Hizbullah E-Book

Naim Qassem

• Herausgeber: Saqi Books
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 599

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Hizbullah ('Party of God') is one of the Middle East's major political forces. Sheikh Naim Qassem, its Deputy Secretary-General, provides an insider's view of this Shi'ite resistance group turned political party, from its inception to the present day. Formed in 1982 in response to Israel's invasion of Lebanon, Hizbullah was instrumental in forcing Israel to withdraw its troops in 2000. During the 1990s, after many years functioning as both a guerrilla movement and a social-support provider to Lebanese victims of war, Hizbullah moved into mainstream parliamentary politics. The group's mandate is laid out here, allowing access to the mindset of this important party at a crucial stage of its development.

Leseprobe

Naim Qassem

HIZBULLAH

The Story from Within

Translated from the Arabic by

Dalia Khalil

SAQI

Contents

List of Maps

Preface

Introduction to the Third English Edition

1. Vision and Goals

Hizbullah’s Foundation

The Three Pillars of Hizbullah

First: Belief in Islam

Second: Jihad

Third: Jurisdiction of the Jurist-Theologian

2. Organization and Public Work

Hizbullah, or The Nation of the Party of God

Islamic Resistance

Resistance and Public Work

3. Key Milestones in the History of Hizbullah

From Invasion until the First Withdrawal

The May 17 Accord

Prologue to the First Withdrawal

The Open Letter

The Assassination Attempt against al-Sayyed Fadlallah

War in the Camps

Amal and Hizbullah

The Taif Accord

Testing the Army’s Custodianship of Security

Harmony between the Government and the Resistance

The Martyrdom of al-Sayyed Abbas al-Moussawi

The July 1993 Aggression

The September 13 Massacre

The April 1996 Aggression

The Ansaria Operation

Martyrdom of the Secretary General’s Son

The Lebanese Brigade for Resisting Occupation

The Revolution of the Famished

Lebanon First or Jezzine?

Victory

Resolution 425 Has Not Been Implemented

Army Deployment in South Lebanon

The Shebaa Farms Operations

Trying the Collaborators

Captives Detained in Israeli Prisons

Freeing the Captives

Results of the Exchange Deal

4. The Palestinian Cause

The Zionist Project: Foundation Steps

US Support for Israel

The Aggression Expands

The Choice of Compromise and the Language of Numbers

The Promise of Victory

Results of the Palestinian Armed Struggle

Security is the Pillar of Israel’s Existence

Targeting Israeli Civilians

Signature Draws Israel’s Boundaries

Postponing the Discussion on Liberation Borders

The Responsibility of Arabs and Muslims

5. Issues and Stance

Participation in State Institutions

Results of Participation in Parliamentary Elections

Islam and Sectarianism

Islamic Movements and the Question of Unity

Kidnapping Foreigners

6. Regional and International Relations

The Relationship with Iran

The Relationship with Syria

Relationship with the other Arab Regimes

Relations with the US

Relations with the European West

Communicating with Public Opinion

The United Nations Security Council

7. Hizbullah’s Future

Presence and Influence

Two Pressure Alternatives

The Persistence of Resistance

Lebanon and Palestine

Future Expectations

Appendix: Hizbullah’s 1992 Election Programme

References

Index

Maps

Map 1:   The Occupied Zone of 1978

Map 2:   The 1982 Invasion

Map 3:   The 1985 Occupied Zone

Map 4:   The Occupied Zones, 1978–85

Map 5:   The West Bank and the Distribution of Jewish Settlements

Map 6:   The Gaza Strip

Preface

At a time when the Islamic banner was perceived as an unattractive, inadequate source of persuasion in the face of confrontation against Israeli occupation and international pressure, Hizbullah emerged as a distinct party because of its very adoption of this Islamic banner, as well as of its conduct as a resistance force. Islamic resistance operations were of such unique success that they earned the praise of supporters of liberation and adherents of justice, as well as the wonder and disbelief of the occupiers. Enemy aggression was thwarted many times, and the occupiers’ dominant position shaken. Hizbullah’s importance rose further with actual victory, achieved on May 25, 2000, when Israeli troops were forced to withdraw from Lebanon as a result of Hizbullah operations – an unprecedented achievement in fifty years of struggle with the Israeli enemy.

Many questions surrounded Hizbullah: about the Party’s reasons for its inception, its goals, vision and values, about the time-frame it has set as an objective … Is Hizbullah a temporary faction playing a definite role, it has been asked, or does it have the potential for continuity?

Equally, many answers, analyses and assumptions were put forward. Numerous published writings blemished the Party’s image, with shreds of facts gathered mostly in presumptuous fashion. Gradually, the truth emerged through Hizbullah’s open and declared mode of work, through its field operations, the expressions of its leaders and the practical implementation by its partisans and institutions. Where, then, is the truth amidst this amalgam of facts and suppositions?

Since the circumstances surrounding the Party’s inception forced the deployment of all recruits directly in the field of operational resistance, little time was left for Party leaders to draw up frameworks and articulate visions or write manifestos, raisons d’être and manuals. Although such guiding beliefs were quite clear to Party leaders, they had yet to be laid in a format that addressed the queries of intellectuals, academics and concerned groups.

Many attempts were made to write about Hizbullah, by close Party supporters, the non-aligned and challengers alike. The Party itself had gathered and published many speeches, declarations, interviews and records of activist work, in order to create an asset base to aid in the Party’s overall direction. A number of researchers conducted special interviews with Party leaders and activists, the better to present their direct and personal opinions. However, given the Party’s level of recognition, presence and achievement – all realized within a short and critical time-span in the midst of a blazing region that is set for many more developments – whatever has been written thus far is insufficient to document and analyze this robust experience.

I found myself facing the responsibility of contributing to such documentation, so I embarked on this self-set mission despite my time constraints and the effort required. This work expresses my understanding of the Hizbullah order and its experience and future plans as gathered through my direct involvement with the Party since its inception and in various capacities.

