Immigrants, migratory system E-Book

Alex Alves do Nascimento

• Herausgeber: Editora Dialética
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 136

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

The study will contrast the relation between the worker and immigration, from the perspective of fundamental human rights. Therefore, it will approach the nuances of economic globalization in the matter of immigrant work, and it will detect the origins of the process of globalization crossing through the concept of the matter and analyzing the conflict between the concrete effects of globalization. Also, it will address how those mechanisms could be managed to obtain a better world. Moreover, it will illustrate how the actual polices to immigrant workers lead to social segregation, indicating the need for a new treatment that guarantees the minimum existential, considering the international consensual system of human rights, and pointing eventual solutions to abolish the problems. As an extension, it analyzes the essential relation between the creation of the common market and the promise of free movement of people. It connects the idea of a globalized world as a global thorp, under the microscope of evolution, of technological revolution and its consequences on the global labor market. It invades the core of immigration under anthropological, sociological and judicial aspects. Touches on the sociological and anthropological aspects responsible for the stereotypes and immigrant identities.

Leseprobe

Choosing to address immigration was a spontaneous result of my life experiences throughout the world. I was fortunate to travel to several countries and see, from inside, how culture and the legal system combined can affect an individual’s life. Concurrently, being in a foreign country at an advanced level is the biggest challenge of my life.

Alex Alves do Nascimento

“Soñar con un mundo sin hambre, sin desigualdad social, sin discriminación, sin duda, parece ser algo extremadamente utópico. Sin embargo, la realización de nuestros sueños comienza a través de la imaginación. Esperemos, esperemos días mejores, porque ese es el combustible que nos mantiene vivos”

Francisco Danilo de Souza Gomes

SOBRE O AUTOR

Atualmente é professor de cursos de Graduação e Pós-graduação em Direito. Advogado com atuação na seara criminal. Pesquisador e Escritor nas áreas do Direito Constitucional, Direito Penal, Direito Processual Penal, Ciências Políticas, com ênfase em Relações Internacionais, Bilaterais e Multilaterais. Sócio do Curso de capacitação profissional, Universo Juris (UJ). Doutorando em Direito pela Universidade de Coimbra (UC). Mestre em Direto - ALBANY LAW SCHOOL, com título revalidado pela Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). Pós-Graduado em Direito e Processo do Trabalho pelo Centro de Ensino Superior Professor Plínio Mendes dos Santos em Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal (UNIDERP). Graduado em Direito pela Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Capa

Folha de Rosto

Créditos

DEFINITIONS:

INTRODUCTION

GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMY

1. CONCEPTUAL DELIMITATION

2. COUNTER ARGUMENT:

3. GLOBALIZATION AND CRIME

4. FADING BORDERS

5. CULTURAL and FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION

THE MATTER OF IMMIGRATION

1. BORDERS

2. RIGHT OF RESIDENCE

3. THE ILLEGAL

4. NATIONALIZATION

5. CONTRASTING AMERICAN CULTURE; EUROPE:

6. ROOTS OF IMMIGRATON ENFORCEMENT:

THE AMERICAN IMMIGRATION PROCESS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN DIGNITY

1. THE HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION POLICIES OF THE UNITED STATES

1.1. IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE THE WORLD WAR I

1.2. IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE WORLD WAR I

1.3. IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE WORLD WAR II

2. AMERICAN LEGISLATION ON IMMIGRATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH INTERNATIONAL TREATIES THAT ASSURES HUMAN RIGHTS

2.1. SOVEREIGNTY

2.2. CURRENT AMERICAN LEGISLATIVE PROPOSAL FOR IMMIGRATION

2.3. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS

REFERÊNCIAS:

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

REFERENCES

Landmarks

cover

titlepage

copyright-page

Table of Contents

bibliography

DEFINITIONS:

Globalization: Trend toward greater economic, cultural, political and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. The trend is a result of national boundaries becoming less relevant (denationalization) and different entities cooperating more actively across national boundaries (internationalization).

International Trade: When a nation imports and exports goods.

International Business: A larger concept than international trade because it includes foreign production of goods.

Domestic Marketing: A strategy that is based on information exclusively from domestic industry and customer demands, as well as domestic cultural conditions (economic, technological, political, and social environments). This is the first stage in which firm marketing strategies evolve.

Export Marketing: This is the second stage in which companies move toward internationalization. Companies begin by doing business and meeting needs of customers outside their usual boundaries. In this early stage they rely on other companies to assist them, while perfecting the internal conditions of their business to eventually do so independently. External factors, such as saturated domestic markets or unsolicited inquiries from foreign customers, may lead to export marketing.

