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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Summarizing our current knowledge of the topic, this book describes the roles and effects of hydrogen bonding in polymer materials by reviewing the latest developments over recent years.
To this end, it discusses all relevant aspects from the fundamentals, via characterization, to properties and applications in various polymeric materials, including polymer blends, block copolymers, mesoporous materials, biomacromolecules and nanocomposites.
Invaluable reading for scientists in polymers and materials as well as those working in macromolecular chemistry.
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Seitenzahl: 487
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Abbreviation
Chapter 1: Hydrogen Bonding in Polymeric Materials
1.1 Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Hydrogen Bonding in Polymer Blends
2.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Polymer Blends
2.2 Association Model Approach
2.3 Measurement of Hydrogen Bonding Using Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4 Factors Influencing Hydrogen Bonds
2.5 Miscibility Enhancement Through Hydrogen Bonding
References
Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers
3.1 Glass Transition Temperatures
3.2 Melting Temperature (
T
m
)
3.3 Dynamic Behavior
3.4 Crystallization Behavior
References
Chapter 4: Surface Properties of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers
4.1 Low Surface Energy Polymers
4.2 Superhydrophobic Surfaces
References
Chapter 5: Sequence Distribution Effects in Hydrogen-Bonded Copolymers
5.1 Block Copolymers versus Random Copolymers
5.2 Block Copolymers versus Polymer Blends
5.3 Separated Coils versus Chain Aggregates
References
Chapter 6: Hydrogen Bond-Mediated Self-Assembled Structures of Block Copolymers
6.1 Self-Assembled Structures in the Bulk State
6.2 Self-Assembled Structures in Solution
References
Chapter 7: Mesoporous Materials Prepared Through Hydrogen Bonding
7.1 Mesoporous Silica Materials
7.2 Mesoporous Phenolic/Carbon Materials
References
Chapter 8: Bioinspired Hydrogen Bonding in Biomacromolecules
8.1 Polypeptides
8.2 DNA-Like Multiple H-Bonding Interactions in Polymers
References
Chapter 9: Hydrogen Bonding in POSS Nanocomposites
9.1 Introduction to POSS Nanocomposites
9.2 General Approaches for Synthesizing POSS Compounds
9.3 Varying the Miscibility of Polymer/POSS Nanocomposites through H-Bonding
9.4 POSS Nanocomposites by H-Bonding Interaction
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Hydrogen Bonding in Polymeric Materials
Figure 1.1 Intermolecular H-bonding between two molecules. (a) Urethane–ether complex; (b) hydroxyl–carbonyl complex; (c) acid–pyridine complex; and (d) adenine–thymine complex.
Figure 1.2 Intramolecular H-bonding of a single molecule. (a) Malonaldehyde; (b) salicyclic acid; and (c) formazan.
Figure 1.3 Typical infrared (IR) spectra, displaying the C=O stretching region, of phenolic/PCL blends.
Figure 1.4 2D Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) correlation maps of PVPh/PVPK blends: (a) synchronous and (b) asynchronous maps [35].
Figure 1.5 Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and corresponding curve-fitting results for phenolic/PVAc blends [37].
Chapter 2: Hydrogen Bonding in Polymer Blends
Figure 2.1 Typical morphologies of polymer blends classified as (a) miscible, (b) immiscible, and (c) partially miscible.
Figure 2.2 SEM images of PA/PBT = 30/70 in the presence of various concentrations: (a) 0, (b) 0.1, (c) 0.3, and (d) 0.5 phr for epoxy-functionalized compatibilizers [1].
Figure 2.3 Summary of the equation for the free energy of mixing for H-bonded polymer blends.
Figure 2.4 Self-association H-bonding of phenol: free monomer, H-bonded dimer, and multimers.
Figure 2.5 IR spectra of IPP/CHEX solutions in the region 3800–3100 cm
−1
.
Figure 2.6 Absorption bands for the free OH groups of IPP/CHEX at various IPP concentrations.
Figure 2.7 Determination of the absorptivity coefficient of IPP.
Figure 2.8 Determining values of
K
2
and
K
B
for IPP.
Figure 2.9 IR spectra (OH stretching region) of 0.02 M DMP in the presence of TAc at various concentrations.
Figure 2.10 Room-temperature FTIR spectra (C=O stretching region) for phenolic/PAS binary blends.
Figure 2.11 Fractions of H-bonded C=O groups in phenolic/PAS blends: (•) FTIR spectroscopic result, (–) theoretical value of polymer blend, and (--) model compound.
Figure 2.12 Schematic representation of local and long-range screening effects in polymer chains.
Figure 2.13 Experimental and PCAM-predicted fractions of H-bonded C=O groups of PCL after blending with (a) phenolic, (b) PVPh, and (c) phenoxy.
Figure 2.14 Effects of N-substitution for (a) PNMAA and (b) PNPAA on the lone pairs of electrons of the N atoms and the π-electrons of the C=O groups.
Figure 2.15 Planar delocalization over C=O, phenyl aromatic, and pyridyl aromatic π-systems of the lone pairs of electrons of N atoms, constructed for intermolecular H-bonding PNPMA/P4VP blends.
Figure 2.16 Microstructure of phenolic/PMMA–POSS blend from the screening effect.
Figure 2.17 FTIR spectra of the binary phenolic/PAS = 50/50 blend at various temperatures.
Figure 2.18 Equilibrium constants of PVPh-
co
-PMMA/PEO binary blend with respect to temperature.
Figure 2.19 Possible chain behavior of PVPh/P4VP as solutions in DMF (separated coils) and MeOH (chain aggregation).
Figure 2.20 Resolution scale for different types of characterization in polymer blend systems.
Figure 2.21 DSC analyses of phenolic/PS-
co
-PAS blends and intermolecular H-bonding between phenolic and PAS segments.
Figure 2.22 (a) DSC analysis of ternary BPA/PVAc/PVP blends; (b) corresponding ternary phase diagram based on the DSC analysis; and (c) possible H-bonding interactions of BPA with PVP and PVAc.
Figure 2.23 DSC analyses of ternary phenoxy/phenolic/PCL blends of various compositions.
Figure 2.24 (a) DSC analyses of ternary phenolic/PEO/PCL blends and (b) corresponding ternary phase diagram based on the DSC analyses.
Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers
Figure 3.1 Values of
T
g
of PVPh/PVP blends and those predicted using the Kwei equation.
Figure 3.2 DSC analyses of (a) PAS74-
co
-PVP26, (b) pure PVP, (c) PVPh74/PVP26 Blend, and (d) PVPh74-
co
-PVP26.
Figure 3.3 FTIR spectra with various EPr concentrations in CHEX, PAS74-
co
-PVP26, pure PVP, PVPh74/PVP26 Blend, and PVPh74-
co
-PVP26.
Figure 3.4 DSC analyses of various PMAAM-
co
-PMMA random copolymers.
Figure 3.5 Values of
T
g
of PMAAM-
co
-PMMA random copolymers and those predicted using the Kwei equation and the linear rule.
Figure 3.6 IR spectrum of a PMAAM-
co
-PMMA copolymer and its second-derivative spectrum.
Figure 3.7 Optical properties of PMMA-
co
-PIBMA copolymers; inset: corresponding to the real application for PMMA-
co
-PIBMA copolymers. (Yeh
et al.
2015 [23]. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/7/8/1379/htm. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.)
Figure 3.8 Preparation of heat-resistant PMMA copolymer pellets through twin-screw extrusion. (a) 12-L pilot run; (b) twin-screw; (c) PMMA copolymer fiber; (d) cut PMMA copolymer fiber; and (e) PMMA copolymer pellets. (Yeh
et al.
2015 [23]. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/7/8/1379/htm. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.)
Figure 3.9 Packing LED materials prepared from heat-resistant PMMA copolymer pellets. (a) Mold for inject molding and (b) packing LED materials. (Yeh
et al.
2015 [23]. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/7/8/1379/htm. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.)
Figure 3.10 Values of
T
g
plotted with respect to the PAS content of phenolic/PAS blends and those predicted using the Kwei equation and linear rule.
Figure 3.11 Master curves of storage (
G
′) and loss (
G
″) (a) moduli and (b) viscosity (η
*
) for PS, PVBT, and the PVBT/M complex.
Figure 3.12 Supramolecular structure of the PVBT/M complex formed through complementary multiple H-bonding interactions.
Chapter 4: Surface Properties of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers
Figure 4.1 Conformational changes of PNIPAAm around its LCST.
Figure 4.2 Synthesis of benzoxazine monomers and PBZ: (a) monofunctional benzoxazines and (b) difunctional benzoxazines.
Figure 4.3 Schematic representation of hydrogen-bonding interactions of (a) BA-a- and (b) BA-m-type PBZs, determined through FTIR spectroscopic analyses.
Figure 4.4 Schematic representation of the process of benzoxazine film formation.
Figure 4.5 Intermolecular H-bonding between the heteroaromatic groups of PAN and the phenolic OH groups of PBA after thermal curing PBA/PAN hybrids.
Figure 4.6 Preparation of PBZ/clay nanocomposites through thermal treatment.
Figure 4.7 Surface free energies of B-ala-type PBZ containing various molar ratios of AIBN, after thermal curing at 120 °C [15].
Figure 4.8 (a) Chemical structure of Q
8
M
8
H
. (b–e) Hydrosilylation with VBC monomer to form (b) OVBC-POSS, (c) OVBN
3
-POSS, (d) OBZ-POSS, and (e) PBZ/POSS nanocomposites.
Figure 4.9 Advancing CAs for H
2
O, EG, and DIM for (a) a P4VP thin film and (b) the P4VP thin film modified with an OBZ-POSS thin film.
Figure 4.10 FTIR spectra of pure PVPh, and curve fitting results, after thermal treatment at (a) 25, (b) 120, and (c) 180 °C.
Figure 4.11 Schematic representations of free and intra- and intermolecularly H-bonded PVPh homopolymers.
Figure 4.12 Fractions of intermolecular H-bonding and surface free energies of PBZ/PVPh copolymers at various PVPh contents.
Figure 4.13 Possible morphologies of PBZ/PVPh copolymers at various PVPh contents.
Figure 4.14 SEM analyses of trenches and holes transferred by imprinting with lines or cylinders (a, b) without using a PBZ mold and (c, d) with a PBZ-modified mold, for (a, c) a line width of 147 nm and (b, d) a diameter of 140 nm.
Figure 4.15 Possible chemical structural changes of B-ala-type PBZ under photo or UV oxidation.
Figure 4.16 Fabrication of a wettability gradient or pattern on B-ala-type PBZ films [31].
Figure 4.17 (a) Wettabilty pattern, (b) wettability gradient, and (c–f) periodic arrangement of CdTe colloidal nanocrystals on B-ala-type PBZ films [31].
Figure 4.18 WCAs of AzoPy-BZ in cis and trans isomeric forms, recorded after each stage.
Figure 4.19 WCAs of Azo-COOH BZ/AzoPy-BZ =1 : 1supramolecular complex in its cis and trans isomeric forms, recorded after each stage.
Figure 4.20 (a) Photographs of a water droplet on the PBZ–silica hybrid surface modified with a VB-a PBZ coating before (left) and after (right) UV illumination, and (b) the reversible superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic transitions of the as-prepared coating upon sequential alternating of UV irradiation and thermal treatment.
Figure 4.21 (a) Reversible hydrophobic–superhydrophilic transition of a PBZ/TiO
2
film through UV exposure and heat treatment cycles. (b) XPS spectra (Ti 2p peak) of the PBZ/TiO
2
film before and after UV irradiation and after heat treatment [26].
Figure 4.22 (a) Wenzel model for a liquid on a solid surface. (b) Cassie–Baxter model for a liquid contacting only the top of asperities, leaving air below.
Figure 4.23 Processing a superhydrophobic film of BZ monomer through a combination of plasma and thermal curing [42].
Figure 4.24 (a) SEM image of a fully treated PBZ surface. (b) Enlarged view of the SEM image in (a) [42].
Figure 4.25 (a) SEM image of a PBZ–silica hybrid surface modified with BA-m-type PBZ. (b) Enlarged view of the SEM image in (a).
Figure 4.26 Relationship between WCA and pH on the superhydrophobic surface of a PBZ–silica hybrid.
Figure 4.27 (a) Water drops on a selective-wetting PBZ–silica hybrid surface. (b) CdTe NPs with the solution drops on the UV-modified PBZ–silica hybrid surface obtained using a large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) mask. (c, d) Shapes of water droplets on the superhydrophobic PBZ–silica hybrid surface after UV exposure, with tilt angles of (c) 180° and (d) 90° [44].
Figure 4.28 Transfer of a water droplet from a superhydrophobic surface to a hydrophilic surface [44].
Figure 4.29 Preparation of F-PBZ/SiO
2
-modified silica nanofibrous membranes and the relevant formation mechanism [45].
Figure 4.30 (a) WCAs and optical profiles of water droplets on various BF-3/SNP films, measured at various SiO
2
NP concentrations. (b) Water contact angle hystereses (WCAHs) and SAs for various BF-3/SNP films coated on a glass substrate [46].
Figure 4.31 (a) Schematic representation of the construction of poly(BOZ)/MWCNT nanocomposites on ramie fabric. (b) Photographs of the pure ramie control, (1.0 BOZ)
n
, and (1.0 MWCNTs/1.0 BOZ)
n
[49].
Figure 4.32 Time dependence of the WCAs of MWCNT–BZ and m-MWCNT–PBZ systems.
Figure 4.33 SEM images of water droplets on the m-MWCNT–PBZ superhydrophobic surface.
Chapter 5: Sequence Distribution Effects in Hydrogen-Bonded Copolymers
Figure 5.1
13
C NMR spectra (methylene region) of three different ACA copolymers with similar degrees of hydrolysis after applying different hydrolysis methods [1].
Figure 5.2 FTIR spectra of PVPh-
co
-PAS copolymers prepared through (a) basic and (b) acidic hydrolyses.
Figure 5.3 Glass transition temperatures of PVPh-
co
-PAS copolymers prepared through basic and acidic hydrolyses.
Figure 5.4 Syntheses of (a) a PVPh-
b
-PMMA diblock copolymer through anionic living polymerization and (b) a PVPh-
co
-PMMA random copolymer through free radical copolymerization.
Figure 5.5 FTIR spectra of (a) a PVPh-
co
-PMMA random copolymer, (b) a PVPh-
b
-PMMA diblock copolymer, and (c) a miscible PVPh/PMMA blend.
Figure 5.6 Fractions of H-bonded C=O groups in a PVPh-
co
-PMMA random copolymer, PVPh-
b
-PMMA diblock copolymer, and miscible PVPh/PMMA blend.
Figure 5.7 Synthesis of a PVPh-
b
-P4VP diblock copolymer through anionic living polymerization.
Figure 5.8 Glass transition temperatures, determined using the Kwei equation, of miscible PVPh/P4VP blends and PVPh-
b
-P4VP diblock copolymers.
Figure 5.9 Possible chain behavior in (a) miscible blends and (b) diblock copolymers.
Figure 5.10 IR spectra (OH stretching region) of PS-
b
-PVPh/PMMA-
b
-P4VP = 1/1 diblock copolymer mixtures cast from DMF and THF solutions.
Figure 5.11 TEM images of H-bonded complexes formed from PS-
b
-PVPh/PMMA-
b
-P4VP (1/1) mixtures obtained from (a, b) THF and (c, d) DMF solutions: (a, c) stained with I
2
, (b, d) stained with RuO
4
.
Figure 5.12 Possible formation of micelles from PS-
b
-PVPh/PMMA-
b
-P4VP diblock copolymer mixtures, mediated by H-bonding in various solvents.
Chapter 6: Hydrogen Bond-Mediated Self-Assembled Structures of Block Copolymers
Figure 6.1 Nanofabrication using top-down and bottom-up methods.
Figure 6.2 Long-range repulsive and short-range repulsive interactions of diblock copolymers.
Figure 6.3 Typical phase diagram of a diblock copolymer in the bulk state.
Figure 6.4 (a) Intermolecular H-bonding interactions of a P4VP/NDP complex. (b) Corresponding TEM image. (c) SAXS analyses performed at various temperatures. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [5] 1998 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.5 (a) Intermolecular H-bonding interactions of a PS
-b-
P4VP/NDP supramolecular structure. (b) Hierarchical supramolecular structure. (c) TEM images of lamellar-within-lamellar and (d) lamellar-within-spherical PS-
b
-P4VP/NDP complexes. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [10] 2007 Springer.)
Figure 6.6 Chain behavior of diblock copolymers blended with different molecular weights of homopolymer.
Figure 6.7 (a) Interaction scheme of an A-
b
-B/C blend system. (b) Schematic expression of microphase and macrophase separation of a block copolymer/homopolymer blend.
Figure 6.8 Self-assembled lamellar structure of a PI-
b
-P2VP/phenolic blend; intermolecular H-bonding of phenolic/P2VP is indicated. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22] 2001 Elsevier.)
Figure 6.9 TEM images of PS-
b
-P2VP blended with P2VP (top) and PVPh (bottom) homopolymers. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [23] 2008 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.10 TEM images of the self-assembled structures of PS-
b
-P2VP blended with PVPh homopolymers of three different molecular weights (8K, 14K, and 52K) and of samples forming various self-assembled structures at a constant volume fraction of the PS block segment. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [24] 2009 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.11 TEM images of PS-
b
-PVPh/P4VP (HS/V) blends after staining with I
2
: (a) pure PS-
b
-PVPh, (b) 94/6, (c) 90/10, (d) 87/13, (e) 85/15, (f) 78/22, (g) 71/29, and (h) 29/71.