Speaking of the ‘order’ is imperative, for it delineates the vision and goals of this Party that have sprung from a profound belief in Islam: The religion before Allah is Islam [surrender to God’s will and guidance].1 Hizbullah’s framing of all issues emanates from such belief, and the Party’s practical path is interconnected with the principles of faith it carries. It is not possible to generalize as to what ‘Islamic’ experiences concern, for many rationalizations exist and factions differ in their direction. The necessity to specify and scrutinize details thus emerges. The Islamic Resistance found a place in the hearts of many Middle Eastern populations, and the core reason for achieving such stature has to do with the order it followed: that order which reveals the foundations of the experience.

The ‘experience’ in this book reveals a resistance project characterized by a bountiful jihad (holy war) offering. The approach to Party organization and public action, and the more important milestones in Hizbullah’s history, are laid out. The Party’s stance with respect to the Palestinian cause, liberating the land from occupation, participation in a non-Islamic governmental system, issues of concern to the populace, and relationships with various parties and factions whether local or regional are all laid out. A summarized chronicle of the Party’s key milestones is provided, along with its viewpoints and approach, and the circumstances surrounding these major issues.

As for the future, this outlook is based on our perception of historical divine intercession and of the state of nations and what governs their actions. As such, we were able to envisage a number of possibilities, all of which are worth consideration. Irrespective of the extent to which international players dominate our world, their influence cannot determine the fate of nations and peoples. Such days (of varying fortunes) We give to men and men by turns.2 I could only find it appropriate to relay my personal view of the future.

This book can be used to draw an outline for further academic work on Hizbullah, which could fill volumes. I have sought brevity, and the provision of a general overview that can answer many key questions, and describe the approach adopted by this Party and its general direction. This is a book for those who would like to know or increase their knowledge, for those who would like to remember or document their memories, or for those who would like to research or benefit from material for their subjects.

While first outlining this book, I was under the impression that my library of information and documents would suffice as a research tool. The need for more soon became obvious. Many fellow partisans provided actual recollections and details, and research was extended to cover Hizbullah Council decisions and reports, issues of Al-‘Ahd (Al-Intiqad) newspaper since its inception in 1948 and many other documents that served towards creating this book. References were quoted where the source was a clear document (book, newspaper or circular); recollections and analysis were used where sources were unavailable. I would hereby like to thank all of those who have assisted in attaining this work and in making it available to readers.

As a Hizbullah insider, I hope that I have successfully managed to communicate the facts and to inform the reader, with whom the final judgement rests.

To God I owe any success. Peace be upon you.

Naim Qassem

_________________________

1.   The Qur’an, surah no. 3, al-‘Imran, verse 19.

2.   Surah no. 3, al-‘Imran, verse 140.

Introduction to the Third English Edition

Praise be to God, the guide, protector and benefactor; prayers and peace be upon the great Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the leader and exemplar; on the Imams (PBUT), the protectors of the faith and the custodians of the message; on the martyrs who have lit the way for humankind; and upon you and the mercy of God and his blessings.

The Middle East has been subjected to successive waves of imperialist exploitation over the years, which have shaped its current realities and territorial boundaries. The Sykes-Picot Treaty in 1916 and the Balfour Declaration in 1917 created the Israeli entity, leading to recurrent challenges that continue to impact upon the region. High-handed attempts by the United States have subsequently been made to control the region and establish a secure and powerful Israel, whether by occupying Afghanistan and Iraq, making repeated threats against Syria, preventing Iran from developing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes or attacking resistance movements such as Hizbullah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad at every opportunity.

How can the Middle East achieve stability and lasting peace, given the challenges it faces? Is it possible to find reasonable solutions to the problems of the region while two issues contrary to the interests of its peoples persist? These are, namely: the American project for a new Middle East that will allow the US to dominate the area and divide it geopolitically according to its interests, and an ambitious Israel that continues to occupy, expand and settle territory at the expense of Palestinian people and forms the pole around which the countries of the region orbit as economic and political dependents.

Although there are vague proposals that advocate sovereignty and independence for countries in the region, the US and the international community shamelessly intervene to impose conditions and resort to force if they encounter resistance – as happened in the case of the US invasion and occupation of Iraq as well as the Israeli aggression against Lebanon in July 2006. While the major powers pay lip-service to notions of democracy and popular choice, they support repressive authoritarian regimes and reject the outcome of popular elections such as the one that brought Hamas to power. Where is the democracy in that?

There is talk about human rights, but such slogans are selectively applied. Israel is said to be acting in legitimate self-defence when it kills and injures Palestinians, but the wounding of one Israeli is regarded as an act of aggression that must be condemned. The massacres carried out by Israel in Qana and elsewhere during the 2006 war against Lebanon have also gone unpunished.

Iraq under US Occupation

When George W. Bush assumed the presidency of the US in 2001, he commissioned a group of advisors, headed by Richard N. Haass, to formulate a working programme on the US role in the Middle East. Among its conclusions was a proposal that the US should distract the region by concentrating on Iraq, taking advantage of the fact that the Arab world had been in conflict since Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait. Haass counselled against trying to find an ultimate solution to the Palestine–Israel question, as the key issues dividing the two sides were unlikely to be resolved. As he put it: ‘The best way to deal with conflicts that are not yet nearing a solution is to lessen interference.’ Iraq, on the other hand, was ‘a special case when compared with Israel. It represents a threat to the neighbouring countries, while Israel faces a terrorist threat from within.’1 In addition, the case of Palestine united Arabs against Israel, while the case of Iraq was contentious and divided them – thereby making it easier for the US to gain control in the region.

The events in New York of September 11, 2001 directed the US’s attention away from the Middle East to Afghanistan, where al-Qa‘ida, the group held responsible for the attacks, was based. The war against Afghanistan took precedence; Iraq was relegated to the second stage of the campaign rather than the first, as Haass and his group had originally suggested.

Though an international team of inspectors had failed to find any evidence of ‘weapons of mass destruction’ in Iraq, the Bush administration launched its invasion and occupation of that country on the pretext of the existence of such weapons. US politicians, along with military and security officials, bombarded the world and the American people with fictitious and mendacious evidence that, although quickly shown to be false, nevertheless became the accepted version of events in the media. However, the lack of sufficient and compelling evidence meant that the invasion failed to obtain the backing of the United Nations Security Council, and countries such as France, Russia and Germany withheld their support. The US remained determined to proceed with its plans and the invasion eventually took place in March 2003. The US invasion of Iraq had three main objectives:

1.   To gain control of Iraq’s immense oil reserves, the second largest in the world, thereby enabling the US to control the oil market and guarantee its own oil requirements.

