How the Endocrine System Works E-Book

J. Matthew Neal

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: The How it Works Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 397

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

How The Endocrine System Works is not another standard introduction to endocrinology, but an innovative and fun way to learn about the importance of the key glands in the human body and the hormones they control. It is explained in 9 easy-to-understand lectures, with additional material on the treatment and management of endocrine disorders.

How The Endocrine System Works:

• Is designed for those in need of a concise introduction to this fascinating area of medicine
• Has been rigorously updated to reflect today's endocrinology teaching
• Includes more focus on the treatment and management of endocrine disorders
• Features more on evidence-based medicine, obesity, epidemiology, and biostatistics
• Includes summaries of key research that affects diagnostic criteria
• Includes brand new case-based review questions at the end of each chapter
• Features full-color diagrams throughout

How The Endocrine System Works is the perfect introduction for all medical students, as well as for students of bioscience, and other healthcare disciplines.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Lecture 1: Clinical Trials, Evidence-Based Medicine, and Reading the Literature

Title Page

Copyright

Acknowledgments

How to Use this Book

Lecture 1: An Overview

FUNCTION OF HORMONES

COMPOSITION OF HORMONES

HOW HORMONES WORK

HORMONAL REGULATION

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE ENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS

HORMONE MEASUREMENTS

NOMENCLATURE OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

HYPOFUNCTION

TREATMENT OF HORMONE DEFICIENCY

ENDOCRINE EXCESS SYNDROMES

IMAGING TESTS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

GENETIC TESTING IN ENDOCRINOLOGY

EPILOGUE

Lecture 2: Pituitary and Hypothalamus

PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS

GROWTH HORMONE

PROLACTIN

PITUTARY TUMORS

HYPOPITUITARISM

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Lecture 3: The Thyroid

THE THYROID

THYROID HORMONES

EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE

THYROID REGULATION

HYPOTHYROIDISM

HYPERTHYROIDISM AND THYROTOXICOSIS

THYROID NODULES

DIFFERENTIATED (EPITHELIAL) THYROID CARCINOMA

MEDULLARY AND ANAPLASTIC THYROID CARCINOMA

Lecture 4: Adrenal Gland

THE ADRENAL GLANDS

ADRENAL MEDULLA

INCIDENTAL ADRENAL TUMORS

Lecture 5: Glucose Metabolism

GLUCOSE METABOLISM

OBESITY

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Lecture 6: Calcium Metabolism

TRANSPORT AND REGULATION OF CALCIUM

HYPERCALCEMIA

HYPOCALCEMIA

BONE

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

Lecture 7: Reproductive Endocrinology

AN INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

REGULATION OF TESTICULAR FUNCTION

OVARIAN CYCLE REGULATION

GONADAL DIFFERENTIATION

EFFECTS OF SEX STEROIDS

Lecture 8: Lipid Disorders

LIPIDS

LIPOPROTEINS

HOW THE BODY OBTAINS LIPIDS

PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY DYSLIPIDEMIAS

PHYSICAL FINDINGS IN HYPERLIPIDEMIA

CONSEQUENCES OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA

THERAPY OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA

Lecture 9: Disorders of Multiple Endocrine Glands and Paraneoplastic Syndromes

POLYENDOCRINE SYNDROMES

PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES

Appendix: Clinical Trials, Evidence-Based Medicine, and Reading the Literature

SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND PRETEST PROBABILITY

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES: NUMBER NEEDED TO TREAT (NNT)

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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How The Endocrine System Works

SECOND EDITION

J. Matthew Neal, MD, MBA, CPE, FACP, FACE, FACPE

Executive Medical Director, Academic Affairs Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital Muncie, Indiana

Professor of Clinical Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana

Series Editor

Lauren Sompayrac, PhD

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 years by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

First edition © 2001 by Blackwell Science Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Neal, J. Matthew, author.

Title: How the endocrine system works / J. Matthew Neal.

Description: Second edition. | Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, NJ : John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Series: The how it works series | Includes

bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015040692 (print) | LCCN 2015042778 (ebook) | ISBN

9781118931486 (paperback) | ISBN 9781118931479 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118931462

(epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Endocrine glands – Physiology. | Endocrine glands – Diseases. |

Hormones – Physiological effect. | BISAC: MEDICAL / Endocrinology & Metabolism.

Classification: LCC QP187 .N35 2016 (print) | LCC QP187 (ebook) | DDC

612.4 – dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040692

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/Gettyimages

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to many individuals who were of assistance to me during the development of this book. I would like to thank the staff at Wiley-Blackwell, who asked me to revise this book and were very helpful during the development process. I am also very grateful to Dr Lauren Sompayrac, the editor of this series, who provided much feedback during the writing process. I would like to thank many of my residents and medical students who offered helpful advice and feedback. And, finally, I would like to thank my wife, Alexis, who was extremely helpful and patient during this revision.

How to Use this Book

I wrote this book as an overview of the endocrine system, and this is an update to my 2002 book of the same title. It is not intended for practising endocrinologists, but instead for those desiring a succinct introduction to this fascinating branch of medicine. It is also not meant to be a comprehensive text or examination study guide, as many such books are readily available. I wanted something that you could sit down with and readily assimilate in a few evenings, while providing sufficient background to apply the principles of endocrinology to your future clinical careers.

How The Endocrine System Works, Second Edition is written in a lecture format, as if I were talking to you personally. It is designed to be read from start to finish, and to be as entertaining as possible. (Some would dispute that endocrinology could ever be entertaining!) I have tried to interject some humor into the subject matter, and from time to time mention interesting historical events in endocrinology, such as the discovery of insulin and cortisone, as we can learn much from history. I have stressed the basics while avoiding excessive detail—as well as excessive simplicity.

A new addition to this update is a section on evidence-based medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics, as any student of medicine needs to have an understanding of these principles. I have tried to present the information without boring you with too much detail.

Finally, review questions have been added to the end of each chapter.

This book may be used alone in an introductory course, or as a companion to a more detailed textbook. However you are using it, I hope that you enjoy it! Please feel free to provide any feedback to me regarding this text.

J. MATTHEW NEAL

Lecture 1An Overview

Endocrinology is the study of endocrine glands and their secretions. It can be a difficult topic to master because of all the mechanisms and feedback loops to understand. Yet, one way to understand the endocrine system is to break it down into smaller parts, and that is what I have attempted to accomplish in this book. It may help to visualize each endocrine system as part of a much larger group; envision a football team with all the players (quarterback, running backs, center, guards, receivers, punter, etc.). Each of these players must perform his job properly for the team to win. If even one player is out of sync, the play may be botched, even if the other players perform flawlessly. (In endocrinology, this happens frequently, as it does in other human disorders.) The quarterback is in charge of the team, calls the plays, and provides leadership. Hopefully your endocrine system has a good quarterback, but, as in football, some turn in lackluster performances, as do some supporting players.

Football teams often communicate plays with audible signals. Complex organisms also require detailed communication for proper function; they have developed hormones to send messages or commands from one part of the organism to another. Simple, one-celled organisms did not have a great need for detailed endocrine systems. But as organisms became more complex, large intercellular communication mechanisms became necessary for homeostasis.

The word “hormone” is derived from the Greek word meaning “arouse to activity.” To many lay people, the word “hormone” conjures up images of estrogen or thyroid replacement therapy. In fact, there are many types of hormones, with new ones discovered every day; some have greater significance than others.

The endocrine system sends signals to the body by secreting hormones (e.g., insulin, growth hormone, thyroxine) directly into the circulation. In contrast, the exocrine glands secrete their substances into a duct system (e.g., sweat glands, exocrine pancreas).