Figure 6.12 TEM images of PS-
b
-PVPh/PMMA (HS/M) blends: (a) 94/6, (b) 90/10, (c) 79/21, (d) 62/38, and (e) 30/70.
Figure 6.13 Predicted phase diagram for an A-
b
-B/C blend (χ
AB
= 12; χ
BC
= 15;
f
A
= 0.5; κ = 0.5). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [26] 2013 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.14 (a–h) SAXS and (i–p) TEM analyses of PS-
b
-PVPh/P2VP blends: (a, i) pure PS-
b
-PVPh, (b, j) 80/20, (c, k) 70/ 30, (d, l) 60/40, (e, m) 50/50, (f, n) 40/60, (g, o) 30/70, and (h, p) 10/90.
Figure 6.15 Phase diagrams of (a) PS-
b
-PVPh/P4VP, (b) PS-
b
-PVPh/P2VP, and (c) PS-
b
-PVPh/PMMA blends containing various PS volume fractions.
Figure 6.16 (A) DSC thermograms of PS-
b
-PVPh/PVME (HS/VME) blends: (a) PS-
b
-PVPh; (b) 90/10, (c) 80/20, (d) 70/30, (e) 60/40, (f) 50/50, (g) 40/60, (h) 20/80, and (i) PVME. (B) Experimental phase diagram of PS/PVPh/PVME ternary blends: (o) miscibility; (x) immiscibility. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [21] 1997 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.17 TEM images (stained with RuO
4
) of (a) pure PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
84
, (b) pure PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
118
, (c) pure PCL
88
-
b
-P4VP
146
, (d) PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
84
/PVPh = 80/20, (e) PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
118
/PVPh = 80/20, (f) PCL
88
-
b
-P4VP
146
/PVPh = 80/20, (g) PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
84
/PVPh = 60/40, (h) PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
118
/PVPh = 60/40, and (i) PCL
88
-
b
-P4VP
146
/PVPh = 60/40 blends.
Figure 6.18 SAXS patterns of PCL
88
-
b
-P4VP
146
/PVPh blends of various compositions.
Figure 6.19 Glass transition temperature behavior of the PVPh/P4VP miscible phase with various ratios of PVPh/PCL in PCL-
b
-P4VP/PVPh blends.
Figure 6.20 DSC cooling results for (a) PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
84
/PVPh, (b) PCL
175
-
b
-P4VP
118
/PVPh, (c) PCL
88
-
b
-P4VP
91
/PVP, and (d) PCL
88
-
b
-P4VP
146
/PVPh at a constant cooling rate (5 °C min
−1
).
Figure 6.21 (a) DSC cooling results of PCL-
b
-PB/PB blends at a constant cooling rate (5 °C min
−1
) and (b) values of
T
f
obtained at various PB volume fractions. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [20] 2007 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.22 Self-assembled morphologies of various A-
b
-B/C blends where A and B are immiscible and C is miscible with both A and B. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37] 2009 AIP Publishing LLC.)
Figure 6.23 Self-assembled structures of PMMA-
b
-PVP/PVPh blends formed at various PVPh concentrations.
Figure 6.24 Phase diagram of PVPh-
b
-PMMA/PVP blends, based on DSC analyses.
Figure 6.25 TEM images (stained with RuO
4
) of (a) PVPh
55
-
b
-PMMA
45
/PVP = 60/40, (b) PVPh
30
-
b
-PMMA
70
/PVP = 60/40, (c) PVPh
40
-
b
-PMMA
60
/PVP = 80/20, and (d) PVPh
30
-
b
-PMMA
70
/PVP = 80/20 blends.
Figure 6.26 SAXS patterns of (a) PVPh
55
-
b
-PMMA
45
/PVP = 60/40, (b) PVPh
30
-
b
-PMMA
70
/PVP = 60/40, (c) PVPh
40
-
b
-PMMA
60
/PVP = 80/20, and (d) PVPh
30
-
b
-PMMA
70
/PVP = 80/20 blends.
Figure 6.27 Phase diagram of the self-assembled structures of PVPh-
b
-PMMA/PVP blends formed at various PMMA weight percentages.
Figure 6.28 Predicted phase diagrams of self-assembled structures of A-
b
-B/C blends [χ
AB
N = 2; χ
BC
N = 0; χ
AC
N = –40; (a) κ = 0.5 and (b) κ = 1.5]. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [40] 2009 AIP Publishing LLC.)
Figure 6.29 (A) SAXS patterns of PCL
175
-
b
-PVPh
375
/PVP
580
. (B) TEM images (stained with RuO
4
) of PCL
175
-
b
-PVPh
83
/PVP
110
= 50/50. (C) PCL
175
-
b
-PVPh
83
/PVP
110
= 30/70. (D) Possible self-assembled structure of PCL-
b
-PVPh/PVP blends.
Figure 6.30 DSC analyses of (A) PCL
175
-
b
-PVPh
375
/PVP
580
and (B) PCL
175
-
b
-PVPh
83
/PVP
110
blends of various compositions, recorded at a constant cooling rate (5 °C min
−1
).
Figure 6.31 Possible structures of asymmetric PS-
b
-PVPh (A–B) and PS-
b
-P4VP (A–C) diblock copolymer mixtures where the PVPh/P4VP (B/C) domain features H-bonding, with corresponding self-assembled structures based on AFM and TEM imaging. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42] 2012 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.32 Schematic representation of an A-
b
-B/C-
b
-D diblock copolymer mixture functioning as a pseudo ABC triblock copolymer.
Figure 6.33 TEM images of an SB(T82/A18)/S45V55 blend stained with (a) OsO
4
, (b) both OsO
4
and CH
3
I, and (c) RuO
4
. (d) Cartoon representation of the microdomains in (a–c). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48] 2003 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.34 TEM images of PMMA-
b
-P4VP/PS-
b
-PVPh diblock copolymer mixtures: (a) 50/50, (b) 60/40, and (c) 70/30 blends.
Figure 6.35 (a) TEM image of a PS
50
-
b
-PVPh
50
/P4VP
50
-
b
-PI
50
= 50/50 blend. (b) Schematic representation of the microdomain arrangement. (c) Possible self-assembled structure of the blend. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47] 2005 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.36 (a) TEM image of a PS
90
-
b
-PVPh
10
/P4VP
10
-
b
-PI
90
= 50/50 blend. (b) Schematic representation of the microdomain arrangement. (c) Possible self-assembled structure of the blend. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [47] 2005 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.37 (a) TEM image of a PS
90
-
b
-PVPh
10
/PI
90
-
b
-P4VP
10
-
b
-PI
90
= 50/50 blend; auxiliary red lines are partly drawn to clarify the manner of domain packing. (b) Schematic representation of the self-assembled microdomains, representing the (3
3
·4
2
) Archimedean tiling pattern for the corresponding blend observed in (a). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51] 2006 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.38 (a) TEM image of a PS
90
-
b
-PVPh
10
/PI
90
-
b
-P4VP
10
-
b
-PI
90
= 2/1 blend; auxiliary lines are partly drawn to clarify the manner of domain packing; the PS phase is presented as hexagons, while the PI phase is constructed from a combination of triangles and squares. (b) Schematic representation of the self-assembled microdomains, representing the (3·4·6·4) Archimedean tiling pattern for the corresponding blend observed in (a). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51] 2006 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.39 Eleven Archimedean tiling patterns; the common feature is tessellation of regular polygons, provided that all the vertices are under the same environment. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52] 2007 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.40 Schematic illustration of PI-
b
-PS-
b
-P2VP star polymer blending with PVPh-
b
-PMMA diblock copolymer and their Archimedean tiling pattern. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53] 2017 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.41 TEM images of PI-
b
-PS-
b
-P2VP/PVPh-
b
-PMMA block copolymer mixtures stained with (a) OsO
4
/I
2
and (b) stained with OsO
4
of porous films, (c) schematic representation of domain orientation, (d) μ-SAXS pattern of PI-
b
-PS-
b
-P2VP/PVPh-
b
-PMMA block copolymer mixtures and (e) FFT pattern in (d), and (f) wide view schematic illustration with yellow lines which give unit lattices. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53] 2017 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.42 Preparation of self-assembled micelle structures from diblock copolymers in solution.
Figure 6.43 TEM images of PS-
b
-PAA crew cut aggregates: (a) spheres, (b) rods, (c) vesicles, and (d) LCMs. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55] 1996 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.44 TEM images and corresponding schematic representations of various morphologies formed from amphiphilic PS
m
-b
-PAA
n
copolymers. (a) Spherical micelles PS
200
-
b
-PAA
21
; (b) rods PS
190
-
b
-PAA
20
; (c) bicontinuous rods PS
190
-
b
-PAA
20
; (d) small lamellae PS
132
-
b
-PAA
20
; (e) large lamellae PS
49
-
b
-PAA
10
; (f) vesicles PS
410
-
b
-PAA
13
; (g) HHHs PS
410
-
b
-PAA
13
; and (h) LCMs PS
200
-
b
-PAA
4
. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [56] 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 6.45 (a) Schematic representation of PS-
b
-P4VP/linear aliphatic acid complexes in CHCl
3
. (b, c) TEM images of corresponding micelle structures. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [57] 2003 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.46 (a) Schematic representation of H-bonding in PS-
b
-P4VP/OG blends. (b) Proposed aggregate behavior of PS-
b
-P4VP/OG blends prepared from various common solvents at various molar ratios.