2.   To allay Israeli concerns about Iraq’s growing military power. Backed by various international sources and openly funded by the Gulf States, Iraq had obtained an arsenal of heavy and sophisticated weaponry as a result of Saddam’s war against the Islamic Republic of Iran (1980–8) and now had the strongest army in the region after Israel. Israel, like its US sponsor, believes that the only way to guarantee its dominant position in the region is by ensuring that it is militarily superior to its neighbours.

3.   To strengthen political control of the wider Arab region, using Iraq as a gateway. Iraq enjoys a significant geopolitical location, surrounded by the Gulf States, Iran – with which it shares the longest land border of any country in the region – and Syria. Control of Iraq, therefore, is a key factor in shaping the Middle East.

Although the occupation has lasted for more than five years to date, the US will not leave the country until it has concluded a political security treaty2 that will make Iraq a US protectorate, stripped of decision-making power at regional and international levels, and which will allow the US to control the country’s politics, security, oil and culture. It is in US interests for the contagious sectarian civil war to continue, as it provides an excuse for it to remain in the country on the pretext of maintaining security. However, the situation has got partly out of control.

Parliamentary and presidential elections are not enough to provide for popular choice and independence, because they are conducted under occupation and are therefore subject to control by the occupying power. Ministers are unable to take decisions or carry out activities without first receiving the consent of the US representative in charge of the ministry.

Hizbullah considers that the continued US occupation of Iraq is unacceptable on whatever pretext, and that the Security Council has the power to help Iraq by bringing in a limited and targeted international force to replace US rule and provide international cover. It also believes that the Iraqi resistance has the right to act to expel the occupiers. Hizbullah condemns every bombing and attack on civilians and Iraqis in general, and regards such attacks as completely unjustified. It rejects all forms of factional strife, and believes that Iraqis themselves have the capability and competence to maintain their territorial integrity in the face of US occupation and to make political, security, economic, legal and future decisions that will benefit their country.

The US has failed both to impose its authority on Iraq and to drag Iraq’s neighbours into the problem because it is in the position of occupier. Despite statements from officials that the political process is moving forward, and that conditions in the country are improving, Haass – in an article about the new Middle East – described the situation in Iraq after three years of occupation as follows: ‘Iraq, traditionally a center of Arab power, will remain messy for years to come, with a weak central government, a divided society, and regular sectarian violence. At worst, it will become a failed state wracked by an all-out civil war that will draw in its neighbors.’3

The peoples of the region will not put up with a return to colonialism, mandates or high commissioners any longer. Other countries in the region, particularly Iran and Syria, have realized the magnitude of the damage inflicted by the occupation and are working to weaken the US position in Iraq in order to protect their own interests and security. The only solution now is for the US to withdraw from Iraq, to stop tearing it apart and using it as a base from which to tear the region itself apart. Perhaps what has taken place in Iraq will make Americans as well as the rest of the world realize that stability can only be achieved through the establishment of a properly thought-out political process within Iraq and between the countries in the region. Such a solution would respect the interests of Iraq and take into account the interests of the region as well. It is no longer possible to use international military or political might to impose a solution by force against the wishes of the people, who have become more conscious of what is appropriate for them in a changing and complex world.

The Iran–Syria Axis

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new, unipolar world order came into existence, dominated by a US intent on promoting its own policies and securing its interests. Given its vital significance, the Middle East was at the top of the US agenda. The US was not new to the area. It already had, as allies, Israel as well as a large number of Arab countries classified as ‘moderate’ because their policies were in line with US interests.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, which was brought into being by Imam Khomeini (May God sanctify his secret) on February 11, 1979, has refused to submit to US demands and has pursued a policy of non-alignment since its inception. It regards autonomy and political independence as the best way of serving its interests, and has rejected attempts to keep it as a base for the US as it had been during the time of the Shah. Iran has consistently espoused the cause of Palestinian resistance. It opened the first Palestinian embassy, and has continued to support Palestinian aspirations for an autonomous state with the right to defend its territory. Angered by this stance, and fearing that it was losing control of the country, the US instigated a boycott and a campaign of oppression that has continued to the present. It incited Iraq to launch an eight-year war against Iran, supported groups opposed to the regime and attempted to bring about regime change from within. Recently it has raised the issue of Iran’s ‘nuclear power’ at the UN Security Council and urged the international community to stop Iran from acquiring a nuclear capability on the pretext that it will be used for military rather than peaceful means.

Syria, as the only state not to have accepted a humiliating treaty with Israel, has played a distinctive role in the region following the signing of the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel and the Wadi Araba Treaty between Israel and Jordan. It remains determined to regain all its territory in the Golan Heights, though it is unable to ignore the fact that the balance of military power is weighted in favour of Israel; it fears that it will be exposed to a debilitating embargo, which will end its role in the region and destabilize its regime.

Syria believes that supporting the Palestinian resistance will not only help the Palestinians liberate their land but also establish a new balance of power in the area more suited to Syrian stability than the constant threat of Israeli expansion. Similarly, it has supported the Hizbullah-led resistance in Lebanon, believing that a strong and resistant Lebanon able to withstand Israeli pressure will strengthen its own position, while a vulnerable one will only damage it.

The political map has been redrawn, and the region is now polarized between those who accept US plans for it and those who oppose them. The US has effectively created two axes – one that complies with American policy (an essential component of which is unequivocal support for Israel) and an opposition axis consisting of bodies that reject it, namely Iran, Syria, the Palestinian resistance led by Hamas and Islamic Jihad and the Lebanese resistance led by Hizbullah.

Since its inception, the Islamic Republic of Iran has adopted policies in keeping with its principles and vision. It has supported the Lebanese and Palestinian resistance movements against Israel, and now rejects the US occupation of Iraq, which it regards as contrary to Iraqi as well as Iranian interests. It believes that the US presence in a neighbouring country, as well as American plans for a Greater Middle East, pose a threat to its own security. It has forged a fundamental and important alliance with Syria based on Islamic solidarity and the need for a united front against US aggression that will enable both countries to survive and maintain their roles in the region.

Syria has been involved in the struggle against the Israeli entity since its establishment. It has backed resistance movements in Lebanon and in occupied Palestine, not only for reasons of geographical proximity but also because the existence of strong resistance movements in both countries strengthens its own position. It has obtained a strong regional ally and actor through its relationship with Iran; Iran, for its part, has obtained a means of communicating and interacting with Arab countries with which it shares common concerns.

The resistance movements in Palestine and Lebanon stem from the same root. Both parties are defending their land against occupation and the continuing dangers posed by Israel’s expansionism. By cooperating, they are able to continue their struggle against Israel and prevent it from gaining power and achieving its objectives at the expense of the peoples of Palestine, Lebanon and the region as a whole. Such resistance requires support. If such support exists unconditionally and complies with the interests of the recipients and providers alike, there is no reason not to be clear and open about it. The Lebanese and Palestinian resistance movements are proud to acknowledge the help they receive from Iran and Syria, as it is compatible with their aspirations and is given freely and without any political strings attached. Is it reasonable to deny the resistance the right to seek support while Israel receives US$3 billion in aid every year, in addition to arms and others forms of assistance? If other Arab or Islamic countries were to offer unconditional support to the resistance, they would accept it as they have accepted Iran’s and Syria’s support.

The Iran–Syria axis that has developed in opposition to the US–Israel axis is a defensive alliance that stands counter to subordination and occupation, the imposition of US hegemony and the legalization of the Israeli entity at the expense of the peoples of occupied Palestine and the region. The struggle between the two blocs has impacted upon the region as a whole, as countries have been drawn into the crisis brought about by the Israeli and US occupiers and their expansionist aims.

Palestine is a Central Issue

The proposed solutions to the Palestinian issue have always been based on giving Israel the territory and stability it wants and depriving the Palestinians of the simplest sustenance, preventing the return of refugees and refusing to recognize the most sacred nature of Jerusalem. This course will not bring about a solution, but will only generate more problems.

The decision to use excessive force against Palestinians has deepened the crisis, made a solution more difficult and made the Palestinians more determined to resist. American and Israeli strategies, which have included fomenting sedition among Palestinians, creating dissension between the Fatah and Hamas authorities and besieging Hamas in Gaza in order to bring about its downfall, achieve nothing. Such moves are clearly aimed at destroying the ability of the Palestinian people and their representatives to choose freely, and forcing them to come to the negotiating table not as equal partners in dialogue but as supplicants to whom the Israelis will dictate a solution. The pursuit of such actions by Israel and its sponsors, starting with Madrid and Oslo and followed over the years by the ‘Road Map’ and most recently the Annapolis conference, has only led to more complications.

The Bush proposal for a Palestinian–Israeli state amounts to nothing but a useless slogan. Experience has shown that its only purpose is to demonstrate US interest in the Palestinian issue. The administration has merely put a muddled framework for a solution in place and made no serious effort to put pressure on Israel, provide justice for Palestinians or draw up practical steps or a timetable that would shape the substance of the solution.

The US realizes that in order to secure support from influential Arab countries for its plans for a new Middle East, it must demonstrate its interest in finding a solution to the Palestinian issue. These regimes can then justify their subordination to US policy by pretending they are lobbying on behalf of the Palestinians.

We believe that agreement on a solution is deadlocked. Israel wants nominal negotiations that do not come close to obtaining a final solution and do not answer difficult questions such as the status of Jerusalem, the issue of refugees and the nature of the Palestinian state. It wants a say in the form of the Palestinian Authority with which it negotiates and refuses to recognize the choices made by the Palestinian people, who have voted for a legislative assembly in which Hamas commands a majority.

Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas is not able to give the security guarantees that Israel is looking for, nor does he possess the legal authority that qualifies him to speak on behalf of all Palestinians. He and his movement in the West Bank are subject to Israeli restrictions as well as Arab and international pressures, which make him ineffectual. His position is further undermined by Israeli statements about his weakness, and their mistrust in his ability to bring about any progress.

Hamas, along with other Palestinian resistance factions and the Palestinian people as a whole – most notably in Gaza – believes that resistance is the only means of guaranteeing the continuance of the Palestinian project and ensuring that a solution is not simply imposed on the people for which future generations will have to pay. What is proposed is humiliating and unacceptable; however, shored up by its ideological beliefs, Hamas is prepared for sacrifice, martyrdom and patience. The brutal attacks on Gaza and the killing of women, children and the elderly in an effort to bring down Hamas will not benefit anyone; rather, such aggression will increase Palestinian commitment to the cause. Resistance offers the possibility of cherished hope, while submission only leads to certain loss.

It is impossible for Bush to fulfil his promise to find a solution before the end of his presidency in 2009. Any action undertaken by the US under this administration has been, like those in Israel, no more than a way of gaining time while waiting for fundamental changes in the region.

Lebanon in the Eye of the Storm

The Bush administration has made many efforts to eradicate Hizbullah in Lebanon. It believes that the resistance poses an obstacle to its new Middle Eastern strategy and also stands in the way of Israeli plans for resettling Palestinians in Lebanon and for securing its northern front in the same way it has secured its other Arab fronts, in order to isolate the Palestinians and restrict their options.

Israel, like the US, has persistently attempted to eliminate Hizbullah; to this end, it launched a major offensive against the resistance in July 1993, followed by an even larger offensive in April 1996 – but in both cases it failed to meet its objective. Exhausted by the military campaign waged by the resistance, Israel was forced to withdraw its troops from Lebanon on July 25, 2000, though it continues to occupy land near the border including the Shebaa Farms and Kfar Shouba Hills, which has justified the need for continued resistance. Hizbullah remained extremely cautious about the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, and believed it was necessary to be prepared for the onset of a new Israeli war.