International Marketing: When external marketing becomes increasingly more important and successful for the business, they will begin seeking new sources of growth and profit. New countries serve as new markets, thus international marketing begins. International marketing is approached by concentrating product and promotional strategy to a given foreign market.

Multidomestic Marketing: A company that has independent foreign subsidiaries in every market that operates separately, without any specific headquarters controlling overall strategy. This is a more extreme form of international marketing.

Multinational Marketing: A stage in global marketing in which a company operates and markets its products in MANY countries around the world. Standardization of production, planning and overall strategy comes into play in this stage.

INTRODUCTION

“Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.”

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Man is a dynamic social being. Nonetheless, in the search for better opportunities or qualification she is not without burden. Distances have become shorter in the backdrop of globalization, which has enhanced and encouraged an even more dynamic and competitive marketplace that requires more labor.

Even though the communities’ standards are a reflection of the society, there are also several formal rights recognized by many legal systems. It is not difficult to find social groups that end up being deprived of essential rights inherent to the human condition.

The globalization of markets is already an accomplished fact, which has led to profound changes in the economic field, and it is still growing exponentially. As a result, not just the obvious economic reflexes have been seen thus far, but there is the political aspect that cannot be ignored. One of its consequences is the proper migration of companies and economic groups from one country to another in search of better fiscal, labor and living conditions.

Big companies are capable of controlling the economic rhythm of an entire continent, forcing the shift of workers who follow them to where the jobs are. In contrast, the shortage of work, forced by the reduction of opportunities, encourages workers to seek better job opportunities in other locations, even outside their countries of origin.

As the financial center of the planet, the United States of America is the best example to illustrate the rotational aspect of labor and its facets. On the issue of importation, thousands of immigrants every year, migrate from numerous countries (such as, India, China, Mexico, Brazil, Spain, England, Italy, Japan, and Canada) seeking better paying jobs. Part of the workers legally enter the country of destination, but a significant part of them do so illegally. A percentage of these immigrants will face removal, sometimes after undergoing periods of detention, while the rest will remain in the destination country where they can begin a new life.

Countries in general, and especially the more developed economies such as Europe and North America, have hardened immigration policies as a response. Recent changes to the immigration laws of the United States and the European Union were approved. One of the factors of the anti-immigration policy is the defense of the internal labor market.

The study starts with the hypothesis that the creation of common markets and economic globalization ultimately serve as a means to encourage the free movement of people among countries. The contrast imposed by developed countries that advocate the thesis of free trade of goods to increase its consumer market; however, creates obstacles for the free movement of people to the labor market in order to protect their own national interests. This restriction of the free movement of people involves countless foreigners who cannot enter the legal process of citizenship, and who therefore become exploited in destination countries as cheap labor, contrary to their essential rights. This raises the question of exclusion and its possible incompatibility with the legal basis to consider the protection of human rights, regardless of origin.

In 2008, the European Parliament adopted to establish a common standard policy to curb illegal immigration, called Return Directive. The regulation provides for the removal process of illegal immigrants from European countries, allowing a period of arrest that may extend for up to 18 months, depending on the circumstances, until they proceed to the expulsion, and prohibiting the return to Europe (EU) for a period of five years. The legal text is the result of a compromise among the twenty-seven members of the bloc, who see immigration as a problem of social order countries, since there are thousands of illegal immigrants living in the EU.

When considering immigration, it is important to stress that the detention of immigrants proliferates around the world, in Europe and in the United States, Japan, among others. As a reflection of the hardening of European and North American laws, countries such as Brazil, Australia and South Africa are receiving more immigrants each year.

However, the immigrant is not always seen by the national as someone exotic and different. The immigrant seeking work is generally poor with low qualifications for the country of his intent. Because of the sum of these two factors, ethnic difference and poverty, the immigrant usually turns out to be a victim of exploitation.

This study will exhibit the different facets among human rights, citizenship rights and the issue of illegal immigrants crossing the border and entering the market in an informal manner, being subjected to illegal working conditions.

Also, considerations of the illegal stay in the country of destination, leading to minimal exercise of citizenship rights, and the lack of the bond of nationality legal residence in the national territory, and how this situation will deprive the illegal immigrant access to fundamental social rights related to regular exercise of employment, such as protecting their safety and health, earning a minimum wage and proper journey.

As a consequence, this study will approach the hardships that an immigrant faces in a society because of his illegal status.

