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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Fachliteratur
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

HOLLAND-FREI CANCER MEDICINE The latest edition of the gold-standard in cancer science and clinical oncology references In the newly revised Tenth Edition of Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, a team of distinguished researchers and practitioners delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of cancer science and clinical oncology practice. The book contains timely and indispensable information on epidemiology, etiology, cancer biology, immunology, prevention, screening, clinical presentation, pathology, imaging, and therapy. Grounded in a fundamental understanding of cancer biology, Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine combines scientific principles with clinical practice. It contains hundreds of full-color illustrations and photographs, tables, graphs, and algorithms that complement and enhance the complex topics discussed within the book. This book is an invaluable clinical tool that provides readers with overview boxes, additional references, and other pedagogic features designed to make the content easy to access and comprehend. Readers will also find: * A translational and integrated approach throughout the book that combines cancer biology with cancer management * A strong emphasis on multidisciplinary, research-driven patient care that improves outcomes and allows for the optimal use of all clinically appropriate therapies * Discussions of the most current personalized cancer care, including molecular diagnostics and therapeutics Perfect for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and internists, Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, Tenth Edition will also earn a place in the libraries of allied health professionals involved in the treatment of cancer patients. This book is published in collaboration with the American Association for Cancer Research: https://www.aacr.org/

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Cover

Table of Contents

Dedication

Title Page

List of contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Volume 1

PART 1: Introduction

1 Cardinal manifestations of cancer

The present

The future

Acknowledgments

2 Biological hallmarks of cancer

Distilling the dauntingly complex manifestations of cancer

Acquired functional capabilities embody biological hallmarks of cancer

Aberrations that enable acquisition of the necessary functional capabilities

The histopathological complexity of cancer, manifested in tumor microenvironments (TMEs)

Therapeutic targeting (and co‐targeting) of cancer hallmarks

References

PART 2: Tumor Biology

3 Molecular biology, genetics, and translational models of human cancer

Overview: gene structure

General techniques

Gene analysis: DNA

Gene expression: mRNA transcript analysis

Epigenetic regulation

Gene expression: protein analysis

Functional screens for the identification of therapeutic targets in cancer

Organoids as an evolving tool for research and clinical application

Mouse models of human cancer

References

Note

4 Oncogenes

Introduction

Discovery and identification of oncogenes

Mechanisms of oncogene activation

New markers from large‐scale genomic analysis

Oncogenes in the initiation and progression of neoplasia

Oncogenes as target of new drugs

Summary and conclusions

References

5 Tumor suppressor genes

Genetic basis for tumor development

Somatic cell genetic studies of tumorigenesis

Retinoblastoma: a paradigm for tumor suppressor gene function

Complexity at the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A locus

The genetic basis of adenomatous polyposis coli

Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2 genes

Familial breast cancer

Recessive cancer predisposition syndromes

Tumor suppressor genes and hereditary cancers

Acknowledgment

References

6 Epigenetic contributions to human cancer

Mechanisms involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression

Altered DNA methylation and chromatin in the “Cancer Epigenome”

Clinical implications of altered DNA methylation in cancer

References

7 Cancer genomics and evolution

Precis

Introduction

The history and methods of cancer genomics

Cancer genome landscapes

Cancer evolution

Cancer genomics and evolution in clinical practice: a case study in melanoma

Acknowledgments

References

Note

8 Chromosomal aberrations in cancer

Introduction

Genetic consequences of genomic rearrangements

Chromosome nomenclature

Methods that complement karyotype analysis

Specific clonal disorders

References

9 MicroRNA expression in cancer

Background

Biogenesis and production of microRNAs

MicroRNA deregulation in cancer

MicroRNA as biomarkers in cancer

MicroRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers in cancer

Selected miRNAs implicated in cancer

Therapeutic targeting and miRNA

Human applications for miRNAs

References

10 Aberrant signaling pathways in cancer

Growth factor receptors with Tyr kinase activity

Signaling pathways of RTKs

Other signaling pathways aberrantly deregulated in cancer

Growth factor signaling and cancer therapy

Acknowledgments

References

11 Differentiation therapy

Molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation blockage in cancer

Potential cancer cell differentiation‐inducing agents

APL as a successful model of cancer differentiation therapy

Perspectives

References

12 Cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cell hypothesis

Cancer stem cell plasticity and heterogeneity

Clinical significance of cancer stem cells

Therapeutic targeting of cancer stem cells

References

13 Cancer and cell death

Introduction

Pathways for cell death

Cell death resistance mechanisms used by cancers

Signal transduction pathway alterations in cancers—impact on cell death machinery

Cytotoxic chemotherapeutic oncology drugs

Cancer drug discovery by targeting the cell death machinery

Conclusions

List of abbreviations

References

14 Cancer cell immortality: targeting telomerase and telomeres

Telomere and telomerase

Telomerase as a potential target for cancer therapy

Challenges for developing telomerase inhibitors

Overexpression of mutant hTERC and wild type hTERC‐targeted siRNA by lentiviral vectors are different types of gene therapy strategies for telomerase‐targeted therapies

Telomerase‐based telomere uncapping approach

Acknowledgments

References

15 Cancer metabolism

Malicious builders

From yeast to mammals—same means to different ends

Bad table manners of cancer cells

The traveling electrons

Warburg effect: how to play safe while looking sloppy

The cavalry arrives!—glutamine and anabolic metabolism

The nucleus smells what's cooking

From petty thieves to ringleaders—how cancer cells corrupt their neighbors

Feeding habits in rogue travelers—from making your own to eating like a local

Cancer metabolism comes into the clinic

Conclusions

References

16 Tumor angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis

Rationale for targeting tumor vasculature

Historic background

Biology of tumor angiogenesis

Regulators of angiogenesis

Therapeutic approaches to targeting tumor vasculature

Clinical advances in the use of antiangiogenic therapy

Lessons from preclinical and clinical studies of antiangiogenic therapy and future directions

Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

PART 3: Quantitative Oncology

17 Cancer bioinformatics

Introduction

The definition and scope of bioinformatics

The analog (microarray) to digital (sequencing) transition

Bioinformatic analysis, visualization, and interpretation

Hypothesis‐generating and hypothesis‐driven research

Analysis and biointerpretation in major molecular profiling projects

Statistical methods

Some current trends in bioinformatics

References

18 Systems biology and genomics

Introduction

Intrinsic systems biology and genomics in cancer

Tumor microenvironment

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

19 Statistical innovations in cancer research

Preliminaries

Bayesian approach

Bayesian updating

Prior probabilities

Robustness and sensitivity analysis

Frequentist/Bayesian comparison

Predictive probabilities

Hierarchical modeling: synthesizing information

Hierarchical modeling in trial design

Adaptive designs of clinical trials

Adaptive Phase I trials

Adaptive Phase II trials

Seamless Phase I/II and Phase II/III designs

Adaptive randomization

Extraim analyses

Decision analysis

Process or trial? Evaluating many drugs simultaneously in platform trials with or without adaptive allocation

Application of statistical innovation in clinical oncology trials

Clinical trial software

Acknowledgments

References

20 Biomarker based clinical trial design in the era of genomic medicine

Introduction: the need, current state, and evolution of biomarker‐driven clinical trial design and analysis

Phase I and II trials of molecularly targeted agents with companion diagnostics

Phase IIa master trials—umbrella, basket, and platform trials

Phase III designs with a single binary biomarker

Phase II/III enrichment designs with multiple biomarkers

The new models of collaboration required by clinical trials of the “genomic era” and the challenges ahead

Conclusion

References

21 Clinical and research informatics data strategy for precision oncology

Introduction and roadmap

Health information technology (HIT) systems for the clinical workspace

Emergent HIT solutions for the clinical workspace

Informatics tools for the research workspace for precision oncology

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

PART 4: Carcinogenesis

22 Chemical carcinogenesis

Multistage carcinogenesis

Tumor initiation

Tumor promotion

Malignant conversion

Tumor progression

Epigenetics and chemical carcinogenesis

Gene–environment interactions and interindividual variation

Carcinogen metabolism

DNA damage and repair

Mutator phenotype

Racial, gender, and socioeconomic disparities in chemical carcinogenesis

Chronic inflammation and cancer

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Mutation signatures associated with chemical carcinogenesis

Precision medicine, molecular epidemiology, and prevention

Acknowledgments

References

23 Ionizing radiation

Development of radiation injury

Principal cellular and tissue effects of radiation

Chromosomal aberrations

DNA damage

General characteristics of radiation carcinogenesis

Genetic susceptibility to radiation‐induced cancer

Human epidemiologic studies

Acknowledgments

References

24 Ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis

Epidemiology of skin cancer

Genetic factors in skin carcinogenesis

Diseases of DNA repair

Carcinogenesis

Relative importance of UVA and UVB in melanoma and SCC in XP patients

Acknowledgments

References

25 Inflammation and cancer

Chronic inflammation and cancer

Inflammatory cells, the microenvironment, and cancer

Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in cancer

Inflammation and tumorigenesis

Inflammation‐dependent cancers—examples and treatment

References

Note

26 RNA tumor viruses

Classification

Structure

Viral genome and gene products

Genomic structure

Replication cycle

Mechanisms of oncogenesis

Oncogene capture

Insertional mutagenesis

Growth stimulation and two‐step oncogenesis

Transactivation

HIV

Endogenous retroviruses

Retroviral vectors and gene therapy

Conclusions

References

Note

27 Herpesviruses

Properties of herpesviruses

EBV: an oncogenic human herpesvirus

KSHV and malignancies

Viral proteins

Clinical aspects

References

28 Papillomaviruses and cervical neoplasia

Introduction

Definitions, HPV‐target cells, mechanisms of infection, and transformation

HPV and human genital neoplasia

References

29 Hepatitis viruses and hepatoma

Hepatitis and hepatoma

References

30 Parasites

Introduction—parasites

Schistosomiasis and cancer of the bladder

Schistosomiasis and cancer of other sites

Liver fluke

Malaria

Giardia lamblia

Recent evidence

References

PART 5: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Detection

31 Cancer epidemiology

Cancer statistics

Methods

Molecular epidemiology

Future directions

COVID‐19

Acknowledgments

References

32 Hereditary cancer syndromes: risk assessment and genetic counseling

Risk assessment and risk models

Hereditary breast cancer and gynecologic cancer syndromes

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome

Li–Fraumeni syndrome

Other high‐risk breast cancer syndromes (CDH1, PTEN, STK11)

Lynch syndrome

Moderate risk breast and ovarian cancer predispositions

Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes

Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer)

Familial adenomatous polyposis

MUTYH

‐associated polyposis

Oligopolyposis syndromes

Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

Cowden syndrome

Hereditary predispositions to gastric cancer

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC)

Hereditary predispositions to pancreatic cancer

Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC)

Pancreatic cancer risk in FPC families

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) and moderate penetrance genes

Familial atypical multiple‐mole/melanoma syndrome (FAMMM)

Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

Hereditary pancreatitis

Hereditary genitourinary syndromes

Other potential genetic risks

Hereditary endocrine syndromes

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

Other hereditary parathyroid diseases

Hereditary paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma syndromes

SDHx

MAX, TMEM127

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, Von Hippel–Lindau, and neurofibromatosis type 1

Other hereditary syndromes associated with PCC/PGL

Carney triad

Hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes

Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome

Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome

Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome

Hereditary papillary renal cancer syndrome

BAP1

MiTF

‐associated cancer syndrome

Succinate dehydrogenase‐deficient renal cancer

Tuberous sclerosis complex

Cowden syndrome

Chromosome 3 translocations

Upper urinary tract cancer

Testicular cancer

Hereditary predispositions to hematologic malignancies

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) predisposition syndromes

Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes

Hereditary predispositions to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Familial lymphoproliferative disorders

Special considerations for genetic counseling and testing

References

33 Behavioral approaches to cancer prevention

Tobacco use

Tobacco treatment in healthcare settings

Prevention of tobacco use

Energy balance: diet, physical activity, and body weight

Diet and cancer

Obesity and cancer

Physical activity and cancer

Energy balance and cancer survivorship

Promoting behavioral change in diet and physical activity

Risk behaviors for skin cancer

Sleep and cancer

Summary

References

34 Diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of cancer

Methodologic issues in diet, nutrition, and cancer studies

Public health guidelines for nutrition and cancer prevention

Summary of research efforts focusing on specific cancers

Current research

Survivorship: diet and nutritional guidance during and following cancer treatment

Prevention of cancer recurrence and long‐term complication of therapy

References

35 Chemoprevention of cancer

Biology of chemoprevention

Cancer risk modeling

Chemoprevention trials

The breast

The prostate

Overall cancer

Immunoprevention

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

Conclusions

References

36 Cancer screening and early detection

Key criteria for screening

Evaluation of early detection programs

Breast cancer screening

Colorectal cancer screening

Cervical cancer screening

Prostate cancer screening

Lung cancer screening

Testicular cancer screening

Hepatocellular cancer screening

Endometrial cancer screening

Ovarian cancer screening

Melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer screening

Oral cancer screening

The future of cancer screening

Conclusion

References

PART 6: Clinical Disciplines

37 Clinical cancer genomic diagnostics and modern diagnostic pathology

Introduction

Current applications in clinical practice

Types of tests

Genome‐wide mutational signatures

Digital pathology and artificial intelligence

Liquid biopsy

Conclusion

References

38 Molecular diagnostics in cancer

Introduction

Current molecular biomarkers for predicting outcomes and therapy responsiveness

Molecular biomarkers for monitoring of cancer

Novel molecular biomarkers and platforms for their detection

Challenges in validation of novel molecular biomarkers

Recommendations

Conclusion

References

39 Principles of imaging

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 1 Exemplary DNA alterations and their way of detection.

Table 2 Protein analysis techniques.

Chapter 4

Table 1 Oncogenes.

Table 2 Oncogene amplification in human cancers.

Table 3 Correlation of N‐myc copy number with stage and survival in neurobla...

Table 4 Molecularly characterized chromosome rearrangements in tumors.

Chapter 5

Table 1 Select tumor suppressor genes associated with inherited cancer predi...

Chapter 6

Table 1 Epigenome‐targeting drugs that are approved or in clinical trials.

Chapter 7

Table 1 Glossary.

Table 2 Selected massively parallel sequencing platforms.

Table 3 Cancer genomics databases.

Table 4 Ten most commonly mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSG)...

Table 5 Commonly mutated cancer genes in the deadliest cancers.

Table 6 Commercial cancer genome tests.

Table 7 Therapeutic options in melanoma by genomic subtype.

Table 8 Hypothetical treatment approaches to acquired BRAFi/MEKi resistance....

Chapter 8

Table 1 Glossary of cytogenetic and genetic terminology.

Table 2 Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in malignant myeloid diseases.

Table 3 Cytogenetic‐immunophenotypic correlations in malignant lymphoid dise...

Table 4 Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in solid tumors.

Chapter 10

Table 1 Cancer therapeutics targeting the RTK signaling pathway.

Chapter 11

Table 1 Sanz score for APL risk stratification.

Table 2 The recommendation of APL treatment (Chinese guideline in 2018).

Table 3 The recommendation of APL treatment (NCCN guideline 2020).

Chapter 13

Table 1 Domains associated with cell death proteins.

Chapter 14

Table 1 Some common techniques that are used in telomere biology.

Table 2 Telomere/telomerase targeted strategies.

Table 3 GRN163L in clinical trials.

Chapter 15

Table 1 Recently‐approved and investigational therapies capitalizing on repr...

Chapter 16

Table 1 Examples of regulators of angiogenesis.

Table 2 Approved VEGF pathway inhibitors.

Table 3 Surrogate markers under investigation for the evaluation of efficacy...

Chapter 17

Table 1 Some bioinformatic data types, phenomena, and data sources.

Table 2 A sample of web‐based bioinformatics tools and data resources useful...

Table 3 Some major molecular profiling projects on human cancers, normal tis...

Table 4 A sample of statistical algorithms commonly used in bioinformatics....

Chapter 18

Table 1 Tools for visualization and computational analysis of large‐scale ge...

Table 2 Summary of advantages and disadvantages of chemosensitivity models....

Chapter 19

Table 1 Numbers of responses

, sample size

, observed response proportions...

Table 2 Dose decision boundaries for assigning the dose of the next cohort o...

Table 3 Stopping boundaries for the Bayesian optimal Phase 2 (BOP2) design i...

Chapter 20

Table 1 Master protocol designs.

Chapter 22

Table 1 Selected examples of human chemical carcinogenesis.

Table 2 Landmark discoveries in environmental carcinogenesis.

Table 3 Examples of disease susceptibility and disease syndromes associated ...

Table 4 Chronic inflammation and infection can increase cancer risk

Table 5 Mutational spectra of

TP53

in human cancers.

Chapter 24

Table 1 Genes involved in repair of UV damage in humans.

Chapter 25

Table 1 Major cancer sites and types associated with infectious agents.

Table 2 Cytokines in inflammation and cancer.

Chapter 26

Table 1 Retrovirus groups.

Table 2 Retrovirus morphology.

Table 3 Differences between v‐onc and c‐onc genes.

Chapter 27

Table 1 Selected EBV genes and their cellular homologs and activities.

Table 2 Diseases associated with EBV latent gene expression.

Table 3 Selected KSHV genes and their cellular homologs and activities.

Table 4 Diseases associated with KSHV gene expression.

Chapter 28

Table 1 Definitions.

Table 2 Mucosal HPV genotypes and relationship to disease.

Chapter 30

Table 1 Table representing the different types of parasite species and geogr...

Table 2 Table representing different types of cancers, their associated para...

Chapter 32

Table 1 Clinical criteria for Cowden's syndrome.

Chapter 33

Table 1 The 5As: a model for treating tobacco use and dependence.

Table 2 Pharmacotherapy guidelines for tobacco treatment.

Table 3 Obesity‐related cancers U.S. data (2001–2017).

Table 4 American Cancer Society (ACS).

Chapter 34

Table 1 A summary of public health guidelines for diet, nutrition, and healt...

Table 2 Types of studies used to assess diet and disease relationships.

Table 3 Summary of strong evidence on diet, nutrition, physical activity, an...

Table 4 Guidelines for cancer survivorship.

Chapter 35

Table 1 FDA‐approved agents for the treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia o...

Table 2 Breast cancer prevention clinical trials of select estrogen‐receptor...

Table 3 Breast cancer prevention clinical trials of select aromatase inhibit...

Table 4 Breast cancer prevention clinical trials of select novel agents.

Table 5 Select phase III HBV clinical trials of vaccines.

Table 6 Select phase II/III HCV and HCC clinical trials of vaccines.

Table 7 Select phase III HPV clinical trials of vaccines.

Table 8 Breast cancer prevention clinical trials of select vaccines.

Chapter 36

Table 1 Measures of screening performance.

Table 2 American Cancer Society screening guidelines for the early detection...

Table 3 Breast cancer screening randomized trials.

Table 4 Pooled RRs for breast cancer mortality from mammography screening tr...

Table 5 Guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of col...

Table 6 Bethesda system 2001.

Chapter 38

Table 1 The panel of 21 genes in

Oncotype Dx

and their subdivision based on ...

Table 2 Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of urine cyt...

Chapter 41

Table 1 Landmark advances in surgical oncology.

Table 2 Patterns of neoplastic spread for common human malignancies.

Table 3 American Society of Anesthesiologists: Physical status classificatio...

Table 4 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status and correspon...

Chapter 42

Table 1 Radiation therapy techniques and their clinical use.

Chapter 43

Table 1 FDA‐approved drugs by molecular target.

Chapter 44

Table 1 Protocol for breaking bad news and addressing goals of care.

Table 2 Palliative care internet resources.

Table 3 Guidelines for the use of analgesic drugs in cancer pain management.

Table 4 Opioid analgesics commonly used for moderate to severe pain narcotic a...

Table 5 Guidelines for opioids in kidney and liver disease.

Table 6 Laxatives commonly used to treat constipation.

Table 7 Antiemetics commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting.

Table 8 Pharmacologic therapy of delirium.

Chapter 45

Table 1 Pharmacology to treat depression and anxiety in cancer patients.

Table 2 Additional medications used to treat depression in people with cancer....

Table 3 Columbia suicide severity rating scale (applied for permissions).

Table 4 Pharmacology to treat anxiety in people with cancer.

Table 5 Etiologies of delirium.

Table 6 Antipsychotics used to manage delirium in oncology settings.

Chapter 46

Table 1 Interdisciplinary cancer rehabilitation team.

Table 2 World health organization (WHO) brain tumor grades.

Table 3 Classification of spinal tumors by location.

Chapter 47

Table 1 Recommended web sites for evidence‐based CIM resources.

Chapter 48

Table 1 IOM list of major health services research topics.

Table 2 Strengths and weaknesses of commonly encountered large secondary datab...

Chapter 49

Table 1 Selected new targeted therapies (with a biomarker) approved by the U.S...

Table 2 Selected indications for checkpoint inhibitors of solid tumors approve...

Table 3 Immune‐related biomarkers for checkpoint blockade agents.

Table 4 Examples of key precision oncology trials across tumor types and bioma...

Chapter 51

Table 1 Molecular targets for cancer treatment.

Table 2 Number of agents and curative treatment for childhood acute lymphoblas...

Table 3 Cancer chemotherapy‐number of agents required for cure by tumor type....

Table 4 Combination chemotherapy versus holotherapy.

Table 5 Therapeutic interaction between agents of different classes.

Chapter 52

Table 1 Anticancer therapies and their mechanisms of action.

Table 2 Effect of food on exposure to select oral anticancer agents.

Table 3 Common substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of CYP450 subtypes in clin...

Table 4 Examples of transporters involved in anticancer drugs' pharmacokinetic...

Table 5 Commonly used complementary medicine agents which have the potential t...

Chapter 53

Table 1 Dosage schedules commonly used for methotrexate.

Table 2 Combination chemotherapy with methotrexate.

Table 3 Supportive care for high‐dose methotrexate treatment.

Chapter 56

Table 1 Characteristics of topoisomerases.

Table 2 DNA topoisomerase targeting drugs.

Table 3 Investigational TOP1 inhibitors in clinical development.

Chapter 57

Table 1 MTIs in clinical oncology.

Table 2 MTIs in clinical development.

Chapter 59

Table 1 Types of hematopoietic growth factor receptors.

Table 2 Interleukins.

Table 3 Interferons (IFN).

Table 4 Hematopoietic growth factors.

Chapter 60

Table 1 Monoclonal antibodies, radionuclide conjugates, and targeted toxins ap...

Table 2 Approved radioimmunotherapy treatments for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma.

Chapter 61

Table 1 Spectrum of current and potential therapeutic cancer vaccine targets.

Table 2 Spectrum of current vaccine platforms in Phase 2/3 clinical studies....

Chapter 63

Table 1 FDA approved checkpoint immunotherapy.

Table 2 FDA approved adoptive T cell therapy.

Table 3 FDA approved cancer vaccines.

Chapter 64

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of cancer gene therapy vectors.

Table 2 Countermeasures to tumor immune evasion and inhibition.

Chapter 65

Table 1 Representative clinical‐stage nanotechnologies in cancer therapies.

Chapter 66

Table 1 Diseases treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Table 2 Conditioning regimens.

Table 3 Important variables when selecting patients for allogeneic HCT.

Table 4 Complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Table 5 The significant risk factors for graft failure.

Table 6 Acute GVHD organ staging.

Table 7 Glucksberg grading system.

Table 8 International bone marrow transplant registry grading system.

Table 9 2017 European leukemiaNET risk stratification.

Chapter 67

Table 1 Age‐adjusted SEER cancer incidence rates by primary site and year of ...

Table 2 Five years relative survival (percent) (SEER.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015)...

Table 3 International neuroblastoma risk group staging system (INRGSS).

Table 4 COG risk stratification for rhabdomyosarcoma.

Table 5 Nonrhabdomyosarcoma prognostic groups.

Table 6 Malignant germ cell tumors.

Chapter 68

Table 1 Issues related to cancer and pregnancy.

Table 2 Placental metastases.

Table 3 Multidisciplinary approach to the pregnant patient with cancer.

Chapter 69

Table 1 Sampling of geriatric screening tools for older adults with cancer.

Chapter 70

Table 1 US Office of Management and Budget definition of race and ethnicity, 2...

Table 2 Smoking prevalence by educational attainment, 2017.

Chapter 71

Table 1 HIV‐associated cancers: the AIDS and non‐AIDS defining cancers.

Table 2 Selected NADCs w/o cancer treatment (%) by HIV status.

Table 3 KS ACTG staging criteria.

Table 4 Antiretroviral drug interaction resources.

Chapter 72

Table 1 Estimated numbers of US Cancer Survivors by gender and site for 2019 a...

Table 2 Summary and care plan templates.

Table 3 Resources for professional education on survivorship.

Table 4 Follow‐up care guidelines for cancer survivors.

Chapter 73

Table 1 CNS tumor syndromes.

Table 2 Partial list of tumors of neuroepithelial tissue from the 2016 WHO wit...

Chapter 74

Table 1 AJCC uveal melanoma tumor classification per size.

Table 2 Uveal melanoma 10‐year survival percentage per tumor AJCC 8th edition ...

Table 3 Comparison table for Retinoblastoma: Resse–Ellsworth versus Internatio...

Table 4 Retinoblastoma Clinical tumor node metastasis clinical and pathologica...

Table 5 Retinoblastoma treatment paradigm.

Chapter 76

Table 1 TNM (tumor, node, metastases): The AJCC (American Joint Committee on C...

Chapter 77

Table 1 American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging system for pheo...

Table 2 Major genetic alterations associated with pheochromocytoma/paraganglio...

Table 3 American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging system for adre...

Chapter 78

Table 1 Classification of GEP‐NET.

Table 2 The clinical syndromes.

Table 3 Following the approval of octreotide several decades elapsed before a ...

Table 4 MEN‐1 tumor type distribution and estimated penetrance (%) by age 40 y...

Chapter 79

Table 1 Clinical tumor stage and groupings for head and neck cancer.

Table 2 Clinical tumor staging characteristics for regional lymph nodes and di...

Table 3 Primary tumor staging characteristics for oral cavity and oropharynx c...

Table 4 Selected concurrent chemoradiotherapy trials in locally advanced NPC....

Table 5 Most common malignant tumors of salivary glands.

Table 6 EGFR‐based bioradiotherapy with panitumumab (

Table 7 Single‐agent activity in recurrent head and neck cancer.

Table 8 Selected randomized phase 3 trials of chemotherapy in recurrent or met...

Chapter 80

Table 1 Summary of molecular abnormalities associated with the NSCLC adenocarc...

Table 2 Histological classification of lung cancer.

Table 3 FDA‐approved PD‐L1 Immunohistochemistry assays information.

Table 4 Clinical manifestations of lung cancer caused by local tumor growth an...

Table 5 Clinical manifestations caused by systemic effect at presentation.

Table 6 TNM descriptors.

Table 7 Stage descriptors.

Table 8 Selected randomized trials in patients with locally advanced NSCLC.

Table 9 Selected randomized clinical trials involving first‐line immune checkp...

Table 10 Selected trials with targeted therapy in advanced‐stage non‐small‐cel...

Chapter 82

Table 1 Thymic neoplasms overview.

Table 2 2015 World Health Organization classification of thymomas and select...

Table 3 Thymic carcinomas.

Table 4 IASLC/ITMIG staging system for thymic epithelial neoplasms (with AJC...

Table 5 Masaoka‐Koga staging of thymomas.

Table 6 Paraneoplastic/autoimmune syndromes associated with thymomas.

Table 7 Selected studies of chemotherapy regimens used in thymic malignancie...

Table 8 Selected studies of targeted therapies in thymic malignancies.

Table 9 Selected ongoing intergroup clinical trials involving treatment of t...

Chapter 83

Table 1 Primary cardiac neoplasms.

Table 2 Imaging characteristics of cardiac tumors on CMR.

Table 3 Diagnostic criteria for the carney complex.

Table 4 Tumors likely to metastasize to the heart.

Chapter 85

Table 1 Neoplasms of the esophagus.

Table 2 TNM staging system for esophageal neoplasms.

Table 3 Results of randomized trials of definitive chemoradiotherapy for loc...

Table 4 Operative approaches to resection for esophageal cancer.

Table 5 Results of randomized trials of pre‐ and postoperative radiotherapy ...

Table 6 Results of randomized trials of systemic therapy for advanced esopha...

Table 7 Results of randomized trials of pre‐ or postoperative chemotherapy f...

Table 8 Results of randomized trials of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for l...

Chapter 86

Table 1 Gastric cancer‐predisposing syndromes.

Table 2 AJCC pathologic stage grouping for gastric cancer without distant me...

Chapter 87

Table 1 Child‐turcotte‐pugh (CTP) classification.

Table 2 American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against Cance...

Chapter 88

Table 1 American Joint Cancer Committee (AJCC) TNM classification, 8th editi...

Table 2 AHPBA practice guidelines for the management of gallbladder cancer....

Table 3 Factors associated with increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma versus ...

Chapter 89

Table 1 Susceptibility genes for pancreatic cancer.

Table 2 Interventions that may reduce pancreatic cancer risk.

Table 3 Radiographic criteria for clinical staging of pancreatic cancer.

Table 4 TNM criteria for pancreatic adenocarcinoma TNM definitions.

Table 5 Results of recent randomized trials of adjuvant therapy in patients ...

Table 6 Select trials of chemotherapy, radiation, and chemoradiation in pati...

Table 7 Summary of randomized trials of cytotoxic drugs or drug combinations...

Table 8 New biomarker‐driven precision medicines for patients with advanced ...

Chapter 91

Table 1 List of gene mutation causing colorectal cancer.

Table 2 Inherited syndrome.

Table 3 Screening recommendations, National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Na...

Table 4 Colorectal cancer TNM staging AJCC UICC 8th edition.

Table 5 Haggitt classification of malignant polyps.

Table 6 Kikuchi classification of malignant polyps.

Table 7 Summary of large trials of laparoscopic colectomy.

Table 8 NCCN guidelines for surveillance following resection of stage II/III...

Table 9 Commonly used combination chemotherapy regimens.

Chapter 92

Table 1 Frequency of the most commonly affected genes in SCCA.

Table 2 Histologic types of anal cancer.

Table 3 AJCC TNM staging system for anal canal cancer (8th edition).

Table 4 Randomized trials of combined modality therapy for anal cancer.

Chapter 93

Table 1 Adjuvant clinical trials of TKIs for renal cell carcinoma.

Table 2 Prognostic criteria for metastatic RCC.

Table 3 Selected clinical trials of targeted single agents in metastatic ren...

Table 4 Preferred therapies for mRCC.

Chapter 94

Table 1 Molecular pathway alterations in urothelial carcinoma.

Table 2 Results of clinical randomized trials of neoadjuvant chemotherapy fo...

Chapter 95

Table 1 Grade group system.

Table 2 Growth factors implicated in prostate cancer.

Table 3 TNM clinical and pathologic staging of prostate cancer.

Table 4 Prostate cancer stages.

Table 5 Risk stratification for localized prostate cancer.

Table 6 Contemporary risk stratification for localized prostate cancer.

Table 7 Comparison of key features of three commercialized genomic tests for...

Table 8 Principle prostate cancer tumor types.

Chapter 97

Table 1 Primary tumors of the testis.

Table 2 Markers of testicular germ cell tumors.

Table 3 AJCC staging.

Table 4 International germ cell consensus classification.

Chapter 98

Table 1 Classifications of vulvar dysplasias.

Table 2 TNM classification and staging of vulvar carcinoma.

Table 3 Prognostic factors of stage, grade, and tumor thickness associated w...

Table 4 Classification of melanomas of the vulva.

Table 5 FIGO staging classification for vaginal carcinoma.

Table 6 Treatment scheme for vaginal carcinoma.

Table 7 Survival at 5 and 10-years for 547 patients with clear cell adenocar...

Chapter 99

Table 1 Modification of the WHO histologic classification of epithelial tumo...

Table 2 Clinical summary: screening for cervical cancer.

Table 3 Relapse rates for patients with stage IIB or III cervical cancer.

Table 4 Modified FIGO staging.

Table 5 Types of radical hysterectomy.

Table 6 Five‐year survival rates for stage IB‐IIA cervical cancer patients a...

Table 7 Pelvic disease control and survival rates.

Table 8 Prospective randomized trials: role of concurrent radiotherapy and c...

Table 9 Summary of immune checkpoint inhibitors studied in the treatment of ...

Chapter 100

Table 1 Clinical and molecular features of endometrial carcinoma.

Table 2 Comparison of follow‐up of 170 patients with simple and complex hype...

Table 3 STAGING–endometrial carcinoma.

Table 4 Histopathology: degree of differentiation.

Table 5 Single‐agent cytotoxic chemotherapy for endometrial cancer.

Table 6 Randomized trials of combination chemotherapy regimens for endometri...

Table 7 Randomized trials of combination chemotherapy-+-hormonal therapy for...

Chapter 101

Table 1 Epithelial ovarian tumors.

Table 2 Figo staging of ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal cancer (2014...

Table 3 Nomenclature for patient status‐residual ovarian cancer.

Table 4 Combination chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: rec...

Chapter 102

Table 1 Histologic typing of ovarian germ cell tumors.

Table 2 Combination chemotherapy for germ cell tumors of the ovary.

Table 3 POMB/ACE chemotherapy for germ cell tumors of the ovary.

Table 4 Sex cord‐stromal tumors.

Chapter 103

Table 1 Scoring system for gestational trophoblastic tumors based on prognos...

Table 2 Single‐agent regimen.

Table 3 EMACO regimen.

Table 4 EMAEP regimen.

Chapter 104

Table 1 Classification of uterine sarcomas.

Table 2 STAGING—leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferent...

Table 3 STAGING—uterine adenosarcoma.

Table 4 Single‐agent activity in uterine sarcomas.

Chapter 105

Table 1 Female breast cancer incidence (2012–2016) and mortality (2013–2017)...

Table 2 Relative risk of invasive breast carcinoma based on histologic exam...

Table 3 Breast cancer risk assessment models.

Table 4 Actionable genomic alterations.

Table 5 Overview of genetic engineered mouse models by breast cancer subtype...

Table 6 Overview of establishment of patient‐derived xenograft models.

Table 7 Incremental cancer detection rates of selected imaging modalities.

Table 8 Definitions of TNM categories

Table 9 AJCC anatomic breast cancer staging chart.

Table 10 Outcomes for selected randomized clinical trials comparing conventi...

Table 11 Adjuvant endocrine therapy in early‐stage breast cancer for 5 years...

Table 12 Extended adjuvant endocrine therapy in early‐stage breast cancer.

Table 13 Endocrine and targeted therapies for HR+/HER2− advanced breast canc...

Table 14 Randomized trials of systemic therapy for DCIS.

Table 15 Adjuvant trastuzumab studies.

Table 16 Molecularly defined TNBC subtype based on newly refined four subtyp...

Table 17 Immunotherapy‐based studies (both ongoing and completed) in early‐/...

Table 18 Emerging therapeutics ion TNBC.

Chapter 106

Table 1 ABCDEs: clinical features of melanoma.

Table 2 Recommended margins of wide excision for cutaneous melanoma based on...

Table 3 Summary of ASCO‐SSO recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy i...

Table 4 Summary of selected final results of the Multicenter Selective Lymph...

Table 5 High‐risk features for selecting T1 melanomas for sentinel lymph nod...

Table 6 Summary of NCCN follow‐up guidelines for patients with completely re...

Table 7 Antitumor activity and toxicities of molecularly targeted agents.

Table 8 Activity and toxicities of selected CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 blocking antibod...

Table A1 Summary of major randomized trials evaluating width of excision for...

Chapter 107

Table 1 Common premalignant and malignant neoplasms of the skin.

Table 2 Nonmelanoma skin cancer statistics.

Chapter 108

Table 1 Classification of bone tumors by 4th edition of WHO classification o...

Table 2 Classic examples of bone tumors fitting specific patterns of lesiona...

Table 3 Musculoskeletal tumor society staging system.

Table 4 American Joint Commission on cancer staging system for bone sarcomas...

Table 5 American Joint Commission on cancer staging system for bone sarcomas...

Table 6 American Joint Commission on cancer staging system for bone sarcomas...

Table 7 Mirels scoring system for predicting risk of pathologic fracture in ...

Table 8 Mirels definitions, fracture risk, and treatment recommendations bas...

Table 9 Chondrosarcoma survival, metastatic potential, and local recurrence ...

Table 10 Osteosarcoma variants according to grade.

Table 11 Examples of immunohistochemistry markers for evaluation of metastat...

Table 12 Common primary tumors metastatic to bone: frequency of bone involve...

Chapter 109

Table 1 Selected cytogenetic aberrations in nonosseous sarcomas.

Table 2 American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for STSs.

Table 3 Phase 3 trials of adjuvant radiotherapy for localized extremity and ...

Table 4 Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for clinical outcomes wi...

Chapter 110

Table 1 World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification.

Table 2 IPSS score.

Table 3 International prognostic scoring system – revised (IPSS) classificat...

Table 4 World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification.

Table 5 Prognostic impact of recurrent (>5%) mutations in MDS.

Table 6 Research performed in the past 20-years investigating the probabilit...

Table 7 Major diagnostic features and criteria of Pre‐MDS conditions as defi...

Table 8 Cytogenetics: revised cytogenetic IPSS‐R groupings.

Table 9 Gene mutations in MDS.

Table 10 Morphologic and functional cellular abnormalities in myelodysplasti...

Table 11 Randomized controlled trials in patients with MDS drug versus suppo...

Chapter 111

Table 1 Selected Known Heritible syndromes that predispose to AML.

Table 2 2017 ELN risk stratification by genetics/cytogenetics.

Table 3 Recurring karyotypic and molecular abnormalities in AML.

Table 4 Initial diagnostic evaluation.

Table 5 General therapeutic algorithm.

Chapter 112

Table 1

In vitro

sensitivity of different BCR‐ABL mutants to tyrosine kinase...

Table 2 Suggested management of some common adverse events associated with T...

Table 3 Response criteria according to the European Leukemia Net.

Chapter 113

Table 1 Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities in ALL.

Table 2 Tips to optimize the hyper‐CVAD regimen.

Table 3 Frontline treatment by subsets and outcome.

Table 4 Seminal trials for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B‐cell acute...

Chapter 114

Table 1 Phenotypes of lymphoproliferative disorders.

Table 2 Molecular and cytogenetic markers of prognosis in CLL.

Table 3 Front‐line regimens for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Table 4 Salvage therapy for relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Table 5 iwCLL 2018 indications for treatment.

Table 6 iwCLL 2018 response criteria.

Table 7 Tumor lysis risk stratification for venetoclax therapy.

Chapter 115

Table 1 The Lugano classification.

Table 2 Recommended staging.

Chapter 116

Table 1 Definitions of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP...

Chapter 117

Table 1 Risk factors for the development of lymphoma.

Table 2 World Health Organization Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms 2008...

Table 3 Revised staging system for primary nodal lymphoma.

Table 4 International Prognostic Index (IPI).

Table 5 Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI).

Chapter 118

Table 1 Tumor‐node‐metastasis‐blood classification for MF.

Table 2 Clinical staging system for MF/SS.

Chapter 119

Table 1 Classification of monoclonal gammopathies.

Table 2 Presenting features of multiple myeloma.

Table 3 Uniform response criteria from the International Myeloma Working Gro...

Table 4 Chromosomal alterations in multiple myeloma.

Table 5 International staging system and revised international staging syste...

Table 6 Selected trials in newly diagnosed transplant‐ineligible patients.

Table 7 Selected trials for newly diagnosed transplant‐eligible patients.

Table 8 Selected trials in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Chapter 120

Table 1 Common mutations in MPN and clinical significance.

Table 2 WHO diagnostic criteria 2016.

Table 3 Thrombotic risk in patients with essential thrombocythemia.

Table 4 Pros and cons of different cytoreductive therapies.

Table 5 Prognostic scoring systems for primary myelofibrosis.

Table 6 Clinical trials of JAK inhibitors in treatment of myelofibrosis.

Table 7 Pregnancy and essential thrombocythemia.

Chapter 121

Table 1 Recommended initial clinical evaluation.

Table 2 Additional evaluation of specific patient subsets identified by init...

Table 3 Poorly differentiated neoplasms: IHC staining patterns useful in det...

Table 4 Carcinoma of unknown primary site: IHC staining patterns useful in i...

Table 5 Sites of origin—comparison of historical autopsy results and molecul...

Table 6 Summary of favorable treatment subsets.

Chapter 122

Table 1 2011 consensus diagnostic criteria and features for cachexia.

Chapter 123

Table 1 Emetogenic potential of parenteral anticancer agents.

Table 2 Emetogenic potential of parenteral anticancer agents.

Table 3 Emetogenic potential of oral anticancer agents.

Table 4 Classes and recommended doses of selected antiemetics.

Table 5 Guidelines for prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting i...

Chapter 124

Table 1 Neurologic complications of cancer

Table 2 Neurologic complications in cancer patients by site.

Table 3 Primary cancer‐causing symptomatic spinal cord compression in 583 pa...

Table 4 Symptoms and signs of spinal cord compression in 213 patients at Mem...

Table 5 Differential diagnosis of epidural spinal cord compression.

Table 6 Frequency of leptomeningeal metastases (LM) in various cancers.

Table 7 Metastatic lesions causing cranial neuropathies.

Table 8 Nonmetastatic causes of cranial neuropathy in cancer patients.

Table 9 Neurotoxicity of agents commonly used in cancer patients.

Table 10 Neurologic complications of CNS irradiation.

Table 11 Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes.

Chapter 125

Table 1 Major cutaneous reactions associated with chemotherapy.

Table 2 Most common mucocutaneous reactions of the major classes of cytotoxi...

Table 3 Immunologically—mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions.

Table 4 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with acral reactions.

Table 5 Cytokine reactions.

Table 6 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with alopecia.

Table 7 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with hair changes.

Table 8 Summary of nail abnormalities and associated chemoagents.

Table 9 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with chemical cellulitis.

Table 10 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with hyperpigmentation or pigmen...

Table 11 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with depigmentation/vitiligo.

Table 12 Chemotherapeutic agents implicated in radiation‐associated reaction...

Table 13 Chemotherapeutic agents associated with phototoxicity.

Table 14 Miscellaneous reactions of interest.

Table 15 Diagnosis and management of cutaneous reactions associated with che...

Chapter 126

Table 1 Prevalence of SREs and survival by cancer type.

Chapter 127

Table 1 Causes of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia in cancer.

Table 2 Characteristic effects of drugs and treatments on bone marrow.

Table 3 Causes of thrombocytopenia.

Table 4 Risks of transfusion.

Chapter 128

Table 1 Khorana risk score.

Table 2 Comparison of patient characteristics in randomized trials of cancer...

Table 3 Comparison of six‐month outcomes in randomized trials of cancer‐asso...

Chapter 129

Table 1 Therapeutic agents associated with nephrotoxicity.

Table 2 Clinical and pathologic features of chemotherapy‐associated nephroto...

Table 3 Cockcroft formula.

Table 4 Drug interactions that can increase serum levels of antineoplastic a...

Table 5 Adjustment of antineoplastic agents based on renal insufficiency.

Chapter 130

Table 1 Important cardiovascular complications of cancer.

Table 2 Marketed drugs associated with QT prolongation and known risk of

tor

...

Table 3 Anticancer agents associated with cardiotoxicity.

Table 4 Type I and Type II treatment‐related cardiac dysfunction.

Table 5 Relative toxicities of anthracycline: a comparison of relative toxic...

Table 6 Summary of cardiotoxicity in adjuvant trials involving trastuzumab.

Chapter 131

Table 1 Histopathologic findings associated with lung injury caused by cytot...

Table 2 Histopathologic findings associated with lung injury caused by molec...

Table 3 Major histopathologic patterns of lung injury associated with immune...

Table 4 Treatment guidelines for pneumotoxicity associated with immune check...

Table 5 Noninfectious pulmonary complications following hematopoietic stem c...

Table 6 Lung versus pump failure in acute respiratory failure: characteristi...

Chapter 132

Table 1 Common causes of esophagitis in patients receiving cancer therapy.

Table 2 Differential diagnosis of diarrhea in the cancer and hematopoietic c...

Table 3 Management of immune checkpoint inhibitor‐related diarrhea and enter...

Table 4 Modified classification of acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disea...

Table 5 Causes of hepatic abnormalities in cancer patients.

Table 6 Differential diagnosis of hepatic biochemical tests abnormalities as...

Chapter 133

Table 1 Oral mucositis scales.

Table 2 Drugs or combinations associated with significant percentages of pat...

Table 3 Staging and management of medication‐related osteonecrosis of the ja...

Chapter 134

Table 1 Probability of decreased gonadal function associated with commonly u...

Table 2 Gonadal effects of combination chemotherapy.

Table 3 Options for preservation of fertility in patients with cancer.

Chapter 135

Table 1 Components of multidisciplinary care for common, cancer‐related sexu...

Chapter 136

Table 1 Dynamic testing of the hypothalamic/pituitary axes.

Table 2 Incidence of hypothyroidism (including compensated hypothyroidism) a...

Chapter 137

Table 1 Defects in host defense mechanisms and common infections associated ...

Table 2 Common infections in patients with solid tumors.

Table 3 Bacterial infection in 2223 febrile episodes in neutropenic patients

Table 4 Common infectious agents in patients with cancer.

Table 5 Common empiric antibiotic regimens for febrile neutropenic patients....

Table 6 Antimicrobial agents commonly used in patients with neutropenia.

Table 7 Antimicrobial stewardship strategies.

Chapter 138

Table 1 Antineoplastic drugs associated with cardiovascular side effects.

Table 2 Commonly used IV antiarrhythmic drugs.

Table 3 Recommendations for acute management of anaphylaxis in adults.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 1 The biological hallmarks of cancer. The schematic illustrates what ...

Figure 2 The constitution of the hallmark‐enabling tumor microenvironment. A...

Figure 3 Therapeutic targeting of the hallmarks of cancer. Drugs have been d...

Chapter 3

Figure 1 Gene expression. A gene's DNA is transcribed into messenger ribonuc...

Figure 2 Structure of base‐paired double‐stranded DNA. Each strand of DNA co...

Figure 3 Digestion of DNA with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and gene c...

Figure 4 Genomic Southern blotting. Genomic DNA is digested with a single re...

Figure 5 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA is mixed with short (10–20 bas...

Figure 6 DNA polymerase. In this schematic, the enzyme DNA polymerase create...

Figure 7 Methods to detect loss of heterozygosity in tumor tissue. (a) Restr...

Figure 8 DNA sequencing using the chain termination method. In this example,...

Figure 9 Construction and analysis of serial analysis of gene expression (SA...

Figure 10 DNA microarray analysis. In this example, RNA extracted from a tum...

Figure 11 General workflow of RNAseq library preparation: After RNA isolatio...

Figure 12 Methods of protein identification and detection. (a) Immune (Weste...

Figure 13 Mass spectrometry. (a) Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization...

Figure 14 Schematic mechanism of

CRISPR/Cas9

gene editing: the crRNA recogni...

Figure 15 (a) Tumor organoid generation through genetic engineering of norma...

Figure 16 (a) Differential response of pancreatic tumor organoids to standar...

Figure 17 Generation of genetically modified mouse models using CRISPR/Cas9:...

Chapter 4

Figure 1 Retroviral transduction. An RNA tumor virus infects a human cell ca...

Figure 2 Insertional mutagenesis. (a) The process is independent from genes ...

Figure 3 Transfection assay. DNA from a tumor (e.g., bladder carcinoma) is u...

Figure 4 Paracrine and autocrine stimulation. (a) A growth factor produced b...

Figure 5 Representative examples of tyrosine kinase receptor families.

Figure 6 Effect of bcl‐2 activity on the control of the cell life. In the pr...

Figure 7 Schematic representation of the main mechanisms of oncogene activat...

Figure 8 The ras‐raf‐MAPK signaling pathway.

Figure 9

c‐myc

translocations found in Burkitt lymphoma. (a) t(8;14)(q...

Figure 10 Gene fusion. The t(9;22) (q34;q11) translocation in CML determines...

Figure 11 Some possible ways of exposure to a mutagen and to a tumor promote...

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