On September 2, 2004, at the joint request of the US and France, the Security Council issued Resolution 1559. This marked the beginning of the dangerous political stalemate that has persisted in Lebanon ever since, and was the first serious expression of the US’s determination to take control of the Lebanese dossier from Syria. It was also the beginning of regional and international confrontation over how to influence the choices of Lebanon. Resolution 1559 states that the Security Council:

1.   Reaffirms its call for strict respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon throughout Lebanon.

2.   Calls upon all remaining foreign forces to withdraw from Lebanon.

3.   Calls for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias.

4.   Supports the extension of the control of the Government of Lebanon to all Lebanese territories.

5.   Declares its support for a free and fair electoral process in Lebanon’s upcoming presidential election, conducted according to Lebanese constitutional rules devised without foreign interference or influence.4

Four points in the resolution proved particularly contentious. First was the call for the withdrawal of the Syrian army from Lebanon referred to in articles 1 and 2; second was the call for the disarming of Hizbullah and the elimination of its resistance wing, implied by the phrase, ‘all the Lebanese militias’ in article 3; third, also in article 3, was the call for the disarming of Palestinian camps in a manner that did not form part of an overall solution to the Palestinian question in the region, implied by the phrase ‘non-Lebanese’; fourth was interference in the choice of a new president, by preventing the extension of Emile Lahhoud’s mandate for a further three years after it came to an end on November 24, 2004, implied in article 5.

In order to put pressure on the Lebanese Chamber of Deputies not to renew President Lahhoud’s mandate, on the basis of article 5 of the resolution, the Security Council rushed through publication of Resolution 1559 one day ahead of the sitting on September 3, in which deputies were due to vote on extending the presidential term of office. However, in accordance with authorized Lebanese constitutional mechanisms, the Chamber of Deputies approved a constitutional amendment that would allow the president to stay in office for a further one-off period of three years, with 96 out of the 128 deputies voting in favour – representing 75 per cent of the total number of deputies.5 An international campaign to not recognize the outcome of the presidential election was begun, which lasted for a further three years characterized by turbulence, insecurity and political instability.

The assassination of Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri on February 14, 2005 marked a distinct and dangerous development in Lebanese affairs and provided an excuse for further international interference. The US believed that the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon, which took place on April 30, would weaken Hizbullah and put the question of ‘Hizbullah’s disarmament’ on the negotiating table in accordance with Resolution 1559. However, the so-called Quartet Agreement – the electoral alliance concluded ahead of the May 29, 2005 elections between Hizbullah, the Amal Movement, the Future Movement (headed by Saad al-Hariri) and the Progressive Socialist Movement (headed by Walid Jumblatt) – eased pressure on Hizbullah. Under the agreement, the four parties pledged the following: to form an alliance in the parliamentary elections in different regions in Lebanon; to use every means in their power to uncover the perpetrators of al-Hariri’s assassination; and to commit to the view, held by the late prime minister, that the resistance should hold onto its weapons until the remaining Lebanese territory was liberated and until it could be seen whether developments in the region would lead to a settlement. The agreement gave the Future Movement and the Progressive Socialist Party a majority of deputies in the Chamber of Deputies in return for an assurance that they would not touch the resistance or its weapons.

The Party Participates in Government

On April 18, 2005, a minister accountable to Hizbullah joined Prime Minister Najib Mikati’s cabinet. This was the first time since its inception that the Party had participated in government, and the decision to do so came about after a series of important events – the most significant of which were the adoption of Resolution 1559, the assassination of al-Hariri and the start of discussions on the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon, which took place on April 3. It was based on the following rationales:

1.   That the government would be responsible for the transition period leading up to the holding of parliamentary elections on May 29, and for establishing the role of the incoming government. Unlike governments formed under the Syrians’ presence in Lebanon, the new government would play an active role in delivering policy rather than refusing this role as it had done in the past. It was this responsibility that would make the government’s role so essential.

2.   That Hizbullah expected the US and the international community to continue to intervene in Lebanese affairs in order to force the country to pursue policies that would benefit Israel and harm Lebanese interests – despite the continuing threat posed by Israel, its occupation of the Shebaa Farms, the Lebanese prisoners under its control and its daily violations of Lebanese airspace. Hizbullah believed that by having representatives in government, joining with allies to protect the resistance and discussing this position with other forces in the government, it could bring about a shift in the balance of power that would help get policies adopted that were consistent with its vision. It also believed representation could provide it with a suitable means to defend its political programme and facilitate its adoption by the government.

The number of ministerial positions held by a party would not be its only means of influencing political, economic and social decisions within the government. Its public presence would also have a bearing on the formulation of policy, as would the popularity of its political allies and the nature of its alliances. The ministerial statement would be of fundamental importance in charting the way forward for the government as it interacted with influential countries in the region on matters requiring decisions. The government would exercise an active role in determining the direction of the country, rather than merely acting in an executive capacity as it had done in the past.

For the above reasons, the Party played an even more active role in the government that followed, which was formed by Prime Minister Fouad Siniora on July 19, after parliamentary elections were held. This time, the cabinet included a minister from Hizbullah, another who was close to the Party and a third who was selected in agreement with the Amal Movement. Following a prolonged debate on the resistance, a statement was issued in the interests of continuity and support. It referred to the resistance in two paragraphs, declaring ‘support for our brave resistance’ in the first, and calling for ‘quiet dialogue on the options available to us all within the framework of the Arab struggle against Israel and its occupation and ambitions, and the need to fortify Lebanon at the same time’.

The second paragraph was more explicit: ‘The government considers that the Lebanese resistance is a true and natural expression of the national right of the Lebanese people to liberate their land and to defend their honour in the face of Israeli aggression and threats and ambitions, and believes that it is working for the complete liberation of Lebanese territory.’6

In the second half of November 2005, about seven months after it had been set up, Progressive Socialist Party leader Walid Jumblatt declared that the Quartet Agreement was dead. ‘The Quartet Agreement never existed and will never exist,’7 he said, giving Hizbullah’s stance on Syria and its unnecessary retention of its weapons as his reasons for leaving. In a parallel development, ministers from the Amal Movement and Hizbullah suspended their participation in the cabinet on December 12. This followed the assassination of the journalist Gebran Tueni and the subsequent decision by the government, taken at a rapidly convened session held on the same day, to call for the setting up of an international tribunal to look into the assassination of al-Hariri without studying or discussing its status or powers. The ministers concerned believed this contradicted the spirit of the Quartet Agreement and the national partnership government.

A short while later, deputy Saad al-Hariri announced he was leaving the Quartet Agreement and no longer considered himself bound by obligations to it. This, in turn, precipitated an announcement by the Secretary General of Hizbullah, His Eminence Hassan Nasrallah, that the Quartet Agreement no longer existed. When the ministers of Hizbullah and the Amal Movement returned to government seven weeks later, he said: ‘Today we are once again returning to government. The first political outcome is the ending of the Quartet Agreement. A member of the Quartet has ignored it and denied its origin and existence.’8

The Memorandum of Joint Understanding

Hizbullah and the Free Patriotic Movement headed by General Michel Aoun reached an understanding during this period that marked a significant development in Lebanese politics. Officially titled ‘The Memorandum of Joint Understanding between Hizbullah and the Free Patriotic Movement’, the agreement was reached after several months of negotiations and announced on February 6, 2006 at a joint meeting at the Church of St Michael, which was attended by Secretary General Nasrallah and General Aoun. The understanding had an undeniable impact on the Lebanese political scene, creating an effective bridge of communication between the Shi‘ite and Christian religious blocs, in which Hizbullah and the Free Patriotic Movement enjoyed broad representation, respectively. It strengthened the position of both parties domestically and laid the essential foundations for what later came to be known as the Lebanese opposition. The understanding also identified a mechanism for dealing with the weapons of the resistance as part of an overall national defence strategy. Such a strategy should be based on dialogue about the role of the resistance and its weapons rather than calls for its disarmament as outlined in Resolution 1559. This was made clear in item 10 of the document.9

Protecting Lebanon

The protection of Lebanon and the preservation of its independence and sovereignty are national responsibilities and duties, guaranteed by international charters and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – particularly in confronting any threats or dangers that may harm them, irrespective of where these dangers come from. Therefore, carrying arms is not an objective in itself, but a noble and sacred means that is exercised by any group whose land is occupied, as political resistance. In this context, the question of Hizbullah’s arms must be addressed as part of a comprehensive approach that falls within two parameters: first, retaining these arms relies on justifications reflecting national consensus and constituting sources of strength for Lebanon. Second, conditions must be objectively defined that would eliminate the justifications for keeping these weapons.

Since Israel occupies the Shebaa Farms, imprisons Lebanese resistance fighters and threatens Lebanon, the Lebanese people must assume their responsibilities and share the burden of protecting their country, safeguarding its existence and security and preserving its independence by:

1.   Liberating the Shebaa Farms from Israeli occupation.

2.   Liberating Lebanese prisoners from Israeli jails.

3.   Protecting Lebanon from the dangers posed by Israel by formulating a national defence strategy to which the Lebanese agree and in which they are involved by assuming its burdens and benefiting from its outcomes.

Lebanese Dialogue

The period following the dissolution of the Quartet Agreement witnessed changes in the Lebanese political line-up as the various parties regrouped; the Future Movement and Progressive Socialist Party adopted opposing positions to Hizbullah and the Amal Movement, and Hizbullah and the Free Patriotic Movement concluded the Memorandum of Joint Understanding – even though the latter had been part of what was later to be called the March 14 Coalition (named after the popular rally organized to mark the four-week anniversary of Prime Minister al-Hariri’s assassination). Political disagreements threatened to further complicate an already turbulent situation. The Speaker of Parliament, Nabih Berri, invited representatives from all parties with members in the Chamber of Deputies to take part in a round-table discussion. Everyone agreed, and the talks were scheduled to start in the Chamber on March 2, 2006. Fourteen leaders, representing the various political forces, attended together with their assistants; the agenda included the following points:10

1.   The investigation into Prime Minister al-Hariri’s assassination.

2.   The situation in the Palestinian camps with particular reference to weapons.

3.   Syrian-Lebanese relations.

4.   Lebanese claims to the Shebaa Farms.

5.   The position of President of the Republic.

6.   The resistance and its weapons.

Several discussions were held, which led to agreement on the first four items; however, the fifth proved more difficult. The Future Movement, the Progressive Socialist Party and the Christian Qornet Shehwan coalition took the decision to bring down President Émile Lahhoud before his legal mandate expired on November 24, 2007, arguing that Resolution 1559 had ‘declared its support for a free and fair electoral process in the coming presidential elections’ and that President Lahhoud had been elected for a further three years as a result of Syrian pressure; they called for his mandate to be terminated and for new elections to be held, a move rejected by the opposition (comprising Hizbullah, the Amal Movement, the Free Patriotic Movement, various leading authorities including Sunni former Prime Minister Omar Karami, Dr Fathi Yakan, former Druze minister Talal Arslan, former minister Wiam Wahhab, and former MP Faisal Daoud, as well as members of other secular, popular and nationalist parties).

Delegates were unable to agree on the presidency, and it was decided to defer talks on the subject and discuss the question of the resistance and its weapons instead. At a meeting on May 16, 2006, it was concurred that the problem needed to be addressed through dialogue and agreement rather than by force or foreign interference, and that a defensive strategy should be drawn up by Lebanon itself; but the discussion was not concluded.

Israel’s War against Lebanon

On July 12, 2006, Hizbullah captured two Israeli soldiers on the Lebanese Palestine border in the hope that the Party could exchange them for Lebanese prisoners being held by Israel despite attempts to gain their release through political channels. Using the liberation of its soldiers as a pretext, Israel launched an all-out war on Hizbullah, which it subsequently called ‘The Second Lebanese War’. The thirty-four-day-long conflict was called ‘The True Promise’ by Hizbullah.

The Party did not expect the capture of the soldiers to result in a full-scale war, though it had been prepared for possible Israeli reprisals on Lebanon before or after the incident. Nevertheless, it had readied itself for some form of attack; the liberation of Lebanon on May 25, 2000 convinced the Party that Israel would renew hostilities against the country at some point in the future in order to minimize Hizbullah’s offensive capability and prevent it from opposing Israeli expansionist plans in the region.

The decision to go to war was taken by the US and implemented by Israel. American and Israeli statements, informed press reports and the Israeli-commissioned Winograd Report enquiring into the 2006 war have subsequently made clear that the US put pressure on Israel to rush into war even though at least another two or three months were required to get ready. (Reports also indicate that Israel had intended to launch a war on Hizbullah between September and October that same year.) This meant that Israel was under-prepared, lacking an overall understanding of what was required if it was to achieve its desired ends.

Why did the US take such a step?

There are several reasons. The US had failed to secure Hizbullah’s disarmament politically through Resolution 1559; rather than being weakened by the Syrian exit from Lebanon, the Party had consolidated its position. It participated in government and a ministerial statement was issued supporting the resistance and ensuring its political protection; Hizbullah was enjoying increased popularity, especially after concluding the Memorandum with the Free Patriotic Movement. The US also realized that any hopes it had of pitting the Lebanese army against the resistance were doomed to failure given the sectarian composition of the army and its anti-Israeli stance, formed according to the political reality in Lebanon. Furthermore, the March 14 Coalition had been unable to commit itself to a timetable that would address the existence of the Party’s weapons despite international pressure – particularly from the US. It was later revealed that key figures from the Coalition had told Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and other US officials that, as they were unable to do anything and time was against them, the only remaining option was for Israel to launch a war against the Party and disarm it by striking at its power base.

The July 2006 attack was the start of a global war against Hizbullah and its supporters, carried out by Israel with the backing of many leading countries, the Security Council, some Arab states and the March 14 Coalition in Lebanon. The latter parties attempted to justify the Israeli aggression; they claimed that Hizbullah was responsible for the war and its consequences, and urged it to end its armed presence in Lebanon.

It is impossible to describe the brutality of the Israeli attacks and the widespread killing of Lebanese people that took place during the conflict. About 1,000 people were martyred and 3,000 people wounded; houses and buildings, particularly in the south and the southern suburbs of Beirut and the Bekaa, were destroyed. Israel dropped more than 4 million cluster bombs.11 But the resistance wing of Hizbullah survived; not only did it prevent an Israeli advance on land, but its equipment and soldiers also inflicted heavy losses on the enemy, perhaps most prominently on August 12 when more than thirty-nine tanks and bulldozers were destroyed, killing more than twenty Israeli officers and soldiers and wounding more than 110 in what was described as a ‘tank incineration’12 in the region of Wadi al-Hajir, in southern Lebanon. By the time the ceasefire came into effect, at 8 am on August 14 (as a result of Security Council Resolution 1701), Israel had suffered a heavy defeat both morally and militarily, instead of the victory it had hoped to achieve. Its failure was further compounded by the fact that it was unable to enter villages or outposts on the border such as Bint Jubail, Aita al-Shaab and al-Khayam.

Lebanon was united in the face of Israeli aggression; the Lebanese army came out in support of the resistance, and many of its soldiers died as martyrs or were wounded; people in the target areas, who bore the brunt of the war and were exposed to displacement and suffering, expressed their support for the resistance under the most difficult circumstances, as did people in other areas who sympathized with the displaced, and who gave them shelter and aid no matter where they came from or which sect they belonged to. Although some politicians did attempt to place the blame for the war on the resistance, this suggestion had little impact on the wave of national solidarity that greeted the Israeli aggression.

Hizbullah successfully prevented Israel from achieving the two main objectives of its second war against Lebanon, namely: ‘the return of Israeli soldiers, and the implementation of Resolution 1559, including the disarming of Hizbullah’,13 which Prime Minister Ehud Olmert set out before the Israeli Knesset on the sixth day of the war as conditions for a ceasefire. Defence Minister Amir Peretz, who ‘threatened to invade Lebanon’,14 failed to realize his dream; and any hopes Chief of Staff Dan Halutz had had of ‘eliminating the missiles and stopping the people from launching them’ were dashed as the Party continued to launch as many missiles as previously, right up to the moment when the ‘ceasefire’ came into effect, after the implementation of UN Resolution 1701. Secretary of State Rice, who had rejected calls for a ceasefire on the ninth day of the war, justifying the vicious attacks on Lebanon as ‘the birth pangs of a new Middle East in Lebanon’,15 was also disappointed, as this ‘new Middle East’ failed to materialize. Since this notable strategic victory, the first of its kind in the history of the Arab–Israeli struggle, the Party has become an inspirational force for the peoples of the region.

Hizbullah’s success in foiling Israeli military objectives and defeating the Israeli entity had far-reaching consequences within Israel. A large number of army leaders resigned, most prominent among them Chief of Staff Halutz. Defence Minister Peretz failed in his re-election bid as president of the Labour Party, and the Winograd Commission investigating the conduct of the war enumerated the many failures and shortcomings in the political and military systems as well as in the management of the home front.

Israel’s thirty-four-day war had a severe impact on the Lebanese economy and on the country’s infrastructure; 104,000 housing units were damaged and 16,000 completely destroyed, at an estimated total cost, according to the Lebanese government, of between $1–3 billion.16 In addition, economic institutions as well as crops, livestock, poultry and machinery to an estimated value of $580,000 were also destroyed, according to the Consultation Centre for Studies and Documentation17 – and this figure does not take into account the large number of workers who lost their jobs. In a report to the Paris 3 Summit, the Lebanese government estimated that losses incurred during the 2006 aggression totalled $2.8 billion, ‘which includes the cost of reconstruction, restoration and rebuilding of private and public infrastructure, replacement of destroyed plants, and compensation for private housing which constitutes the bulk of losses’.18 (Hizbullah’s own statistics indicate that costs were nearer the $2 billion mark.)

Hizbullah was quick to tackle the social impact of the war. It guaranteed financial aid to all those affected, and rented and furnished temporary housing to the value of $168 million while repairs or building work took place on property destroyed by Israel. It commissioned the Jihad Construction Company, which belongs to the Party, to repair communal sections of houses in the southern suburbs of Beirut, and met the costs of repair to homes in the Bekaa, the south, the suburbs and elsewhere in Lebanon to a total value of $188 million. In addition, it established the Wa’ad architectural firm to draw up plans for the rebuilding of the southern suburbs, in which 274 apartment blocks containing 6,000 housing units had been completely destroyed by the Israelis. It put the projects out to tender to major companies specializing in this field. Those who were hoping that the crisis would adversely affect relations between the people and the Party were disappointed, and observers and those hostile to the Party were taken by surprise.

There was no let-up for Hizbullah after August 14, when ‘hostilities’ came to an end. It studied the war and its outcome, and made use of the positive and negative lessons it had learned. In addition, it repaired and consolidated its position, helped by a surge of popular sympathy, a rise in the number of young people joining the Party and broad and effective cooperation with the Lebanese opposition parties.