In historical context, history has been written around our immigration flows. After what has been said, relevancy is crucial for our understanding. Various times throughout history have led people to leave their countries to other lands, and oftentimes their motivation was the search for work and freedom. Even involuntary migrations, such the movement of slaves, were related to the matter of work. This segment will deal with the historical aspects of the immigration issue in different time periods, although the largest migratory movements prominent in human history; are not necessarily those punctuated by great discoveries and the need for settlement of the New World.

The effects of the internationalization of capital and the development of private enterprises which in some places become transnational, ignoring the boundaries imposed by geography, are also both relevant to understanding the issue of globalization where the increase of migrant workers is concerned.

At the end of the chapter, to understand the globalized world, a brief analysis of three crucial points will be made: the question of the evolution of transportation and communication; the technological revolution, also called the Third Industrial Revolution; and the relationship of the Third Industrial Revolution with the labor market. Although the issue of globalization is multidimensional, encompassing partly the economic aspect, a portion of this work will be focused on the globalization of the economy. This is justified to analyze the issue related to migrant workers.

The second chapter is dedicated to the phenom of immigration. First, it is necessary to clarify that when we study the movements of individuals between nation-states we often use the term “immigration”. Immigration is the establishment of an alien person in a different country. In the present work, the term immigration is used when talking about the issue of a worker who enters a new country seeking placement in the labor market. To the main point, we will use the term that applies to a foreigner in a strange country: immigrant. Historical and anthropological analysis on the issue of immigration not with standing; this paper focuses on the issue mainly from the perspective of economic global ization.

Moreover, considerations regarding the integration of immigrants to the new land and of the contribution of multiculturalism will be woven into this discussion. The first segment will focus on the issue of market integration and the opening of borders failure to legally regulate immigration issues. This matter will be reviewed before international law, as the international legal instruments address the issues and the difficulties faced by foreigners before the legal access to citizenship rights.

Therefore, the immigrant workers who have been exploited in several countries as cheap, disposable labor, find themselves without their fundamental rights and in the precarious situation of entering or staying in host countries, illegally.

The work conditions analogous to slavery are a terrifying reality nowadays, even in socially and economically developed countries, and the struggles undertaken for their eradication have not achieved great success. To delimit the existing legal protection with respect to immigrant labor, this chapter will initially address their inclusion in the legal system. Considering that a worker not integrated into the system that the country receives is launched in a situation of neglect and misery, without documents fails to remit money home, or open a bank account, and is even unable to leave the country because if he leaves cannot return.

To understand the issue of insertion, immigrant integration will be analyzed followed by examining the conditions under which an alien may obtain the legal right to remain in a country, and the process of nationalization which warrants revisiting under what conditions the alien may obtain the le- gal right to remain and how the process of nationalization.

Then, the legal status of the illegal worker will be studied. Also, these undocumented workers, end up being left out of the system, and therefore lack legal protection. Several authors, such as Arnaldo Sussekind and Eric Crivelli were vital for the maturation of this approach.

The second segment is devoted to the study of immigration policies. Each country decides what policy will be used to determine migration flows to their own, and attribute national sovereignty to reg ulate such issues.

Currently the issue is under great discussion, and political groups linked to the extreme right and left wings are constantly discussing and even using immigration as political platforms.

Among it all, factors such as economic crisis, terrorism and xenophobia have reached the question of national immigration. The contrast with the intent to provide a better understanding of the policies adopted will be analyzed from the perspective of the United States.

The third and final segment will examine the necessary connection which must exist between immigration law and human rights protection. A relationship between the displacement of production and its influence on the treatment of the immigrant worker, and even the flow of workers will be explored.

With this in mind, the perspective of social rights and how it relates to the immigrant employees, regardless of their legal relationship to the country they work in, and taking into consideration the human rights perspective.

This research will present how the immigrant worker has been victimized by social exclusion upon entry into the country of destination, especially when the worker remains undocumented. Finally, it will defend a new model of treatment that should be given to more a consistent regime of international human rights laws for immigrant workers.

The research will seek to demonstrate how current policies of immigrant workers have resulted in the exclusion of such persons, indicating the need for a more comprehensive management of this is- sue in order to enable such workers who are inserted into the legal systems of the countries in which they live, ensuring legal consistency throughout the country that receives them. Still, this paper will aim to point out possible solutions that may resolve the serious problems faced by foreign workers, who are left out of the legal social protection system.

GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMY

“Globalization holds great promise if properly managed. But it only works if the victors divide the benefits with the losers. “

Joseph E. Stiglitz, Nobel Prize in Economics in 2001

Continuing our studies we start with a definition of globalization.

As an illustration, there are two sources which define the concept of globalization. The first comes from ASCD, and the second from UNESCO: