure 3.6 Correlations between descriptors and the appearance of (a) bulk m...
Figure 3.7 Comparison of the Gibbs free energies of BCC and FCC (CoCrFeNi)
1−
...
Figure 3.8 (a) DFT‐derived HCP–FCC energy differences for Co
20
Cr
20
Fe
40−x
...
Figure 3.9 Upper row (a)–(d): the Curie temperature maps and lower row (e)–(...
Figure 3.10 The calculated formation enthalpies as a function of temperature...
Figure 3.11 Specific heat capacity (a)–(d) and site occupation (e)–(h) for d...
Figure 3.12 (a) The specific heats of NbTaMoW. (b and c) The nearest‐neighbo...
Figure 3.13 (a–e) The distribution of element‐resolved bond length deviation...
Figure 3.14 Scaled yield strength (
σ
YS
/
μ
) extrapolated
Figure 3.15 Comparison between experimental yield strength and computed by...
Figure 3.16 Partial DOS associated with the Cu and orbitals in MgCoNiCuZnO
Figure 3.17 Elastic properties versus Al fraction, (top) Poisson's ratio, (m...
Figure 3.18 Temperature‐dependent elastic properties. (a)
ℂ
11
,
ℂ12
...
Figure 3.19 Schematic diagram of intrinsic stacking fault in an FCC lattice:...
Figure 3.20 Temperature‐dependent SFE of CrMnFeCoNi HEA: (a) Total SFE; (b) ...
Figure 3.21 SFEs calculated by the supercell method as well as ANNI and ANNN...
Figure 3.22 Temperature‐dependent (a) lattice parameters and thermal expansi...
Figure 3.23 The minimum energy pathway for screw dislocation glide in Co
16.6
...
Figure 3.24 A polycrystalline model for the equimolar quaternary NbTaMoW HEA...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Schematic depicting (a) the ball motion inside the ball mill and ...
Figure 4.2 Schematic illustration of the two‐step synthetic strategy for hig...
Figure 4.3 A schematic representation of (a) nebulized spray pyrolysis (NSP)...
Figure 4.4 A typical dendritic microstructure of as‐casting (a) CuCoNiCrAlFe...
Figure 4.5 A schematic representation of the Bridgman solidification techniq...
Figure 4.6 SEM secondary electron images of AlCoCrFeNi HEAs by Bridgman soli...
Figure 4.7 The optical microphotos of single crystal CoCrFeNiAl
0.3
high‐entr...
Figure 4.8 (a) Schematic illustrartion of
in situ
synthesis/partial sinterin...
Figure 4.9 Schematic illustration of the sol–gel synthesis of spherical meso...
Figure 4.10 Surface morphology of the FeCoNiCrCu coatings. (a) Single‐track ...
Figure 4.11 Dependence of the metallurgical characteristics, quality charact...
Figure 4.12 A typical lamellar structure of AlSiTiCrFeCoNiMo
0.5
HEA built up...
Figure 4.13 Cross‐sectional scanning electron microscope images of (a, b) at...
Figure 4.14 SEM images of the cross‐section of (a) the coating system and (b...
Figure 4.15 Schematic of a cold spraying system and its working principle. S...
Figure 4.16 Schematic of a magnetron sputtering system. Source: Reproduced w...
Figure 4.17 Schematic of a PLD system. Source: Reproduced with permission fr...
Figure 4.18 Schematic of a (a) direct laser deposition system and (b) powder...
Figure 4.19 An illustration of the catalysis‐driven particle fission/fusion ...
Figure 4.20 The principle of (a) ECAP and (b, c) HPT. Reproduced with permis...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 X‐ray diffraction patterns for entropy‐stabilized oxide (MgNiCoCu...
Figure 5.2
Back‐scattered electron
(
BSE
) image, EDS maps and SAEDs fro...
Figure 5.3 Grain boundary segregation and precipitation in (Zr
0.2
Hf
0.2
Nb
0.2
T...
Figure 5.4 (a) Line profiles of atomic fraction of individual elements taken...
Figure 5.5 Chemical mapping of VCoNi alloy indicating element‐specific enric...
Figure 5.6 Nanosegregation at GBs in CrMnFeCoNi HEA. (a) TEM image of the si...
Figure 5.7 (a) The pair distribution function of the ZrNbHf thin film obtain...
Figure 5.8 TEM microstructures of the dendrite of as‐cast Al
0.5
CoCrCuFeNi al...
Figure 5.9 Predicted phase diagram of the Al
x
CoCrCuFeNi alloy system with di...
Figure 5.10 Microstructure of the Al
0.5
CoCrFeMnNi alloy annealed at 1200 °C ...
Figure 5.11 SEM images of the Al
0.8
CoCrCuFeNi alloy micropillars before (a, ...
Figure 5.12 SEM of microstructure of (Hf–Ta–Zr–Nb)C, corresponding EBSD map,...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 (a) Tensile stress–strain curves of the Cantor alloy at different...
Figure 6.2 Ab initio calculations for the local lattice distortion effect. (...
Figure 6.3
XRD
(
X‐Ray Diffraction
) patterns and EBSD phase maps of Co
1
...
Figure 6.4 Temperature‐dependent SFE of CoCrFeMnNi HEA: (a) left: Total SFE,...
Figure 6.5 Temperature dependence of (a) compressive yield strength,
σ
y
Figure 6.6 Comparison of the compressive yield stresses at 1000 °C and 25 °C...
Figure 6.7
STEM
(
scanning transmission electron microscope
) and
HAADF
(
high‐
...
Figure 6.8 (a) Flexural strength as a function of temperature for HfNbTaTiZr...
Figure 6.9 Illustration of local potential energy surface (PES) perceived by...
Figure 6.10 (a) True stress‐true strain curves of as‐cold‐rolled and rolled‐...
Figure 6.11 (a) Engineering stress–strain curves of CoCrFeMnNi HEA at differ...
Figure 6.12 (a) Measured hardness of six single‐phase high‐entropy metal dib...
Figure 6.13 Measured Vickers microhardness of (a) (Cr
0.2
Mo
0.2
Nb
0.2
Ta
0.2
V
0.2
)...
Figure 6.14 Curves of hot hardness versus temperature for six alloys includi...
Figure 6.15 (a) Typical scatter band of fracture toughness versus hardness f...
Figure 6.16 (a) Room‐temperature tensile stress–strain curves for the as‐cas...
Figure 6.17 Mechanical properties of the crystal‐glass high‐entropy nanocomp...
Figure 6.18 (a) Tensile stress–strain curves of different eutectic HEAs.
Ult
...
Figure 6.19 (a) Solid solution (non‐Hall–Petch) contribution to initial yiel...
Figure 6.20 Evidence of
CSRO
(
chemical short range order
) in the FCC CoNiV. ...
Figure 6.21 Compression results for the sx‐HEA and nc‐HEA pillars from room ...
Figure 6.22 Microstructure–mechanism‐oriented design approaches to the desig...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Summarized thermal conductivity of some typical high‐entropy oxid...
Figure 7.2 Micostructure of the oxide scale and the underlying substrate of ...
Figure 7.3 Cross‐sectional microstructure of the AlCoCrFeNiYHf HEA after iso...
Figure 7.4 Microstructure of samples after 900 °C/100 hours (five cycles) ho...
Figure 7.5 Cross‐section morphologies of (a and c) (Eu
0.2
Er
0.2
Lu
0.2
Y
0.2
Yb
0.2
Figure 7.6 Schematic illustration of the simplest type of defects introduced...
Figure 7.7 Volume swelling of Al
x
CoCrFeNi and conventional nuclear materials...
Figure 7.8 (a) Surface step measurements of Ni, NiCo, NiCoCr, and NiCoFeCrMn...
Figure 7.9 (a) Schematic illustration of 1D motion in nickel and NiCo. Inter...
Figure 7.10 Electrical resistivity in the zero magnetic field between 300 an...
Figure 7.11 Valence electron concentration dependency of the superconducting...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Rutherford backscattering spectra show different irradiation resp...
Figure 8.2 (a) Weight gains of high‐entropy (Al
0.34
Cr
0.22
Nb
0.11
Si
0.11
Ti
0.22
)
Figure 8.3 Roadmap for the development of engine materials and schematic str...
Figure 8.4 Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of high‐entropy oxides...
Figure 8.5 Microstructures of (La
0.2
Ce
0.2
Nd
0.2
Sm
0.2
Eu
0.2
)
2
Zr
2
O
7
and La
2
Zr
2
O
7
Figure 8.6 (a) Photographs of the as‐sprayed coating and after the thermal c...
Figure 8.7 Linear shrinkage curve of porous high‐entropy (Zr
0.2
Hf
0.2
Ti
0.2
Nb
0
...
Figure 8.8 Temperature‐dependent
ZT
values of high‐entropy materials reporte...
Figure 8.9 Comparison of optimal optimized EAB and
RL
min
values of high‐entr...
Figure 8.10 Specific capacities and lithiation profiles of TM‐HEO and TM‐
med
...
Figure 8.11 Electrochemical performance of the three compounds. (a)–(c) Volt...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Advanced methods for the characterization of HEMs. (a) EXAFS data...
Figure 9.2 (a) A classification chart of combinational methods for bulk, par...
Figure 9.3 Process steps in a high‐throughput method for structural material...
Figure 9.4 Synthesis, heat treatment, and preparation process chain: (a) sam...
Figure 9.5 Compatibility of metals in
high‐entropy
(
HE
) DRX (disordere...
Figure 9.6 High‐throughput CALPHAD screening optimal alloy compositions in t...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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High-Entropy Materials
From Basics to Applications
Huimin Xiang, Fu-Zhi Dai, and Yanchun Zhou
Authors
Dr. Huimin XiangAerospace Research Inst. of Materials and Processing TechnologyNo. 1 South Dahongmen Road100076 BeijingChina
Dr. Fu‐Zhi DaiAerospace Research Inst. of Materials and Processing TechnologyNo. 1 South Dahongmen Road100076 BeijingChina
Dr. Yanchun ZhouAerospace Research Inst. of Materials and Processing TechnologyNo. 1 South Dahongmen Road100076 BeijingChina
Cover Image: © CasiopeaEstudio/Shutterstock
All books published by WILEY‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
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© 2023 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
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Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐35035‐3ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐83718‐2ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐83719‐9oBook ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐83720‐5
Preface
Years of endeavor on searching for metallic glasses with super‐high glass‐forming ability led to the invention of single‐phase multicomponent alloys by Prof. Cantor and Prof. Yeh in 2004, individually. These unique alloys, having unusually high entropy of mixing, are distinctly different from traditional alloys based on one or two principal elements. That’s the reason these alloys were called high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) by Prof. Yeh. Soon, there was ever‐growing interest from all across the academia in these alloys since the concept of these new materials had broken the inertial design strategy of traditional alloys. It is possible for HEAs to break the properties limits of traditional alloys, and improved hardness, strength, oxidation, and corrosion resistance have been reported in these material systems. Prof. Yeh summarized mainly four core effects for HEAs: (i) thermodynamics: high‐entropy effects, (ii) structure: lattice distortion, (iii) kinetics: sluggish diffusion, and (iv) properties: cocktail effects.
Inspired by the concept of HEAs, Rost et al. employed high entropy to stabilize oxides with five different cations in equiatomic fractions, and soon, the concept was employed in the design of high‐entropy borides, carbides, and other ceramic systems. Similarly, the four core effects are valid for high‐entropy ceramics (HECs), and improved properties are observed compared to traditional ceramic solid solutions. However, the structure of HECs is not as simple as that of HEAs; it covers all types of Bravias lattices except the triclinic system. Moreover, the bonding between atoms in HECs is essentially different from that in HEAs since all types of bonds, including metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds, exist in HECs. Therefore, the chemical space for composition and property is quite abundant in HECs, and enthusiastic research studies have been conducted after 2015.
There have been several excellent books covering a very wide spectra of HEAs, ranging from manufacturing and processing to advanced characterization to mechanical and functional properties and from physical metallurgy to computational modeling. A number of comprehensive review papers regarding these aspects of HEAs and HECs have been published in these years. However, no book or paper has reviewed the connections and differences between these two fascinating high‐entropy materials (HEMs), yet. That's the scope of this book: providing a comprehensive review on the crystal, electronic, and phonon structure characteristics of HEAs and HECs that define their appealing properties. More importantly, the differences between these two types of materials in structure characteristics are emphasized to reveal the origin of different processing methods, mechanical and functional properties of HEAs and HECs.
In this book, a brief history about the birth of HEAs and HECs is given in Chapter 1, followed by the four core effects of HEMs summarized by Prof. Yeh. Detailed descriptions on structure features, including crystal structure, electronic structure, and lattice dynamics of HEMs, which play a central role in understanding their processing/structure/properties' relationships, are described in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, a comprehensive review on the theoretical tools that probe the formation and properties of HEMs is given. Vast computational modeling based on density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD), surrogate models from machine learning (ML) methods, and simplified models based on physical assumptions or other methods are employed in the simulation of HEMs. Then, synthesis and processing routes via liquid, solid, and gas states to obtain powders, dense and porous HEMs are illustrated in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals with the characterization of HEMs, including phase identification, microstructure evolution, and some other novel methods. The mechanical and functional properties of HEAs and HECs are given in detail in Chapters 6 and 7. Shaped by their different structure features, HEAs and HECs perform differently in many aspects. The potential applications that are determined by their properties are reviewed in Chapter 8, while conclusions and prospects of these two types of HEMs are given in Chapter 9.
The intended readers of this book are students from colleges and graduate schools and research professionals from academia and industries.
April 2022
Y. C. ZhouBeijing, China