Figure 6.47 TEM images of the morphologies of PS-
b
-P4VP/OG blends: (a) pure PS-
b
-P4VP, (b) 50/1, (c) 20/1, (d) 10/1, (e) 5/1, and (f) 1/1.
Figure 6.48 Schematic representation of the co-micellization of PEO-
b
-PAA/P4VP in EtOH, with H-bonding in the PAA/P4VP domains. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [61] 2015 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.49 (a) TEM image (OsO
4
-stained) and (b) schematic representation of a bilayer structure of a PEO-
b
-PB/PAA blend. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [62] 2006 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.50 pH-Dependent phase behavior of PCL-
b
-PMAA/PEO micelles. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [63] 2005 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.51 Complex micelles formed from mixtures of the diblock copolymers PtBA-
b
-PNIPAm and PtBA-
b
-P4VP. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67] 2006 John Wiley & Sons.)
Figure 6.52 Schematic representation of the micellization, complexation, and temperature response of PS-
b
-PAA/P4VP-
b
-PNIPAm diblock copolymer mixtures. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [68] 2008 Elsevier.)
Figure 6.53 (a) Schematic representation of wormlike aggregation of PEO-
b
-PAA/P4VP-
b
-PNIPAm diblock copolymer mixtures. (b, c) Corresponding TEM images recorded at various weight ratios. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [69] 2007 John Wiley & Sons.)
Figure 6.54 (a) Schematic representation of PS-
b
-P2VP-
b
-PEO/PS-
b
-PAA block copolymer mixtures. (b, c) Corresponding (b) TEM and (c) AFM height images. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [70] 2008 Elsevier.)
Figure 6.55 Schematic representation of H-bonded grafting copolymers and corresponding NCCMs. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [77] 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 6.56 TEM images of (a) P4VP/PS and (b) P4VP/MCPS. All samples were stained with I
2
vapor, with dark regions corresponding to the P4VP-rich phase. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [78] 2000 Elsevier.)
Figure 6.57 Schematic representation of a PVBT/PEO-A complex (a), and corresponding TEM images recorded (b) before and (c) after UV exposure at 256 nm.
Figure 6.58 Schematic representation of NCCMs in a solvent/precipitant, with assembly due to intermolecular H-bonding. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [77] 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 6.59 Schematic representation of self-assembled structures formed from a PS(OH)/P4VP complex, and various aggregation morphologies obtained upon increasing the OH content in the PS(OH) copolymer. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79] 2001 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 6.60 Thermo-sensitive core/shell aggregates obtained from a PCL/PNIPAm complex and hollow spheres of crosslinked PNIPAm in aqueous media. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [86] 2005 John Wiley & Sons.)
Figure 6.61 Preparation and temperature-responsive behavior of hollow spheres of crosslinked PNIPAm with ZnS NPs.
Figure 6.62 TEM images and SAED patterns of (a) hollow spheres of PNIPAm and (b) hollow spheres of PNIPAm/ZnS composites.
Figure 6.63 Average hydrodynamic diameters (
D
h
) plotted with respect to temperature for hollow spheres of PNIPAm/ZnS composites.
Figure 6.64 Schematic representation of preparation of hollow spheres from HEC-
g
-PAA graft copolymers and corresponding TEM images recorded at various values of pH. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [88] 2003 John Wiley & Sons.)
Figure 6.65 (a, b) Morphologies of discrete hollow spheres formed from COOH-terminated PI complexes with P4VP, stabilized through intermolecular H-bonding, observed using (a) TEM and (b) AFM. (c) Schematic representation of the possible mechanism of hollow sphere formation. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [89] 2001 American Chemical Society.)
Chapter 7: Mesoporous Materials Prepared Through Hydrogen Bonding
Figure 7.1 Mechanism of evaporation-induced self-assembly.
Figure 7.2 Main factors for the preparation of highly ordered mesoporous silicas.
Figure 7.3 (a) SAXS pattern, (b–d) TEM images viewed from (b) [100], (c) [110], and (d) [111] (insets: corresponding FFT), (e) N
2
adsorption/desorption isotherm, and (f) pore-size distribution curve of the
bcc
mesoporous silica from TEOS/F127 = 3/1.
Figure 7.4 Preparation of highly ordered mesoporous silicas and carbons templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PS [8].
Figure 7.5 TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PS viewed from the (a) [100], (b) [211], and (c, d) [411] directions (insets: corresponding FFT patterns) [8].
Figure 7.6 Highly ordered mesoporous silicas templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PMMA through evaporation-induced aggregation assembly [10].
Figure 7.7 TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by the diblock copolymer PEO
125
-
b
-PMMA
174
viewed from the (a) [110], (b) [100], (c) [211], and (d) [111] directions (insets: corresponding FFT patterns) [10].
Figure 7.8 Preparation of mesoporous silicas templated by the diblock copolymer PE-
b
-PEO and the change in the self-assembled structures upon increasing the TEOS ratio or the decreasing the HCl concentration.
Figure 7.9 Mesoporous silicas templated by PEO-
b
-PCL diblock copolymers.
Figure 7.10 (a) SAXS patterns and (b–e) TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
n
at weight fractions of (b) TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
20
= 2/1, (c) TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
42
= 3/1, (d) TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
84
= 5/1, and (e) TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
130
= 11/1.
Figure 7.11 (a) N
2
adsorption/desorption isotherm and (b) pore-size distribution curves of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
n
block copolymers of various weight fractions.
Figure 7.12 (a) SAXS and (b–d) TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO-
b
-PCL in (b) CH
2
Cl
2
, (c) THF, and (d) acetone at TEOS/PEO-
b
-PCL = 5/1.
Figure 7.13 Preparation of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO-
b
-PCL in various solutions.
Figure 7.14 Preparation of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO-
b
-PLA diblock copolymers through EISA.
Figure 7.15 TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by (A) PEO
114
-
b
-PLLA
130
and (B) PEO
114
-
b
-PLA
130
diblock copolymers of the same molecular weight, through EISA at various TEOS/template ratios.
Figure 7.17 (a) SAXS and (b–e) TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
20
at TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
20
/PCL
20
weight ratios of (b) 2/1/0, (c) 2/1/0.1, (d) 2/1/0.3, and (e) 2/1/0.5.
Figure 7.18 (a) SAXS and (b–e) TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
20
at TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
20
/PCL
408
weight ratios of (b) 2/1/0, (c) 2/1/0.1, (d) 2/1/0.3, and (e) 2/1/0.5.
Figure 7.19 (a) SAXS and (b–e) TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
84
at TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
84
/PEO
13
–POSS weight ratios of (b) 3/1/0, (c) 3/1/0.3, (d) 3/1/0.5, and (e) 3/1/0.7.
Figure 7.20 (a) SAXS patterns and (b–e) TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
84
at TEOS/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
84
/PEO
22
weight ratios of (b) 3/1/0, (c) 3/1/0.3, (d) 3/1/0.5, and (e) 3/1/0.7.
Figure 7.21 Preparation of mesoporous phenolic/silica composite materials templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PCL.
Figure 7.22 (a) N
2
adsorption/desorption isotherms and (b) pore-size distribution curves of mesoporous silica composites templated by PEO-
b
-PCL at various contents of phenolic resin: TEP1 (TEOS/PEO-
b
-PCL/phenolic = 7/10/1), TEP2 (TEOS/PEO-
b
-PCL/phenolic = 7/10/0.7), and TEP3 (TEOS/PEO-
b
-PCL/phenolic = 7/10/0.5).
Figure 7.23 Main synthesis and fabrication routes for hierarchical porous materials through combinations of self-assembly and other templating approaches [19].
Figure 7.24 TEM images of mesoporous silicas templated by the triblock copolymer F127 and PS NPs after calcination at 350 °C (a, elliptical pores from F127; b, yellow pores from removal of polymeric PS NPs) [19].
Figure 7.25 Formation of ordered dual-mesoporous silicas templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PMMA and the surfactant CTAB [20].
Figure 7.26 TEM images of dual-mesoporous silica materials co-templated by the diblock copolymer PEO
125
-
b
-PMMA
174
and CTAB, viewed from the (a, b) [110], (c) [100], and (d) [211] directions (insets: (b) structure of the mesoporous silica; (c, d) corresponding FFT patterns) [20].
Figure 7.27 Preparation of hierarchical mesoporous silicas co-templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PCL and the triblock copolymer F127.
Figure 7.28 TEM images ((a, b) top view; (d, e) side view) and (c, f) correlated illustrative sketches of hierarchical mesoporous silicas co-templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PCL and the triblock copolymer F127.
Figure 7.29 Preparation of hierarchical mesoporous silicas co-templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PLA and the triblock copolymer F127.
Figure 7.30 Preparation of hierarchical mesoporous silicas templated by the triblock copolymer PE-
b
-PEO-
b
-PCL through EISA.
Figure 7.31 (a) SAXS pattern and (b–d) TEM images of hierarchical mesoporous silicas templated by PE
13
-
b
-PEO
42
-
b
-PCL
31
, viewed from the (b) [001], (c) [10], and (d) [11] directions (insets: corresponding FFT patterns). (e) N
2
adsorption/desorption isotherm. (f) Pore-size distribution curve of the hierarchical mesoporous silica.
Figure 7.32 (a–c) TEM images, (d–f) corresponding FFT patterns, and (g–i) foreseeable diagrams of the “alternate
BCC
” hierarchical mesoporous silica viewed from the (a, d, g) [100], (b, e, h) [110], and (c, f, i) [210] directions.
Figure 7.33 (a) SAXS and (b–d) TEM images of hierarchical mesoporous silicas templated by the triblock copolymer PE
13
-
b
-PEO
42
-
b
-PLA
26
, viewed from the (b) [001], (c) [100], and (d) [110] directions. (e) N
2
adsorption/desorption isotherm. (f) Pore-size distribution curve of the hierarchical mesoporous silica.
Figure 7.34 Schematic representation of the preparation of ordered mesoporous phenolic and carbon structures, templated by block copolymers or surfactant.
Figure 7.35 Mesoporous carbon structures formed from resol-type phenolic resin, templated by the triblock copolymer F127 [30].
Figure 7.36 Scheme for the preparations of the ordered mesoporous polymer resins and carbon templated by PEO-
b
-PPO-
b
-PEO triblock copolymer [31].
Figure 7.37 Preparation of highly ordered mesoporous phenolic resin and carbon structures, templated by the triblock copolymer P123.
Figure 7.38 (a) SAXS pattern (b–d) TEM images of
BCC
mesoporous phenolic resins templated by the triblock copolymer F127, viewed from (b) [110], (c) [100], and (d) [111] directions (insets: corresponding FFT patterns). (e) N
2
adsorption/desorption isotherm. (f) Pore-size distribution curve.
Figure 7.39 Highly ordered mesoporous phenolic resin templated by the diblock copolymer PS-
b
-P4VP [33].
Figure 7.40 TEM images of phenolic/PS-
b
-P4VP blends after thermal curing with HMTA at values of
W
PS
of (a, b) 30% (before and after pyrolysis), (c, d) 40% (before and after pyrolysis), (e) 20% (after pyrolysis), and (f) 60% (before pyrolysis) [33].
Figure 7.41 TEM images of a phenolic/PS-
b
-P4VP blend at a value of
W
PS
of 40%: (a) before pyrolysis; (b) after slow heating to 360 °C; (c) after heating to 420 °C for (c) 0, (d) 30, (e) 60, and (f) 120 min [34].
Figure 7.42 Well-defined mesoporous carbon structures obtained using resorcinol/PS-
b
-P4VP and CH
2
O gas [35].
Figure 7.43 (a–c) Top-view TEM images and (d) cross-sectional SEM image of mesoporous carbon structures [35].
Figure 7.44 Field-emission SEM images of mesoporous carbon structures templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PS at a phenolic resin content of 60 wt%: (a) overall view; (b) morphology of intersection [36].
Figure 7.45 Preparation of mesoporous phenolic resin, templated by the block copolymer PEO-
b
-PCL.
Figure 7.46 TEM images of mesoporous phenolic resins prepared using (a–d) phenolic/PCL
35
-
b
-PEO
455
-
b
-PCL
35
((a) 30/70, (b) 40/60, (c) 50/50, (d) 60/40), (e–h) phenolic/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
84
((e) 40/60, (f) 50/50, (g) 60/40, (h) 70/30), (i–j) phenolic/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
130
((i) 50/50, (j) 60/40), and (k, l) phenolic/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
168
((k) 50/50, (l) 60/40).
Figure 7.47 (a, b)
In situ
SAXS analyses of phenolic resin/PEO-
b
-PCL/HMTA mixtures during thermal curing and (c) corresponding scheme for the mesophase transformation.
Figure 7.48 (a)
In situ
SAXS analyses of phenolic resin templated by the diblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PCL during thermal calcination; (b) enlarged SAXS pattern of the mesoporous phenolic resin after thermal calcination; (c–e) TEM images of the gyroidal mesoporous phenolic resin viewed from the (c) [111], (d) [110], and (e) [311] directions.
Figure 7.49 Mesoporous carbons templated by PEO-
b
-PS/PS diblock copolymer/homopolymer blends [40].
Figure 7.50 Preparation and mesophase transitions of mesoporous phenolic resins templated by PEO-
b
-PLC/PEO–POSS diblock copolymer/homopolymer blends at various PEO–POSS concentrations.
Figure 7.51 Possible phase diagram of phenolic/PEO-
b
-PCL/PEO–POSS blends at phenolic resin contents of 0.35–0.5 and various (PEO + PEO–POSS) weight fractions; black/white symbols: lamellae; triangles: gyroids; hexagons: cylinders; circles: spherical mesoporous structures.
Figure 7.52 Mesoporous carbon structures templated by the ABC triblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PMMA-
b
-PS [43].
Figure 7.53 Mesoporous carbon structures templated by the ABC triblock copolymer PEO-
b
-PS-
b
-PI [44].
Figure 7.54 Preparation and mesophase transitions of mesoporous phenolic resins templated by the ABC triblock copolymer PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
45
-
b
-PLLA
82
.
Figure 7.55 TEM images of mesoporous phenolic structures obtained from (a–e) phenolic/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
45
-
b
-PLLA
19
, (f–j) phenolic/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
45
-
b
-PLLA
57
, (k–o) phenolic/PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
45
-
b
-PLLA
82
, and (p–t) PEO
114
-
b
-PCL
45
-
b
-PLLA
108
blends; from left to right: weight ratios of 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, and 70/30.
Chapter 8: Bioinspired Hydrogen Bonding in Biomacromolecules
Figure 8.1 Roadmap of diversity with respect to complexity in natural and synthetic polymers.
Figure 8.2 Hierarchical structures of proteins. (a) Primary structure, (b) secondary structure, (c) tertiary structure, and (d) quaternary structure.
Figure 8.3 Secondary structures of polypeptides: (a) random coil, (b) α-helical conformation stabilized by intramolecular H-bonding, and (c) antiparallel β-sheet conformation stabilized by intermolecular H-bonding [2].
Figure 8.4 FTIR spectra of PBLG polymers having various DPs.
Figure 8.5 Curve fitting of the results from the FTIR spectra of PBLG
10
.
Figure 8.6 Solid-state NMR spectra of PBLG polymers having various DPs.
Figure 8.7 Fractions of α-helical conformations of PBLG determined using FTIR spectroscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
Figure 8.8 WAXD patterns of PBLG polymers having various DPs.
Figure 8.9 CD spectra of PPLG polymers having various DPs, in neutral MeOH (1.0 mg mL
−1
).
Figure 8.10 Synthesis of poly(glutamic acid) through NCA ROP polymerization, using butylamine as an initiator.
Figure 8.11 FTIR spectra (recorded at room temperature; 1800–1580 cm
−1
) of (a) phenolic/PMLG, (b) phenolic/PELG, and (c) phenolic/PBLG blends.
Figure 8.12 Curve fitting of the results from the FTIR spectra of (a) phenolic/PMLG, (b) phenolic/PELG, and (c) phenolic/PBLG = 60/40.
Figure 8.13 Fractions of H-bonded C=O groups of polypeptides in the presence of various phenolic contents, with corresponding values of
K
A
, based on the PCAM.
Figure 8.14 Fractions of secondary structures in (a) phenolic/PMLG, (b) phenolic/PELG, and (c) phenolic/PBLG blends.
Figure 8.15 Possible formation of α-helical conformations in phenolic/PBLG blends.
Figure 8.16 Solid-state NMR spectra (signals for C=O and C
α
units) of (a) phenolic/PMLG, (b) phenolic/PELG, and (c) phenolic/PBLG blends.
Figure 8.17 FTIR spectra (measured at room temperature; 1800–1580 cm
−1
) of (a) PS/PBLG, (b) PAS/PBLG, and (c) PVPh/PBLG blends.
Figure 8.18 Fractions of secondary structures of PBLG in (a) PS/PBLG, (b) PAS/PBLG, and (c) PVPh/PBLG blends.
Figure 8.19 Possible phase behavior, secondary structures, and intermolecular interactions of PBLG when blended with PS, PAS, and PVPh homopolymers.
Figure 8.20 Curve fitting of FTIR spectra of (a) pure PTyr, (b) PTyr/P4VP = 50/50 blend, and (c) PTyr/P4VP = 55/45 complex.
Figure 8.21 Fractions of secondary structures in PTyr/P4VP (a) blends and (b) complexes.
Figure 8.22 Possible polymer chain behavior in PTyr/P4VP (a) blends and (b) complexes.
Figure 8.23 The chemical structure and self-assembly structure changing of PS-
b
-P4VP/PTyr blend through HMTA thermal curing and show very high efficiency absorbed mercury.
Figure 8.24 PL intensities of Pyridine-PTyr in the absence (green line) and presence (blue line) of the homopolymer P4VP.
Figure 8.25 WAXD analyses for various Pyridine-PTyr/P4VP blends.
Figure 8.26 FTIR spectra (measured at room temperature) of PTyr/PMLG blends of various compositions and corresponding curve fitting data.
Figure 8.27 Fractions of secondary structures (based on amide I absorption peaks) in PTyr/PMLG blends.
Figure 8.28 (a) Synthetic PBLG polypeptide (prepared using CNFES) patterned directly on a cicada wing within an interdigitated electrode for energy harvesting; (b) voltages, ranging from 7.64 to 14.25 mV, produced from vibrational frequencies of approximately 10–30 Hz.
Figure 8.29 (a) FTIR spectra of the side chain C=O groups of PMLG; (b) fractions of secondary structures in PVDF/PMLG blends.
Figure 8.30 Vibration frequencies and produced voltages for (a) pure PVDF, (b) pure PMLG, and (c) PVDF/PMLG blends.
Figure 8.31 Possible conformational changes and intermolecular H-bonding in PMLG and PVDF fibers.
Figure 8.32 Chemical structure of the PBLG-
b
-PHF-
b
-PBLG triblock copolymer and AFM image of corresponding film formed from TFA/CHCl
3
solvents [29].
Figure 8.33 (a–d) SEM images of structures formed from (a) PBLG
80
-
b
-PEG-
b
-PBLG
80
(0.5 mg mL
−1
), (b) PBLG
150
-
b
-PEG-
b
-PBLG
150
(0.5 mg mL
−1
), (c) PBLG
210
-
b
-PEG-
b
-PBLG
210
(0.5 mg mL
−1
), and (d) PBLG
80
-
b
-PEG-
b
-PBLG
80
(1 mg mL
−1
); insets: hydrodynamic radius (
D
h
) distributions of aggregates in aqueous solution. (e–g) DPD simulations of self-assembled vesicle structures formed from PBLG-
b
-PEG-
b
-PBLG triblock copolymers: (e) 3D view of the vesicle; (f) cross-section of the vesicle; and (g) one-dimensional density profiles of rod–coil blocks along the
x
-arrow of the vesicle [33].
Figure 8.34 (a–d) TEM images of (a, b) PNIPAm
197
-
b
-PZLys
44
and (c, d) PNIPAm
90
-
b
-PZLys
71
. (e) Possible self-assembled structures of PNIPAm
90
-
b
-PZLys
71
in the vesicle morphologies formed from different common helicogenic solvents [34].
Figure 8.35 (a) SAXS and (b) WAXD analyses of PNIPAm
90
-
b
-PZLys
71
. (c) TEM image of PNIPAm
90
-
b
-PZLys
71
. (d) Possible hexagonal-within-lamellar self-assembled structure for the PNIPAm-
b
-PZLys diblock copolymer in the solid state [34].
Figure 8.36 Amphiphilic PEOz-
b
-PBLG rod–coil diblock copolymers as solutions in (a) toluene and (b) benzyl alcohol.
Figure 8.37 (A) Hierarchical structures of PS-
b
-PPLG diblock copolymers: (a, b) chemical structure of PS-
b
-PPLG; (c) microphase separation of PS-
b
-PPLG diblock copolymer into (d) the lamellar structure. (B) Hierarchical structures formed from PS-
b
-P(EG
2
LG) diblock copolymers: (e, f) chemical structure of PS-
b
-P(EG
2
LG); (g) microphase separation of PS-
b
-P(EG
2
LG) diblock copolymer into (h) the lamellar structure.
Figure 8.38 (a–g) TEM images of the PS
235
-
b
-P(EG
2
LG)
57
diblock copolymer in DMF/H
2
O mixtures: H
2
O contents of (a) 1, (b) 1.5, (c) 2.5, (d) 3.5, (e) 4, (f) 4.5, and (g) 5.5 wt%. (h) Corresponding size-distribution curves determined from DLS analyses.
Figure 8.39 Schematic representation of polymer science from colloids; polymers formed by covalent bonds to supramolecular polymers held together by H-bonds.
Figure 8.40 Typical multiple H-bonding interaction pairs.
Figure 8.41 Syntheses of (a) PVBC, (b) PVBN
3
, (c) PVBT, (d) PVBA, and (e) PVBT/PVBA complexes possessing multiple H-bonding units.
Figure 8.42 Strong complex formation between UG and DAN units.
Figure 8.43 Syntheses of PBMA-
co
-PVBT (T-PBMA) and PS-
co
-PVBA (A-PS) random copolymers through free radical copolymerization.
Figure 8.44 AFM (a, c) height and (b, d) phase images of PBMA/PS and T24-PBMA/A11-PS blends.
Figure 8.45
1
H NMR spectra of C16-T/C16-A mixtures prepared with various
T
/
A
ratios in CDCl
3
.
Figure 8.46 Miscibility window for binary blends of (a) VDAT-PS/T-PBMA and (b) A-PS/T-PBMA. Experimental data: (○) miscible and (□) immiscible; theoretical result: (•) spinodal curve based on the PCAM.
Figure 8.47 DSC analyses of binary blends of D-PMMA/T-PMMA.
Figure 8.48 Specific viscosities of pure PMMA and D20-PMMA/T12-PMMA binary blends in THF solution, and corresponding photographs taken at the same concentration (30 g dL
−1
).
Figure 8.49 Supramolecular network structures formed from D-PMMA/T-PMMA copolymer mixtures with triple H-bonding interactions in their
D
/
T
base pairs.
Figure 8.50 Diversity in phase behavior of PE-
co
-PB rubbery materials modified with UPy units through strong multiple H-bonding interactions [43].
Figure 8.51 Self-complementary multiple H-bonding P(MMA-
co
-UPyMA) copolymers.
Figure 8.52 (a) Chemical structures of POSS-U and PCL-A. (b) Supramolecular network structures formed from complementary H-bonding of A–U pairs [64].
Figure 8.53 SEM images of PCL-A/POSS-U = 1/3 film after healing periods of (a) 2 h and (b) 24 h at room temperature; insets: photographs of mended complex materials after the healing times [64].
Figure 8.54 (a) Chemical structure of PU–UrCy. (b) Possible self-healing mechanism for the multiple H-bonding through UrCy dimer [65].
Figure 8.55 DNA-mimetic π-conjugated poly(triphenylamine-carbazole) (PTC-U) copolymer and its corresponding multiple H-bonding U–U dimer [66].
Figure 8.56 Physically cross-linked network formed from self-complementary A–A dimer structures; when this PTC-A was used as an HITL in a solution-processed phosphorescent PLED device, the performance was significantly higher than that of commercial PEDOT-PSS [67].
Figure 8.57 (a) Chemical structure of U-functionalized P3HT and (b) its physical cross=linking network structure.
Figure 8.58 (a, b) Photograph and schematic representation of a bottom-gate, top-contact OTFT device featuring SiO
2
as a gate insulator and PAT:ATP as a semiconducting layer. (c) (
I
DS
–
V
GS
) and mobility characteristics for PAT:ATP at a value of
V
DS
of −2.5 V. (d) Output characteristics (
I
DS
–
V
DS
) for PAT:ATP, with values of
V
GS
varied from 0 to −30 V in steps of −5 V.
Figure 8.59 (a, b) Preparation of (a) PVB-DAP homopolymer and (b) Azo-T compound. (c) Multiple H-bonding interactions of DAP–T base pairs.
Figure 8.60 Photograph and Bragg diffraction pattern of supramolecular PVB-DAP/Azo-T films after erasing and subsequent laser recording.
Figure 8.61 (a) SEM image of loose structure of PAT/CNT–U. (b) Magnified view of the SEM image of the surface in (a). (c) Structural representation of A–U multiple H-bonding and π-stacking. (d) TEM image of grape-like assemblies of PAT attached to CNT–U.
Figure 8.62 (a, b) Preparation of (a) PPLG-DAP homo-polypeptide and (b) Py-T. (c) Supramolecular complex formation of PPLG-DAP/Py-T.
Figure 8.63 Photograph and TEM image of PPLG
30
DAP/Py-T/MWCNT dispersions in TCE, and corresponding supramolecular multiple H-bonding interactions of PPLG-DAP/Py-T.
Figure 8.64 (a) Proposed structure of a binary 20-meric oligodeoxyadenylic acid blend with T-functionalized PPV. (b, c) AFM images of binary self-assembled structures. (d) Section profile recorded along the
A
axis in Figure 8.61(c) [73].
Figure 8.65 (a) Proposed structure of T-bolaamphiphiles and oligoadenylic acid blends. (b) TEM image of discrete supramolecular DNA-like nanofibers [74].
Figure 8.66 Helical structures formed from PS-
co
-PVBT/Py-A/CNT ternary hybrid complexes. (a, b) TEM images of PS
38
-
co
-PVBT
62
copolymer with 3 wt% CNTs. (c) Possible morphology of PS-
co
-PVBT/A-Py/CNT ternary hybrid complex. (d) SAXS analyses of PS
38
-
co
-PVBT
62
/Py-A/CNT complexes prepared with 3 and 5 wt% CNT and an A–T base pair molar ratio of 1 : 1. (e, f) SEM images of PS
38
-
co
-PVBT
62
/Py-A/CNT complex prepared with 5 wt% CNTs.
Figure 8.67 TEM images of helical structures formed from PS-
co
-PVBT/Py-A/CNT ternary hybrid complexes at various T contents in the PS-
co
-PVBT random copolymers and various CNT contents, with the A–T base pair molar ratio fixed at 1 : 1: (a–e) PS
38
-
co
-PVBT
62
/Py-A/CNT with CNT contents of (a) 3, (b, c) 5, and (d, e) 10 wt%; (f–h) PS
13
-
co
-PVBT
87
/Py-A/CNT with CNT contents of (f) 3, (g) 5, and (h) 10 wt%; (i–l) PVBT
100
/Py-A/CNT with CNT contents of (i, j) 3, (k) 5, and (l) 10 wt%.
Figure 8.68 (a–d) TEM images of helical structures formed from (a–c) PS
67
-
b
-PVBT
16
/Py-A/CNT at CNT contents of (a) 3, (b) 5, and (c) 10 wt% and (d) PS
67
-
b
-PVBT
29
/Py-A/CNT at 3 wt% CNTs. (e, f) SAXS analyses of PS
67
-
b
-PVBT
16
/Py-A/CNT and PS
67
-
b
-PVBT
29
/Py-A/CNT at 3 wt% CNTs. (g) Possible structure of PS-
b
-PVBT/Py-A/CNT ternary hybrid complex.
Chapter 9: Hydrogen Bonding in POSS Nanocomposites
Figure 9.1 Chemical structures of POSS compounds: (a) random, (b) ladder, (c)
T
8
, (d)
T
10
, and (e)
T
12
cage, and (f)
T
7
partial cage structures.
Figure 9.2 Three general approaches for synthesizing monofunctionalized POSS.
Figure 9.3 The structural comparison of (a) a typical small-molecule surfactant (SDS), (b) a giant surfactant from (PS–APOSS), and (c) a typical amphiphilic diblock copolymer (PS-
b
-PEO) [16].
Figure 9.4 (a–c) TEM and (d–f) cryo-TEM images for PS-APOSS micelles in different common solvents for (a,d) 1,4-dioxane, (b,e) dimethylformamide (DMF), and (c,f) DMF/NaOH. Scale bar = 80 nm [16].
Figure 9.5 Synthesis of DP-DDSQ.
Figure 9.6 Syntheses and chemical structures of (a) Q
8
M
8
H
, (b) OS-POSS, and (c) OP-POSS.
Figure 9.7 2D-IR correlation spectra of phenolic/POSS blends.
Figure 9.8 FTIR spectra (OH stretching region) of dimethyl phenol (DMP) blends with various contents of
i
-Bu POSS.
Figure 9.9 IR spectra, recorded at room temperature, of phenolic/OA-POSS blends: (a) OH and (b) C=O stretching regions.
Figure 9.10 Fractions of H-bonded C=O groups of OA-POSS when blended with phenolic resin, and as predicted using the PCAM.
Figure 9.11 Possible polymer/POSS architectures for nonfunctional, monofunctional, bifunctional, and multifunctional POSS NPs.
Figure 9.12 FTIR spectra, recorded at room temperature, of (a) phenolic/PMMA and (b) phenolic/PMMA-POSS binary blends.
Figure 9.13 Fractions of H-bonded C=O groups of phenolic/PMMA and phenolic/PMMA-POSS blends, determined from FTIR spectra and predicted using the PCAM.
Figure 9.14 Preparation of PMMA and PMA-POSS homopolymers through anionic living polymerization.
Figure 9.15 FTIR spectra, recorded at room temperature, of (a) phenolic/PMMA and (b) phenolic/PMA-POSS binary blends.
Figure 9.16 WAXD analyses of (a) phenolic/PMA-POSS blends of various compositions (measured at room temperature) and (b) phenolic/PMA-POSS = 60/40 (measured at various temperatures).
Figure 9.17 Possible relevant length scale for the PMA-POSS segment and phase behavior of binary blends of phenolic/PMA-POSS, where the PMA-POSS segment acted as a helix-like structure.
Figure 9.18 SAXS and TEM images of PMMA-
b
-PMAPOSS and PS-
b
-PMAPOSS diblock copolymers: (a, d) PMMA
450
-
b
-PMAPOSS
7
, (b, e) PMMA
262
-
b
-PMAPOSS
23
, (c, f) PMMA
52
-
b
-PMAPOSS
18
, (g, j) PS
587
-
b
-PMAPOSS
4
, (h, k) PS
266
-
b
-PMAPOSS
20
, and (i, l) PS
52
-
b
-PMAPOSS
9
.
Figure 9.19 TEM images of phenolic/PMMA-
b
-PMAPOSS binary blends: (a–e) phenolic/PMMA
189
-
b
-PMAPOSS
34
, (f–j) phenolic/PMMA
119
-
b
-PMAPOSS
26
, and (k–o) phenolic/PMMA
123
-
b
-PMAPOSS
41
; from left to right: 0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40, and 80/20 (weight ratios; scale bar, 100 nm).
Figure 9.20 Schematic representations of (a) PMMA-
b
-PMAPOSS (b) H-bonding in a phenolic/PMMA domain, and (c) morphological phase transitions of PMMA-
b
-PMAPOSS after blending with phenolic resin.
Figure 9.21 Synthesis of PVPh-
co
-PVP-
co
-POSS random copolymer through free radical copolymerization and hydrolysis of AS protective units.
Figure 9.22 DSC analyses of PAS-
co
-PVP-
co
-POSS, PAS-
co
-PVP, pure PVP, the miscible PVPh/PVP blend, PVPh-
co
-PVP, and PVPh-
co
-PVP-
co
-POSS containing various amounts of POSS.
Figure 9.23 (a) Q
8
M
8
H
and preparation of (b) OT-POSS, (c) star (PS)
8
-POSS, (d) star (PS-
b
-P4VP)
8
-POSS, (e) star (PS-
b
-PAS)
8
-POSS, and (f) star (PS-
b
-PVPh)
8
-POSS.
Figure 9.24 Self-assembled lamellae structure of star (PS-
b
-P4VP)
8
-POSS: (a) TEM image and (b) SAXS pattern.
Figure 9.25 Chemical structures of poly(S-
alt
-MIPOSS), poly(AS-
alt
-MIPOSS), and poly(VPh-
alt
-MIPOSS) alternating copolymers.
Figure 9.26 MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the alternating copolymer poly(VPh-
alt
-MIPOSS).
Figure 9.27 FTIR spectra (recorded at room temperature) of (a) poly(MIPOSS), (b) poly(S-
alt
-MIPOSS), (c) poly(AS-
alt
-MIPOSS), and (d) poly(VPh-
alt
-MIPOSS) alternating copolymers.
Figure 9.28 (a) Chemical structure of POSS-
b
-PBLG. (b) IR spectra of pure PBLG
18
and PBLG
18
-
b
-POSS. (c, d) 2D FTIR spectral (c) synchronous and (d) asynchronous maps of the PLBG
18
-
b
-POSS copolymer at 30 °C. (e) Possible intramolecular H-bonding in PBLG-
b
-POSS.
Figure 9.29 TEM images of (a) pure PBLG
53
and (b) POSS-
b
-PBLG
56
. (c) AFM height image and section analysis, (d) SAXS pattern, (e) WAXD pattern, and (f) schematic representation of POSS-
b
-PBLG
56
in the nanoribbons formed in the network structures obtained from toluene gels.
Figure 9.30 Synthesis of POSS-
b
-PBLG through a combination of NCA ROP and click chemistry.
Figure 9.31 FTIR spectra of (A) alkyne-PBLG and (B) POSS-
b
-PBLG species incorporating (a, f) PBLG
5
, (b, g) PBLG
10
, (c, h) PBLG
20
, (d, i) PBLG
33
, and (e, j) PBLG
53
.
Figure 9.32 Fractions of secondary structures in alkyne-PBLG and POSS-
b
-PBLG species of various DPs.
Figure 9.33 Curve fitting analyses of alkyne-PBLG and star PBLG-
b
-POSS incorporating (a) PBLG
4
, (b) PBLG
6
, (c) PBLG
14
, and (d) PBLG
24
.
Figure 9.34 Synthesis of PPLG-
g
-POSS homopolymers using a combination of NCA ROP polymerization and click chemistry.
Figure 9.35 MALDI-TOF mass spectra of (a) PPLG
5
and (b) (PPLG-
g
-POSS)
5.
Figure 9.36 FTIR spectra of (A) PPLG and (B) PPLG-
g
-POSS species incorporating (a, e) PPLG
5
, (b, f) PPLG
15
, (c, g) PPLG
30
, and (d, h) PPLG
50
, (C) Fractions of secondary structures in PPLG and PPLG-
g
-POSS of various DPs.
Figure 9.37 Synthesis of PS-
b
-PPLG and PS-
b
-(PPLG-
g
-POSS) diblock copolymers using a combination of ATRP, NCA ROP polymerization, and click chemistry.
Figure 9.38 FTIR spectra of (a) PPLG
15
, (b) PS-
b
-PPLG
10
, and (c) PS-
b
-(PPLG-
g
-POSS)
10
, recorded at various temperatures.
Figure 9.39 (a, b) SAXS and (c, d) TEM images of (a, c) PS-
b
-PPLG
20
and (b, d) PS-
b
-(PPLG-
g
-POSS)
20
diblock copolymers.
Figure 9.40 Hierarchical self-assembled structures of (a) PS-
b
-PPLG and (b) PS-
b
-(PPLG-
g
-POSS) diblock copolymers.
Figure 9.41 (a) Chemical structure and mechanism of the synthesis of VP-a BZ monomer for the preparation of BZ-POSS-1 through hydrosilylation. (b) Synthesis of BZ-POSS-2 from amino-POSS.
Figure 9.42 Preparation of PBZ/POSS nanocomposites from a BZ-POSS monomer with (a) P-a-type and (b) B-a-type BZ monomers.
Figure 9.43 Preparation of multifunctionalized POSS NPs through hydrosilylation with Q
8
M
8
H
and a VB-a monomer (OBZ POSS) and subsequent formation of PBZ/POSS nanocomposites having a network structure.
Figure 9.44 (a–d) Hydrosilylation of styrenic monomers with (a) Q
8
M
8
H
, (b) OVBC-POSS, (c) OVBN
3
-POSS, and (d) OBZ-POSS through a click reaction. (e) PBZ/POSS nanocomposite prepared through thermal curing.
Figure 9.45 Syntheses of (a) Q
8
M
8
H
, (b) OA-POSS, (c) OP-POSS, and (d) VBa-POSS. (e) Possible morphology of VBa/VBa-POSS blends after thermal curing.
Figure 9.46 Preparation of (a) PA-OH, PA-ac, and PA-T and (b) OBA-POSS.
Figure 9.47 TEM images and the corresponding SAED patterns of PA-T/OBA-POSS complexes prepared at various OBA-POSS concentrations.
Figure 9.48 Schematic representation of Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS/SWCNT ternary hybrid complexes.
Figure 9.49 TEM images of (a, b) pure SWCNTs, (c, d) Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS/SWCNT hybrid complex with 1 wt% SWCNT, and (e, f) Py-Bz-T/OBA-POSS/SWCNT hybrid complex with 3 wt% SWCNT.
Figure 9.50 Synthesis of PI/POSS nanocomposites from OAP-POSS NPs.
Figure 9.51 Synthesis of PI/POSS nanocomposites from OG-POSS NPs.
Figure 9.52 DMA curves (heating rate: 2 °C min
−1
) for (a, c) pure PI and (b, d) porous PI (obtained from10 wt% PEO-POSS).
Figure 9.53 DMA curves (heating rate: 2 °C min
−1
) for (a, d) pure PI, (b, e) PI/PEO-POSS with 5 wt% PEO-POSS, and (c, f) PI/PEO-POSS with 10 wt% PEO-POSS.
Figure 9.54 Schematic representation of the deformation of PI/OF-POSS during the imidization process [73].
Figure 9.55 Preparation of PI/POSS nanocomposites from diamine-DDSQ and various dianhydrides [82].
Figure 9.56 (a) Chemical structures of POSS-containing photosensitive acrylate copolymers. (b) Characteristic curves of POSS-containing photoresists with various POSS compositions in acrylate copolymers. (c) Photo-DSC exothermal curves for the photopolymerization of photoresists (1 (0%), 2 (0.9%), 3 (5.9%), 4 (8.7%), 5 (24.6%), 6 (35.3%)). (d) Proposed microstructure formed via H-bonding of POSS-containing acrylate copolymer.
Figure 9.57 MALDI-TOF mass spectra of (a) OS-POSS, (b) OA-POSS, and (c) OP-POSS NPs.
Figure 9.58 TEM images and schematic representations of the microstructures of (a–c) OS-POSS/PS, (d–f) OA-POSS/PAS, and (g–i) OP-POSS/P4VP hybrid composites.
Figure 9.59 TEM images of (a) pure PCL-
b
-P4VP, (b) PCL-
b
-P4VP/OP-POSS = 4/1, (c) PCL-
b
-P4VP/OP-POSS = 2/1, and (d) PCL-
b
-P4VP/OP-POSS = 4/3.
Figure 9.60 Possible changes in the self-assembled structures in PCL-
b
-P4VP/OP-POSS blends upon increasing the OP-POSS content.
Figure 9.61 TEM images of PS-
b
-P4VP/OS-POSS hybrids incorporating OS-POSS NPs at contents of (a) 0 wt%, (b) 10 wt%, (c) 20 wt%, (d) 30 wt%, (e) 40 wt%, (f) 50 wt%, (g) 60 wt%, and (h) 80 wt%.
Figure 9.62 TEM images of PS-
b
-P4VP/OP-POSS hybrids incorporating OP-POSS NPs at contents of (a) 0 wt%, (b) 10 wt%, (c) 20 wt%, (d) 30 wt%, (e) 40 wt%, (f) 50 wt%, (g) 60 wt%, and (h) 80 wt%.
Figure 9.63 Synthesis of (a) PS-
b
-P4VP, (b) PS-
b
-P2VP, and (c) PS-
b
-PMMA through anionic living polymerization, and their blending with OP-POSS NPs (d).
Figure 9.64 Possible changes in the self-assembled structures of (a) PS-
b
-P4VP/OP-POSS, (b) PS-
b
-P2VP/OP-POSS, and (c) PS-
b
-PMMA/OP-POSS complexes upon increasing the OP-POSS content.
Figure 9.65 Possible changes in the self-assembled structures of PS-
b
-PVBT/OBA-POSS hybrid complexes upon increasing the OBA-POSS NP content.
Figure 9.66 TEM images of PS-
b
-PVBT/OBA-POSS hybrid complexes incorporating OBA-POSS NPs of (a) 0 wt%, (b) 1.5 wt%, (c) 3 wt%, (d) 25 wt%, (e) 28 wt%, (f) 31 wt%, (g) 43 wt%, and (h) 60 wt%.
Figure 9.67 Schematic representation of POSS NPs intercalated in a clay gallery.
Figure 9.68 TEM images of (a) pure MMT, (b) in-MMT, (c) ex-MMT-A from monofunctionalized N
3
-POSS, and (d) ex-MMT-B from octa-functionalized N
3
-POSS.
Figure 9.69 Formation of Au NPs from SH-POSS.
Figure 9.70 Au-POSS aggregation on various scales revealed in (a) OM, (b) TEM, and (c) HRTEM images; inset to (b): SAED pattern of Au-POSS NPs and the aggregation model in (b).
Figure 9.71 TEM images of Au-POSS NPs in (a) PBMA homopolymer and (b) PBMA-
r
-PMAPOSS copolymer matrices.
List of Tables
Chapter 2: Hydrogen Bonding in Polymer Blends
Table 2.1 Values of
K
B
for some H-bonded donor polymers [10]
Table 2.2 Values of
K
A
of some H-bonded donor polymers with PVPh (
K
B
= 66.8) [10]
Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Hydrogen-Bonded Polymers
Table 3.1 Effect of composition of miscible blends and copolymers on values of
T
g
Table 3.2 Values of
K
B
and
K
A
for interactions of phenolic and H-bonding acceptors
Table 3.3 Relationship between the values of
K
A
and
K
B
and the values of σ
e
and
l
c
Chapter 5: Sequence Distribution Effects in Hydrogen-Bonded Copolymers
Table 5.1 Relaxation times, , for blends, blend complexes, and diblock copolymers at magnetization intensities of 40 and 115 ppm
Chapter 7: Mesoporous Materials Prepared Through Hydrogen Bonding
Table 7.1 Classification of porous materials