The Political Conflict Intensifies

Following the failure of the Israeli military aggression on Lebanon, the US renewed its campaign of political aggression against the country, thereby compounding the political crisis. After the war, the Lebanese leadership rejected calls for the formation of a government of national unity that would include General Aoun’s Free Patriotic Movement. In addition, it agreed to the setting up of an international tribunal without first discussing the matter with Hizbullah and the Amal Movement, both of whom were part of the government. This time and on November 11, 2006, the ministers from both parties left the cabinet. They demanded that the government resign, and called for the formation of a national unity government that would be more representative and include members of the Free Patriotic Movement. In such a government, the opposition would have a blocking minority – that is, a third of the total number of cabinet positions plus at least one more – and would have the power to veto fundamental political decisions regarding Lebanese sovereignty and the role of the resistance as, according to the Lebanese constitution, ‘fundamental issues require the agreement of two thirds of the members of the government’. Given that the opposition made up 45 per cent of the Chamber of Deputies versus the ruling bloc’s 55 per cent, its members considered their request logical and normal. They believed that the nature of the Chamber, with its sectarian composition, required consensus between the various factions, and that a coalition government of national unity was the only way of finding a solution to political instability, insecurity and intractable economic problems, which the government had failed to address. However, supporters of the ruling bloc, backed by the US, refused to compromise and give the opposition seats totalling a third-plus-one, thereby plunging the country into a complex crisis. Opposition members refused to recognize the government and called on it to resign, while loyalists insisted that it remain in power, ignoring the fact that six ministers had already resigned, including all five representing the Shi‘ite faction, and that the government was further weakened by the absence of any members of the Free Patriotic Movement, which represented a great number of Christians.

The opposition organized the largest demonstration ever held in Lebanon on December 10, 2006, calling for the overthrow of the government; when it failed to bring this about on the same day, it called on demonstrators to occupy the commercial centre of Beirut. The sit-in lasted for 538 days, but there was no let-up in the government crisis and the country was completely paralyzed. To make matters worse, the presidency was also in deep trouble. Government loyalists refused to deal with the president according to his constitutional powers, and behaved as if he wasn’t there, although his mandate did not expire for another year.

When President Lahhoud’s mandate came to an end on November 24, 2007, the Chamber of Deputies was unable to agree on a new president. As a result of the ruling bloc’s continuing refusal to form a properly representative government of national unity, the opposition blocked the election by refusing to provide the necessary two-thirds quorum in Parliament. The publicly declared US position was that the country should continue without a president, and that Prime Minister Siniora should run the government; this was to prevent the election of a president from within the political equation who would legitimize the resistance and give a role to the effective opposition in Lebanon.

On February 12, 2008, Israel assassinated the great jihadi leader of Hizbullah, Imad Mughniyeh (Hajj Radwan) in Syria, setting off a bomb as he was about to enter his car. Aware of the role he had played in the July 2006 victory and in building up and managing Hizbullah’s military capability, it hoped that targeting him would weaken Hizbullah’s resistance work. However, the Party quickly addressed any problems caused by the assassination and made a series of appointments that ensured its continuing strength and effectiveness, demonstrating that it had become a cohesive apparatus that could pursue its course with energy and skill in a precise, professional and prompt manner.

The Bush administration continued to intervene to prevent Hizbullah and the opposition from becoming a natural part of Lebanese political life, using Hizbullah’s resistance as an excuse. A US-sponsored line-up of countries accused Iran and Syria of being responsible for the situation in Lebanon – a stand also adopted by government loyalists, who spread rumours that the crisis had come about because of Iranian–Syrian support for the opposition. But such accusations ignore reality. The resistance retains its right to carry arms because Israel poses an imminent and continuing danger to Lebanon. It occupies the Shebaa Farms and Kfar Shouba Hills, and its planes carry out several spy missions a day over different parts of Lebanese territory in order to photograph and compile a database of military targets. In a briefing on the situation in the Middle East presented to the Security Council on April 23, 2008, Angela Kane, UN Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs, stated in paragraph 35: ‘UNIFIL recorded a marked escalation in the number of Israeli air violations committed daily, which rose from 282 in February 2008 to 692 in March, and amounted to 476 during the first half of April. Such sorties constitute a breach of Lebanese sovereignty and the Blue Line, and continue to reduce the credibility of UNIFIL and the Lebanese armed forces.’19 Hizbullah believes that the Lebanese have the right to express their rejection of foreign tutelage; to cooperate with each other, as Lebanese; to establish an independent state; to reject the continued occupation of any part of their land; and to retrieve their prisoners held by Israel.

The Communications Network Crisis

The political crisis remained unresolved and the situation, which had its origins in the adoption of Resolution 1559 three years earlier, grew ever more complicated. The post of president had remained vacant for almost six months, and investigations into the assassinations had proved inconclusive. Arab, Iranian–Saudi and French initiatives had failed to come up with a solution. The ‘unconstitutional’ Siniora government had assumed presidential powers and was making decisions without being sanctioned to do so – a development that was to have surprising consequences. On May 5, 2008, the cabinet met in the evening and remained in session for more than ten hours, until 4.30 am, emerging with a resolution that Hizbullah regarded as dangerous and confrontational. The resolution stated the following:

In view of the fact that the communications network, which Hizbullah has established in the Lebanese territories, is illegal and unlawful, and constitutes an assault on the sovereignty of the state and public property, [the government] will start criminal prosecutions against all those found to be involved in the action as individuals, parties, associations or companies.

[The government] rejects the claim that Hizbullah’s protection merits the setting up of such a network, or that it is an integral part of the party’s weaponry, and also rejects statements linking it to jamming carried out by Israel, Syria or international parties, which the government has and continues to condemn and is constantly working to stop.

[The government] has provided the Arab League and international organizations with details of this new attack on the rule of law in Lebanon, and exposed the role played, and being played, by Iranian organizations in this field.

[The government] entrusts the relevant departments and the security forces to follow up and address the existing anomaly, given that this network belongs by law to the State of Lebanon, which has the right to remove it.20

The Party rejected the resolution and called on the government to withdraw it. Secretary General Nasrallah announced the Party’s position explicitly at a press conference on May 8,21 which contained the following points: