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Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH GmbH
Kategorie: Fachliteratur
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

This handbook provides an indispensable overview of all essential aspects of industrial-scale inkjet printing. Inkjet printing, as a scalable deposition technique, has grown in popularity due to its being additive, digital, and contact-free. Given these advantages, the technology can now be used in stable and mature industrial-scale applications. As the mechanisms for inkjet printing have improved, so too have the versatility and applicability of this machinery within industry. The handbook's coverage includes inks, printhead technology, substrates, metrology, software, as well as machine integration and pre- and post-processing approaches. This information is complemented by an overview of printing strategies and application development and covers technological advances in packaging, security printing, printed electronics, robotics, 3D printing, and bioprinting. Important topics like standardisation, regulatory requirements, ecological aspects, and patents.

Readers will find:

The most comprehensive work on the topic with over 75 chapters and more than 1,500 pages relating to inkjet printing technology
The inkjet-printing expertise of corporate development engineers and academic researchers in one manual
A hands-on approach utilizing case studies, success stories, and practical hints that allow the reader direct, first-hand experience with the power of inkjet printing technology.

The ideal resource for material scientists, engineering scientists in industry, electronic engineers, and surface and solid-state chemists,Inkjet Printing in Industry is an all-in-one tool for modern professionals and researchers alike.

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Cover

Title Page

Dedication

Volume 1

Preface

Part I: Introduction

1 Detailed Overview Over the Book Chapters

Fundamental Aspects

Pros and Cons of Inkjet Printing

Inkjet Inks

Inkjet Printhead Technology

Substrates

Metrology

Pre/Post Processes

Software/Data

Machine Integration

Printed Electronics

Inkjet + Robot

3D Printing

Bio‐printing

Case Examples, Direct‐to‐Shape, Security, Packaging

Printing Strategies

Standardization

Regulatory Requirements, Legal Aspects

Ecological Aspects, Sustainability

Patents

Part II: Fundamentals

2 Wood‐Graining Effects in Inkjet Printing

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Reynolds Number

2.3 Drag Force on Inkjet Drops

2.4 Effects of Gravity on Drop Motion

2.5 Moving Drops' Approaching Impact on the Substrate in Still Air

2.6 Wakes Around Moving Drops in Still Air

2.7 Unstable Flows

2.8 Vortices

2.9 Wood‐Graining Effect

2.10 Aerodynamic Solutions

2.11 Final Comments

Acknowledgments

References

3 Can We Determine the Reliable Jetting Performance from an Inkjet Ink?

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Description of the Problem

3.3 Ink Factors

3.4 Dimensionless Predictions

3.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Part III: Pros and Cons of Inkjet Printing

4 Comparing Inkjet with Other Printing Processes, Mainly Screen Printing

4.1 Top‐Level Comparison of Inkjet with Other Printing Technologies

4.2 Inkjet Printing: Capabilities and Limitations

4.3 Screen Printing: Capabilities and Limitations

References

Note

Part IV: Inks

5 Inkjet Ink Formulations: Overview and Fundamentals

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Basic Inkjet Ink Composition and Ink Types

5.3 Jetting Performance

5.4 Ink–Substrate Interaction

5.5 Inkjet Inks and Their Applications – Quo Vadis?

5.6 Examples of Inkjet Inks Formulations

References

6 UV‐Curable Alkenyl Monomers and Oligomers – The Backbone Chemistry of UV Inkjet Inks

6.1 UV Inkjet Inks – Historical Background and Formulation Basics

6.2 UV‐Curable Alkenyl Monomers and Oligomers – Chemical Constitution and Performance Properties

6.3 UV‐Curable Alkenyl Monomers – Performance Profiles and Application Characteristics

6.4 UV‐Curable Alkenyl Oligomers – Performance Profiles and Application Characteristics

6.5 Water‐Compatible UV‐Curable Alkenyl Monomers and Oligomers – Performance Profiles and Application Characteristics

6.6 New UV‐Curable Alkenyl Monomers and Oligomers – Product Innovations and Technology Perspectives

References

7 Photoinitiators for UV Inkjet Applications

7.1 Historical Background

7.2 UV LED

7.3 Photoinitiators

References

Notes

8 UV‐Curable Inkjet Inks and Their Applications in Industrial Inkjet Printing, Including Low‐Migration Inks for Food Packaging

8.1 UV Inks for Industrial Applications

8.2 UV‐Curing Process and UV Inkjet Ink Types

8.3 UV Inkjet Ink Requirements

8.4 UV Inkjet Ink Compounds and Ink Formulations

8.5 UV Inkjet Ink Production

8.6 Application of UV Inks in Industrial Print Systems

8.7 Low‐Migration Inkjet Inks for Migration‐Sensitive Applications

References

9 UV‐Curable Inkjet Inks for Label Printing – Case Study: Labelfire 340

9.1 General Aspects of the Ink Development

9.2 Pigment Selection

9.3 Ink Stability

9.4 Properties of Cured Ink

9.5 Regulatory Requirements

References

Note

10 Electron Beam Curing of Inks and Coatings

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Mechanism of EB Curing

10.3 Comparison of UV and EB Curing

10.4 Raw Material Selection

10.5 Other Factors

10.6 Materials Enhancing EB Cure

10.7 EB‐Curable Aqueous Inks

References

11 Dye‐Sublimation Inkjet Ink

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Major Advantages of Sublimation Imaging

11.3 Sublimation Colorants in Digital Imaging

11.4 Ink, Transfer Media, and Substrate

11.5 Color Considerations

11.6 Major Engineering and Process Aspects

11.7 Transfer vs. Direct Printing

11.8 Outlook: Major Development Opportunities

References

12 Ceramic Inks

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Properties of Ceramic Inkjet Inks

12.3 Formulation and Preparation of Ceramic Inks

12.4 Technology for Ceramic Inkjet Application

12.5 Conclusion

13 Inks for Security Printing

13.1 Who Is DNSC?

13.2 Print Market History and Opportunity

13.3 DNSC Value‐Add and More

13.4 Ink Security Levels

13.5 Conclusion

References

14 Inks for Conductive Mass Production Digital Printing

14.1 Introduction – Digital Printed Electronics – Nanometal Particles

14.2 Manufacturing of Conductive Patterns

14.3 Conductive Inks for Inkjet Printing, Requirements

14.4 Jetting Requirements

14.5 Application Requirements

14.6 Chemistry

14.7 Inkjet of Conductive Patterns in R&D and Prototyping vs. Mass Production

14.8 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

15 Advanced Inkjet Processes for Optoelectronics (Displays) and Related Applications

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Ink Formulations and Processes for Functional Materials

15.3 Formulation of PEDOT:PSS Inkjet Inks for Various Applications: from OLEDs to Medicine

15.4 Printing of Metal Grids as Supply for Transparent Electrodes in Optoelectronic Devices

15.5 Inkjet Printing of Optoelectronic Devices (OLED, OPV) and Ink Development of Active Materials

15.6 Inkjet Printing of Quantum Dots

15.7 Electrostatic Printing (ESJET)

15.8 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

16 Deliberate Formulation for Regulated Markets

16.1 Introduction – Why Do We Talk About This?

16.2 Food Packaging and Food Contact Materials (FCMs) Regulatory Regimes

16.3 Positive vs. Negative Lists

16.4 Packaging as a System

16.5 Migration Studies

16.6 The Ink Formulator's Dilemma

16.7 An Ink Development Framework

16.8 The Ink Chemist and Regulatory Team Relationship

16.9 Bringing it all Together

References

17 Deinking – How to Get the Ink Off the Paper

17.1 Paper Recycling

17.2 Assessment of Deinkability in the Lab

17.3 Deinking of Digital Prints: Different Printing Processes and Deinkability

17.4 Legislation, Ecolabels, and Deinkability

References

Note

Part V: Printhead Technology

18 HP Printhead Technology

18.1 Overview of Inkjet Printing

18.2 HP's Scalable Printing Technology

18.3 Case Study: HP's PageWide XL Printer Series

18.4 HP's HDNA Technology

18.5 3D Printing with Inkjet

18.6 Evolution of the Number of Nozzles

18.7 Inkjetting for Other Processes

18.8 A Possible Future of Inkjet in Custom and Surface Manufacturing

Acknowledgments

References

Note

19 Technology of Konica Minolta's Inkjet Printhead

19.1 A Short History of Konica Minolta's Inkjet Technology

19.2 Features of Konica Minolta's Inkjet Printhead – Shear Mode Printhead

19.3 Bend Mode Printhead

19.4 Future Direction

19.5 Summary

References

20 Dimatix Printhead Technology

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Inkjet System Development – A Collaborative Process

20.3 Dimatix Fundamental Technologies

20.4 Printhead Architectures and Fabrication Technologies

20.5 Example Markets and Technologies

20.6 Conclusion

Reference

21 Xaar's Inkjet Printing Technology and Applications

21.1 Xaar Company History

21.2 Xaar's Printhead Technology

21.3 Technology Components and Operational Printhead Benefits

21.4 Future Technology Developments: ImagineX Technology Platform

21.5 Demonstration of Xaar's Technologies in Different Industrial Printing Applications

21.6 Summary

References

22 Seiko's RC1536 Printhead – Making Jettability Wider

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Printek Printheads

22.3 Making Jettability Wider

22.4 Increasing the Throw Distance – Making the printhead more Industrial

22.5 Seiko RC1536 – New Applications

References

23 Toshiba Tec's Inkjet Printhead Technology

23.1 Product Overview of Toshiba Tec's Inkjet Printheads

23.2 Printhead Design Focusing on Print Quality

23.3 Non‐recirculated Inkjet Printhead

23.4 Inkjet Printhead with Real‐Through Channel Recirculation

23.5 Ultra‐compact Ink Recirculation System (CC1)

23.6 Jetting Capability of High Viscosity

23.7 Example of 3D Printing Application

23.8 Future Direction for Expanding Inkjet Printhead Capability

References

Notes

24 Memjet Printing Technology

24.1 Memjet Page‐Wide Thermal Inkjet Technology

List of Tables

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Mechanical pressure in nip (or printing zone).

Table 4.2 Comparison of printing processes regarding drying/curing/hardenin...

Table 4.3 Dynamic viscosity of printing inks.

Table 4.4 Solid content of printing inks.

Table 4.5 Typical layer thicknesses of the different printing techniques.

Table 4.6 Layer thickness control.

Table 4.7 Direct comparison inkjet vs. screen printing.

Table 4.8 Ink drop propagation in air.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Example of water‐based ink formulation in general.

Table 5.2 Example of hot‐melt ink formulation.

Table 5.3 Example of aqueous reactive textile ink formulation.

Table 5.4 Example of aqueous acid textile ink formulation.

Table 5.5 Example of aqueous pigment textile ink formulation.

Table 5.6 Example of aqueous disperse dye textile ink formulation.

Table 5.7 Example of solvent‐based ink formulation for non‐porous substrates...

Table 5.8 Example of UV‐curable inkjet ink formulation.

Table 5.9 Example of water‐based ceramic inkjet ink formulation.

Table 5.10 Example of solvent‐based ceramic inkjet ink formulation.

Table 5.11 Example of inkjet ink formulation based on metal nanoparticles fo...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Chemistries and substituents of alkenyl groups.

Table 6.2 Theoretical and experimental double‐bond densities of UV‐curable ...

Table 6.3 Theoretical and experimental double‐bond densities of UV‐curable ...

Table 6.4 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional acrylate monomers....

Table 6.5 Physico‐chemical properties of difunctional acrylate monomers.

Table 6.6 Physico‐chemical properties of trifunctional acrylate monomers.

Table 6.7 Physico‐chemical properties of tetrafunctional and hexafunctional...

Table 6.8 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional methacrylate monome...

Table 6.9 Physico‐chemical properties of difunctional methacrylate monomers...

Table 6.10 Physico‐chemical properties of trifunctional methacrylate monome...

Table 6.11 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional and difunctional v...

Table 6.12 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional

‐vinyl amide mono...

Table 6.13 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional acrylamide monomer...

Table 6.14 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional

‐vinyl amine mono...

Table 6.15 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional and difunctional v...

Table 6.16 Physico‐chemical properties of monofunctional, difunctional, tri...

Table 6.17 Physico‐chemical properties of difunctional acrylate/vinyl ether...

Table 6.18 Physico‐chemical properties of difunctional acrylate/alkene and ...

Table 6.19 Physico‐chemical properties of difunctional water‐soluble alkeny...

Table 6.20 Physico‐chemical properties of new monofunctional UV‐curable alk...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Spectral UV categories according to ISO 21348 and their energy eq...

Table 7.2 Benzoin isopropyl ether (

), dimethyl benzil ketal (

), α‐hydroxy...

Table 7.3 Bifunctional α‐hydroxy ketone photoinitiators with low migration ...

Table 7.4 α‐Amino ketone photoinitiators

, and

Table 7.5 Solubility rating of α‐aminoketone photoinitiators

and

in va...

Table 7.6 Commercially available mono‐ and bisacylphosphine oxide photoinit...

Table 7.7 Arylglyoxylate ester photoinitiators.

Table 7.8 Miscellaneous photoinitiators used in UV‐LED inkjet inks.

Table 7.9 Commercially available benzophenone derivatives used in UV inkjet...

Table 7.10 Commercially available thioxanthone derivatives.

Table 7.11 Photoinitiator packages used for UV inkjet inks of different col...

Table 7.12 Commercially available aromatic amine co‐initiators used in UV i...

Table 7.13 SML values for Type I photoinitiators listed as evaluated substa...

Table 7.14 SML values for Type II photoinitiators listed as evaluated subst...

Table 7.15 SML values for amine co‐initiators listed as evaluated substance...

Table 7.16 Classification of polymeric and multifunctional photoinitiators ...

Table 7.17 Examples of oligomeric and multifunctional photoinitiators and c...

Table 7.18 Commercial oligomeric Type I and Type II photoinitiators, co‐ini...

Table 7.19 Oligomeric Type II photoinitiators with oligomer‐bound co‐initia...

Table 7.20 Acrylated photoinitiators and co‐initiator for low migration ink...

Table 7.21 Bisacyl germanium (

) and tetraacyl silane (

) photoinitiators....

Table 7.22 Water‐compatible photoinitiator structures used in water‐borne U...

Table 7.23 Solubility of the bisacyl phosphinic acid

and its alkali meta...

Table 7.24 Classification and general structures of PLBs.

Table 7.25 Chemical structure of carboxylate functional chromophores and th...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Performance comparison between free radical and cationic UV inkje...

Table 8.2 Comparison between multipass and single‐pass UV inkjet printing....

Table 8.3 Viscosity of different UV ink types.

Table 8.4 Formulation compounds of a 100% solid UV‐curable inkjet ink.

Table 8.5 Effect of acrylate functionality on ink properties.

Table 8.6 Comparison of standard UV inkjet inks vs. LM UV inkjet inks.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Comparison of UV and EB curing.

Table 10.2 Overview of monomer types and their performance attributes.

Table 10.3 Overview of oligomer types and their performance benefits.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Typical heat transfer parameters using sublimation inks.

Table 11.2 Typical piezoelectric DOD aqueous dye sublimation ink physical p...

Table 11.3 Comparison between sublimation transfer and disperse dye direct ...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Typical values observed in ceramic inks.

Table 12.2 Main pigment types used in ceramic inks.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Main metallization technologies in electronics production.

Table 14.2 Analog printing technologies, comparison [20–23].

Table 14.3 Digital printing technologies, comparison [4,20–22, 24].

Table 14.4 Inkjet DOD ink requirements.

Table 14.5 Mass production requirements.

Table 14.6 Ink properties, comparison [22–26].

Table 14.7 Hierarchy of ink properties to print conductive patterns.

Table 14.8 Viscosity vs. metal concentration and temperature.

Table 14.9 Ink stability time.

Table 14.10 Ink jetting optimization steps.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Ink components and potential trade‐offs.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Rating of the deinkability scores.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Key points in time for PIJ drop ejection.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Actuator electric characteristics.

Table 19.2 “Platform” – Konica Minolta printheads' line‐up.

Table 19.3 Piezoelectric properties of the PZT film.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Seiko RC1536 – printhead parameters.

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Specifications of Toshiba Tec industrial inkjet printheads.

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Key parameters for VersaPass printhead.

Table 24.2 Key parameters for DuraLink printhead.

Table 24.3 Key parameters for DuraFlex printhead.

Table 24.4 DuraFlex maximum speeds, by resolution control.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Description of contact angles.

Table 25.2 Description of cleaning functions and parameters.

Table 25.3 Typical methods of surface confinement of glass substrates.

Table 25.4 Properties of different glass types.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Formulation of model 23–25 mPa·s PS solutions of varying molecul...

Table 28.2 Optimum jetting temperature from TriPAV step strain printhead mo...

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Example of a drop mixture table.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 UV spectral categories and wavelength ranges with energy equival...

Table 33.2 Radiometric terms with symbols and units.

Table 33.3 Calculation parameters for determining the penetration depth of ...

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Textile materials, textile inkjet ink types, processing methods,...

Table 36.2 Typical pretreatment recipe for reactive inkjet printing on cott...

Table 36.3 Typical pretreatment recipe for acid inkjet printing on polyamid...

Table 36.4 Typical pretreatment recipe for disperse dye inkjet printing on ...

Table 36.5 Typical pretreatment recipe for disperse dye inkjet printing on ...

Table 36.6 Typical pretreatment recipe for pigment inkjet printing on cotto...

Chapter 37

Table 37.1 The contact angle measured on plasma‐treated PAI surface after t...

Chapter 38

Table 38.1 Laser advantages and disadvantages.

Table 38.2 Microwave UV lamp advantages and disadvantages.

Table 38.3 MP UV lamp advantages and disadvantages.

Table 38.4 Excimer UV lamp advantages and disadvantages.

Table 38.5 UV LED advantages and disadvantages.

Chapter 41

Table 41.1 Table showing the acceleration voltage compared to speed of ligh...

Table 41.2 Summary of specifications for different types of EB processors....

Table 41.3 Comparison table of properties of different printing ink chemist...

Chapter 42

Table 42.1 Comparison among EB and UV (lamp) curing, and heat (thermal) dry...

Table 42.2 EB‐ENGINE's technical specifications.

Chapter 43

Table 43.1 List of potential pre‐ and post IJ print processing steps with p...

Chapter 51

Table 51.1 KM‐1 specifications.

Table 51.2 Comparison of organogels.

Chapter 52

Table 52.1 Types of inks and corresponding printing technologies.

Table 52.2 Comparison of achievable transistor channel lengths using differ...

Table 52.3 Comparison of typical layer thicknesses and roughness's for scre...

Chapter 53

Table 53.1 Influence factors on digital printing [6, 7].

Table 53.2 Electrical resistance of lines (

–

= 15 mm, 3 px, 5 px) of...

Chapter 58

Table 58.1 Resolution of the DMS+.

Table 58.2 Technical data MABI MAX‐100‐2.25‐P.

Table 58.3 Range and speed MABI MAX‐100‐2.25‐P.

Table 58.4 Technical data MMT‐250.

Table 58.5 Technical data MLR‐2000‐P.

Chapter 60

Table 60.1 Comparison of silver and copper as a base for particle‐based ink...

Table 60.2 Overview on inkjet approaches in structural electronics.

Chapter 62

Table 62.1 Optical polymer classes, exemplary properties.

Chapter 64

Table 64.1 of several possible processes.

Table 64.2

Table 64.3

Table 64.4

Table 64.5

Table 64.6 Standards for material tests.

Table 64.7 Comparison of different 3D printable materials from different pri...

Chapter 65

Table 65.1 Dimensionless parameters that are used to model droplet generati...

Chapter 66

Table 66.1 HP's inkjet presses for corrugated printing applications.

Chapter 68

Table 68.1 Historical overview of the Unilin group.

Table 68.2 Delta E value perception.

Table 68.3 Example of density measurement variations.

Table 68.4 Dry rub resistance test observations.

Table 68.5 Bleed/smudge values.

Table 68.6 Surface rating scale.

Table 68.7 Edge rating scale.

Table 68.8 Rating table for the vapor test.

Chapter 71

Table 71.1 Approaches to inkjet drop speed measurement using in‐flight imag...

Table 71.2 An example of a report on placement accuracy proposed for consid...

Chapter 73

Table 73.1 Generic result of an LCA – eco‐footprint as a bill‐of‐energy‐and...

Table 73.2 Material consumption for recyclable materials (Al, Cu, Fe, and c...

Table 73.3 Result of a LCA – eco‐footprint as a bill‐of‐energy‐and‐material...

Table 73.4 Energy consumption.

Table 73.5 Carbon footprint use pe (electrical energy plus paper consumed) ...

Table 73.6 Result of an LCA – eco‐footprint as a bill‐of‐energy‐and‐materia...

Table 73.7 The main influencing factors for bill‐of‐energy‐and‐materials.

Table 73.8 A comparison of a carbon footprint assessment for an ink jet pri...

Table 73.9 Sensitivity analysis of waste streams as recommended by FINAT....

Table 73.10 Generic result of an LCA – eco‐footprint as a bill‐of‐energy‐an...

Chapter 74

Table 74.1 Examples of insight provided from patents ahead of wider product ...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Topics that are covered in this handbook.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Schematic airgap for inkjet printing showing several common influ...

Figure 2.2 Distance below nozzle plane vs. water drop speed for various drop...

Figure 2.3 Distance below nozzle plane vs. water drop speed for various drop...

Figure 2.4 Reduction of the drag factor for the second sphere relative to th...

Figure 2.5 Schematics of (a) print gap air flow condition and (b) air flow a...

Figure 2.6 Printed sample with print gap height varies from (a) 2 mm (

= 7...

Figure 2.7 Close‐up scans at 12 800 dpi of the transition regions (areas ind...

Figure 2.8 Printed samples with air guard installed with (a) both rows of no...

Figure 2.9 (a) A scanned image, (b) a magnified segment of (a), (c) correspo...

Figure 2.10 Particle tracking by high‐speed video. Raw image (a); filtered (...

Figure 2.11 Gas supply means to reduce inkjet printing defects at high heigh...

Figure 2.12 Entrance and exit baffles to provide better control of the Couet...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Term derived by Fromm by dividing the Reynolds number by the Webe...

Figure 3.2 The parameter space where fluid properties are suitable for drop ...

Figure 3.3 The jettability window constructed by Nallan et al. using the cap...

Figure 3.4 The effect of increasing the concentration of gold nanoparticles ...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Dynamic viscosities of the different printing processes.

Figure 4.2 Solid content of printing inks for different printing processes....

Figure 4.3 Possible and typical wet and dry layer thicknesses of different p...

Figure 4.4 OE‐A classification of printing processes for standard quality OE...

Figure 4.5 OE‐A classification of printing processes premium quality OE‐A 20...

Figure 4.6 Examples for direct‐to‐object printing in inkjet. (a) Compress iU...

Figure 4.7 (a) Tactile decoration coating with UV varnish at 80–100 μm thick...

Figure 4.8 The dimensionless velocity

* =

as a function of the dimensio

...

Figure 4.9 Memjet's print sample. Print distances as indicated in the images...

Figure 4.10 Konica Minolta's print image. Print distances as indicated in th...

Figure 4.11 Konica Minolta's print image of a QRcode. Print distance was 20 ...

Figure 4.12 Ricoh's print samples. Print distances of 3, 7, and 11 mm. The g...

Figure 4.13 Epson's print samples. Print distances of 3, 7, and 11 mm. The g...

Figure 4.14 Drop placement distribution.

Figure 4.15 Printed resolution according to the jetting distance for the Ric...

Figure 4.16 Principle and nomenclature of the flatbed screen printing proces...

Figure 4.17 Flatbed cylinder screen printing process.

Figure 4.18 Rotational screen printing process.

Figure 4.19 Object, 3D, or cylindrical screen printing process.

Figure 4.20 Mesh geometry.

Figure 4.21 Theoretical ink volume depending on

–

(PET 1500 from manufactu...

Figure 4.22 Printed film antennae series product AUDI A4 convertible for rec...

Figure 4.23 Stack design of printed battery.

Figure 4.24 (a) Electrodes printed on current collector; (b) Assembled film ...

Figure 4.25 (a) 3D view of an electrode material printed on top of the curre...

Figure 4.26 Fine line screen printing: (a) fine line printing form, (b) top ...

Figure 4.27 Scanning electron microscopy image of a finger opening in a fine...

Figure 4.28 Scanning electron microscopy image of the cross‐sectional surfac...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 General parameters and considerations affecting the design of ink...

Figure 5.2 Basic components and component characteristics of inkjet printing...

Figure 5.3 Classification of inkjet inks.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Typical composition of a UV inkjet ink.

Figure 6.2 Typical composition of a UV inkjet ink for additive manufacturing...

Figure 6.3 Chemical structure and substitution pattern of the alkenyl group....

Scheme 6.1 Radical photopolymerization mechanism of UV‐curable alkenyl monom...

Scheme 6.2 Oxygen inhibition in radical photopolymerization of UV‐curable al...

Figure 6.4 Stability of carbon‐centered propagating radicals.

Figure 6.5 Operating regime for a stable DoD jetting process.

Figure 6.6 Viscosity of UV‐curable alkenyl monomers as a function of tempera...

Figure 6.7 Viscosity of UV‐curable alkenyl oligomers as a function of temper...

Figure 6.8 Performance characteristics of UV‐curable alkenyl monomers as a f...

Scheme 6.3 Industrial manufacture of acrylate monomers (blue → monofunctiona...

Figure 6.9 Chemical structures of monofunctional acrylate monomers.

Figure 6.10 Chemical structures of difunctional acrylate monomers.

Figure 6.11 Chemical structures of trifunctional acrylate monomers.

Figure 6.12 Chemical structures of tetrafunctional and hexafunctional acryla...

Scheme 6.4 Industrial manufacture of methacrylate monomers (blue → monofunct...

Figure 6.13 Chemical structures of monofunctional methacrylate monomers.

Figure 6.14 Chemical structures of difunctional methacrylate monomers.

Figure 6.15 Chemical structures of trifunctional methacrylate monomers.

Figure 6.16 Chemical structures of monofunctional and difunctional vinyl eth...

Figure 6.17 Chemical structures of monofunctional

‐vinyl amide monomers.

Figure 6.18 Chemical structure of monofunctional acrylamide monomer.

Figure 6.19 Chemical structure of monofunctional

‐vinyl amine monomer.

Figure 6.20 Chemical structures of monofunctional and difunctional vinyl est...

Figure 6.21 Chemical structures of monofunctional, difunctional, trifunction...

Figure 6.22 Chemical structures of difunctional acrylate/vinyl ether and met...

Figure 6.23 Chemical structures of difunctional acrylate/alkene and methacry...

Scheme 6.5 Industrial manufacture of epoxy acrylate oligomers via glycidyl e...

Scheme 6.6 Industrial manufacture of epoxy acrylate oligomers via epoxides (...

Figure 6.24 Chemical structures of difunctional, tetrafunctional, and multif...

Scheme 6.7 Industrial manufacture of polyester acrylate oligomers (blue → po...

Scheme 6.8 Industrial manufacture of urethane acrylate oligomers (blue → pol...

Figure 6.25 Chemical structure of difunctional urethane methacrylate oligome...

Scheme 6.9 Industrial manufacture of urethane methacrylate oligomers (blue →...

Figure 6.26 Chemical structure of difunctional water‐soluble alkenyl monomer...

Figure 6.27 Chemical structures of monofunctional and difunctional water‐sol...

Scheme 6.10 Industrial manufacture of polyurethane acrylate oligomer dispers...

Figure 6.28 Typical composition of a water‐based UV inkjet ink.

Figure 6.29 Chemical structures of new monofunctional UV‐curable alkenyl mon...

Chapter 7

Scheme 7.1 Dithiocarbamate photoinitiators for the photopolymerization of un...

Figure 7.1 Penetration depth of UV radiation into UV inkjet ink films.

Figure 7.2 Emission spectra of UV LED radiation sources with various emissio...

Scheme 7.2 Photochemical cleavage of Type I photoinitiators (Norrish Type I ...

Figure 7.3 UV spectra of Type I photoinitiators (a) 0.001% w/w and (b) 0.05%...

Figure 7.4 Photochemistry and radical formation from α‐disilyloxy ketone

....

Scheme 7.3 Photocleavage of BAPO photoinitiator

and initiation of the phot...

Figure 7.5 UV–vis spectra of ethyl Michler's ketone

, isopropylthioxanthon...

Figure 7.6 (a) Bleaching of the UV absorption of BAPO photoinitiator

upon ...

Scheme 7.4 Photoinduced bimolecular reaction of a Type II photoinitiator (th...

Figure 7.7 UV–vis spectra of thioxanthones

and

40;

0.001% w/w in acetonit...

Figure 7.8 Commercial (

) and experimental (

) multifunctional oligomeric ...

Scheme 7.5 Synthesis of polymeric Michler's ketone photoinitiators and photo...

Figure 7.9 Balance between inter‐ (

72a

) and intramolecular (

72b

) interaction...

Figure 7.10 Schematic representation of a dendritic Type II photoinitiator s...

Figure 7.11 3‐ketocoumarins

designed for LED applications.

Figure 7.12 Transformation of an alkyl phenylglyoxylate

into an alkyl sil...

Figure 7.13 Bleaching of the absorption band at 425 nm of the silyl glyoxyla...

Figure 7.14 Effect of water to the viscosity of an ink formulation based on ...

Scheme 7.6 One‐pot synthesis of polyethylene glycol‐substituted bisacylphosp...

Figure 7.15 Preparation of photoinitiator nanoparticles.

Figure 7.16 Water‐compatible PU acylate‐based monoacylphosphine oxide photoi...

Figure 7.17 Photoinitiators (schematic structures, effective structures not ...

Figure 7.18 Sulfonium salt photoinitiator

107

developed for inks used in foo...

Figure 7.19 Structures of some non‐ionic and ionic commercial PLBs [171, 172...

Scheme 7.7 Photodecomposition of

a‐aminoketone

Scheme 7.8 Photodecomposition of the tetraphenylborate salt TBD·HBPh

Figure 7.20 Structures of the commercial tetraphenylborate salts PLB

113

and...

Figure 7.21 Change of photodegradability of

113

depending on different photo...

Scheme 7.9 Photodecomposition of PLB

123

containing reduced form of DBN.

Figure 7.22 Inkjet printing process combining a radically curing clear ink A...

Scheme 7.10 Photobase‐catalyzed cross‐linking via Michael addition reaction ...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Drying process for solvent inks vs. UV‐curable inks.

Figure 8.2 Influence of the UV inkjet ink on the printing system and printin...

Figure 8.3 Process preparing a steric stabilized pigment dispersion.

Figure 8.4 Process steps in the production of UV inkjet inks.

Figure 8.5 Schematic representation of an UV inkjet single‐pass printing sys...

Figure 8.6 Migration mechanisms in food packaging.

Figure 8.7 Food‐safe packaging printing.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Comparison of achievable color gamut with Labelfire 340 using fou...

Figure 9.2 Intrinsic viscosity as a function of aspect ratio for rotational ...

Figure 9.3 Reaction scheme for initial steps of a spontaneous polymerization...

Figure 9.4 Schematic drawing of steric interactions of polymer‐stabilized pa...

Figure 9.5 Curling due to ink shrinkage. Different white ink formulations in...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Published patent applications for EB‐curable inks.

Figure 10.2 Potential initiating processes during EB cure.

Figure 10.3 Free radical polymerization.

Figure 10.4 Crosslinking via radical–radical recombination.

Figure 10.5 Dose–depth profiles for UV and EB.

Figure 10.6 Impact of accelerating voltage on depth penetration of a 20 μm i...

Figure 10.7 Amount of uncured monomer from a 20 μm ink film cured at 30 kGy,...

Figure 10.8 Impact of PPGDA on uncured monomer levels in an EB‐cured ink.

Figure 10.9 EB cure enhancing polyether species and their effect in lowering...

Figure 10.10 EB cure enhancing polyol species and their effect in lowering t...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Illustration of sublimation transfer printing process.

Figure 11.2 Illustration of sublimation printed polymer substrate viewing ef...

Figure 11.3 Schematic demonstration of dye‐sublimation transfer printing mec...

Figure 11.4 Typical sublimation dye structures used in sublimation printing....

Figure 11.5 Typical chemical structure of sulfonated lignin (a) and sulfonat...

Figure 11.6 A 3/2D view of color coverage of sublimation inkjet inks using d...

Figure 11.7 Chemical structure of a reactive disperse dye used in cellulose/...

Figure 11.8 Chemical structure (a) UV Absorber Tinuin 405 (Hydroxyphenyl tri...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Range of ceramic inks.

Figure 12.2 Combination of colored, reactive, and matt inks.

Figure 12.3 Example of particle size distributions.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Examples of Production, Home and Business Productivity Inkjet Sy...

Figure 13.2 Example of test kit content and instructions.

Figure 13.3 Example of output of a tested unique bio‐marker read as #1467.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Viscosity vs. metal concentration.

Figure 14.2 Particle size distribution of Sicrys™ nanosilver particles ((a)‐...

Figure 14.3 Ink stability. Sedimentation rate measurements (a) light transmi...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Parameters influencing printing results in an inkjet process.

Figure 15.2 Viscoelastic behavior of the same functional polymer inks, but l...

Figure 15.3 Dropwatcher microscope pictures of custom‐made OLED inkjet ink (...

Figure 15.4 (a) Photo of a dried layer of the OLED polymer SPR‐001 (Merck li...

Scheme 15.1 Molecular structure of PEDOT:PSS: the system consists of a dispe...

Figure 15.5 Dropwatcher microscope images, demonstrating the droplet formati...

Figure 15.6 Dependence of the layer thickness of the PEDOT:PSS ink as a func...

Figure 15.7 Photos demonstrating the stretching behavior of the modified PED...

Figure 15.8 Photos of printed PEDOT:PSS layers on highly flexible plastic su...

Figure 15.9 (a) Photo of a printed silver grid structure on 150 mm × 150 mm ...

Figure 15.10 Photos of top emitting OLEDs on paper with corresponding layout...

Figure 15.11 Stack structures for OLEDs (a) and OPV: (b) so‐called conventio...

Scheme 15.2 Molecular structure of the copolymer Super Yellow (PDY‐132) with...

Figure 15.12 Layers of SY on glass substrates printed at a stage temperature...

Figure 15.13 Optimization of ink formulation and inkjet printing process of ...

Figure 15.14 (a) OLEDs processed on 150 mm × 150 mm glass substrates in the ...

Scheme 15.3 Structures of the triplet emitting blend system (from left to ri...

Figure 15.15 (a) OPV devices printed on glass (back) and a PET barrier subst...

Scheme 15.4 Components of the active materials PV2000 consisting of the dono...

Figure 15.16 Atomic force microscope (AFM) pictures evaluating the surface r...

Figure 15.17 Stable generation of droplets in the printing process (a). Prin...

Figure 15.18 Printed QD‐LED device. (a) Layer structure of the device, effic...

Figure 15.19 Efficiency luminance characteristic (a) and emission spectrum (...

Figure 15.20 Calculated diameters of spherical droplets on substrates with d...

Figure 15.21 Photo of the ESJET printhead above the 50 mm × 50 mm substrate,...

Figure 15.22 Microscopic images for comparison of ESJET (a) and inkjet (b) p...

Figure 15.23 Microscopic images of PEDOT:PSS printed into squared cavities o...

Figure 15.24 Microscopic picture of ESJET‐printed PEDOT:PSS into pixel defin...

Figure 15.25 Camera photo of the ESJET‐printed AMOLED display with the H2020...

Figure 15.26 Microscopic picture of ESJET‐printed green and red fluorescent ...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Typical film packaging construction.

Figure 16.2 Ink design considerations.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Where recycled paper goes in the USA [10].

Figure 17.2 Typical layout for a deinking process (Green: essential process ...

Figure 17.3 A pale looking, inkjet-printed BILD Zeitung acquired from a hote...

Figure 17.4 Deinkability testing of Walliser Bote (a), the first European in...

Figure 17.5 Fujifilm Jet Press 720 presented at IPEX 2010, good deinkability...

Figure 17.6 UV inkjet flakes from a Konica Minolta KM‐1 sample on coated pap...

Figure 17.7 UV inkjet flakes from a Konica Minolta KM‐1 sample on uncoated p...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Multiple charge deflection during CIJ.

Figure 18.2 Binary charge deflection in CIJ.

Figure 18.3 Air crossflow to filter out dots too small for printing.

Figure 18.4 Six different PIJ printhead designs.

Figure 18.5 PIJ firing pulse for fill before fire operation.

Figure 18.6 Schematic of acoustic operation.

Figure 18.7 Drop velocity vs. pulse width for individual PIJ nozzles within ...

Figure 18.8 Influence of jetting frequency on drop velocity and key influenc...

Figure 18.9 Simple triple drop formation in PIJ for pulse width of 5.5 µs.

Figure 18.10 Test image generated with multiple drop sizes.

Figure 18.11 Drop generation of three sizes in greyscale operation.

Figure 18.12 Binary vs. greyscale printing.

Figure 18.13 Electrical LEM of a piezo actuator.

Figure 18.14 Profilometer Image of a deflected PIJ chamber and its neighbors...

Figure 18.15 Severe crosstalk effect on drop velocity.

Figure 18.16 Simulation method for Piezo inkjet chamber design.

Figure 18.17 Methods to match printhead resolution and image resolution.

Figure 18.18 Firing chamber overview and drive bubble and drop formation.

Figure 18.19 Pressure generated in PIJ and TIJ firing chambers during firing...

Figure 18.20 Three different TIJ printhead designs.

Figure 18.21 Comparison of PIJ and TIJ firing chamber sizes.

Figure 18.22 SPT elements.

Figure 18.23 Early and SPT HP TIJ printheads for scanning printers.

Figure 18.24 Pagewide printhead configurations.

Figure 18.25 A51 stackable, A4 design for width and PageWide Array nestable ...

Figure 18.26 The HP PageWide XL8000 40″ printer incorporating the PWA printh...

Figure 18.27 PWA inkjet printhead design.

Figure 18.28 Nested PWA printheads on the PageWide XL printer.

Figure 18.29 Nozzle design in the HP A51 (a) and HDNA (b). Note the dual noz...

Figure 18.30 HDNA firing chambers and nozzles. Inter‐nozzle distance is 1/12...

Figure 18.31 Inertial pump firing chamber vs. traditional TIJ.

Figure 18.32 Comparison of DDW and inertial pump implementations.

Figure 18.33 3D MJF printer schematic.

Figure 18.34 Process of 3D voxel formation on an MJF 3D printer.

Figure 18.35 Metal Jet process sequence with binderjet.

Figure 18.36 Metajet Green and Sintered SS 316L parts.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Illustrative cross‐section of pressure cavity (ink channel). (P:...

Figure 19.2 Schematic perspective view of CT structure (KM512).

Figure 19.3 Schematic perspective view of HA structure (KM1024).

Figure 19.4 Actuator longitudinal cross‐section.

Figure 19.5 Schematics of ink flow passage: latitudinal (a) and longitudinal...

Figure 19.6 Illustration of three‐cycle driving mode (a) and independent cha...

Figure 19.7 Schematic perspective view of independent driving HA structure....

Figure 19.8 SEM image of PZT‐surface (a), and microscopic image of the press...

Figure 19.9 Formation of parylene (c) coating: di

‐xylylene (a) is sublimed...

Figure 19.10 Illustrative cross‐section of the bend mode printhead.

Figure 19.11 XRD data of the thin PZT film.

Figure 19.12 Laser processing system.

Figure 19.13 Effect of DPN calibration for velocity fluctuation; (a) before ...

Figure 19.14 Flash photo of light‐emitting‐polymer jetting.

Figure 19.15 Two recirculating paths' structure.

Figure 19.16 Drop speed reduction by “decap” of water‐based inks. (a) withou...

Figure 19.17 Crosstalk of prototype recirculation (a), and crosstalk after a...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Drop speed vs. distance for various drip sizes.

Figure 20.2 Superposition of two entrained flows.

Figure 20.3 Example “woodgrain” print.

Figure 20.4 Dimatix SG600 printhead.

Figure 20.5 Dimatix Samba® printhead.

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Overview of Xaar's technology components and their printhead arc...

Figure 21.2 Monolithic cantilever end shooter Xaar 128 actuator.

depicts t...

Figure 21.3 Xaar 1003 chevron side‐shooter printhead channel array. The circ...

Figure 21.4 Xaar 1003 printhead in grayscale operation – the example shows c...

Figure 21.5 A section of Xaar 1003 chevron side‐shooter actuator indicating ...

Figure 21.6 shows the generation of the two acoustic waves focused onto nozz...

Figure 21.7 Ink recirculation arrangement in a Xaar 1003 printhead. Temperat...

Figure 21.8 Acoustic response of an ink filled channel with and without air ...

Figure 21.9 Printhead pumping power (microliters of ink per second per inch ...

Figure 21.10 Impact of ink recirculation rate on the drop placement start‐up...

Figure 21.11 Impact of idle time on start‐up drop position for Xaar printhea...

Figure 21.12 Jetting model for Inkjet printing [8] showing the extended visc...

Figure 21.13 Key competitive advantages with Xaar printheads in example ink ...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Seiko Holding Group companies.

Figure 22.2 Philosophy of Seiko Instruments Inc. – SII.

Figure 22.3 510BN damper technology.

Figure 22.4 Shared wall structure.

Figure 22.5 Isolated channel structure.

Figure 22.6 Recirculation structure in the SEIKO RC1536.

Figure 22.7 Positioning of electrodes in the isolated structure.

Figure 22.8 Straight line measurement tool.

Figure 22.9 Test print image.

Figure 22.10 Top view of the test setup.

Figure 22.11 Side view of the test setup.

Figure 22.12 Plot of print quality vs. print gap for varying drop velocities...

Figure 22.13 Plot of print quality vs. print gap for varying drop volumes.

Figure 22.14 Plot of print quality vs. print gap for varying print speeds.

Figure 22.15 Example for inkjet embellishments.

Figure 22.16 Example of clear foils for unicolor printing.

Figure 22.17 RC1536 printhead.

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 The history of inkjet printhead development and commercializatio...

Figure 23.2 The principle of dot diameter control by the multi‐drop jetting ...

Figure 23.3 A comparison of dot diameter and dot placement in the light‐colo...

Figure 23.4 Nozzle hole in a Toshiba Tec inkjet printhead (CF1). (a) Bright ...

Figure 23.5 An example of dot profile correction for nozzle alignment. (a) B...

Figure 23.6 An example of a jetting simulation for a CF1 inkjet printhead.

Figure 23.7 The basic structure of the non‐recirculating inkjet printhead.

Figure 23.8 The structure of the shear mode/shared wall inkjet printhead.

Figure 23.9 The chamber structure of CF3.

Figure 23.10 An external view of CC1. (a) CC1 with CF3 installed. (b) Printi...

Figure 23.11 An evaluation of high‐viscosity ink jetting in CF1. (a) Applied...

Figure 23.12 An example of a 3D printed dental prosthesis.

Figure 23.13 The future market and development direction of Toshiba Tec's in...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Total height of the 10 nozzle rows.

Figure 24.2 Generation 1 Memjet MEMS/CMOS chip.

Figure 24.3 Memjet VersaPass page‐wide printhead.

Figure 24.4 Chips are butted end‐to‐end, with the patented drop triangle wed...

Figure 24.5 Active array height is 0.7 mm tall.

Figure 24.6 SEM image of the Memjet drop ejector array. Field of view shows ...

Figure 24.7 SEM image of Memjet thermal printhead nozzle.

Figure 24.8 Memjet bonded printhead nozzle cross section.

Figure 24.9 Memjet bonded printhead SEM image revealing heater, baffle, and ...

Figure 24.10 Memjet bonded printhead recirculating ink fluidic design.

Figure 24.11 DuraFlex A3+ printhead.

Figure 24.12 Cross section of Memjet DuraFlex Printhead.

Figure 24.13 A section of bonded firing chambers.

Figure 24.14 Memjet bonded printhead chip surface (Magnified).

Figure 24.15 Print quality testing comparison (Magnified).

Figure 24.16 VersaPass compact print engine

of 419 mm × 335 mm × 2...

Figure 24.17 Mechanical Memjet (MMJ) Single jet diagram and SEM of nozzle.

Figure 24.18 Mechanical Memjet (MMJ) Single jet diagram.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Melt diagram for glass manufacturing.

Figure 25.2 Thin‐film technologies.

Figure 25.3 Contact angle 46° of non‐cleaned glass surface (a) and 108° on a...

Figure 25.4 Typical inline machine configuration.

Figure 25.5 SCHOTT anti‐fingerprint coated MIROGARD® DARO glass (a) with, (b...

Figure 25.6 Flexinity® structured wafers showing the versatility of structur...

Figure 25.7 Flexinity® structured wafer 100 μm thick demonstrates outstandin...

Figure 25.8 Laser drilled through via in 30 μm thick glass (a), via in polym...

Figure 25.9 Frame mounting (a) and free‐standing (b) 200 mm glass interposer...

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Scanning electron micrograph of a raw paper surface.

Figure 27.2 Scanning electron micrograph of a raw paper sheet cross section....

Figure 27.3 Schematic diagram showing the interaction of inkjet ink droplets...

Figure 27.4 The effect of ink particle size in relation to substrate surface...

Figure 27.5 Scanning electron micrograph of a paper sheet before (left) and ...

Figure 27.6 Electron micrograph (cross section) of a photo grade inkjet pape...

Figure 27.7 Comparison of (a) swellable and (b) microporous technology in su...

Figure 27.8 Effect of transfer temperature and transfer time on optical dens...

Figure 27.9 Microporous tacky paper (based on Patent WO 2018/091179 A1).

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 High‐speed in‐flight jetting photographs between two batches of ...

Figure 28.2 Differences in the jetting behavior among colors of a commercial...

Figure 28.3 TriPAV high‐frequency rheometer (a) TriPAV main unit, (b) sample...

Figure 28.4 PAV oscillatory linear viscoelastic data showing subtle differen...

Figure 28.5 TriMaster setup with light source (left) and high‐speed camera (...

Figure 28.6 Sequence of high‐speed video images showing filament thinning an...

Figure 28.7 (a) Typical example of Trimaster filament profile just before br...

Figure 28.8 Trimaster filament profile just before breakup for (a) Newtonian...

Figure 28.9 In‐flight pictures of (a) Newtonian, (b) highly viscoelastic, an...

Figure 28.10 Effect of PS concentration and molecular weight (20 − 488 × 10

Figure 28.11 Photographs showing the differences in jetting performance of t...

Figure 28.12 Change in the complex rheology of ink at 5500 and 7500 ms for (...

Figure 28.13 Comparison of the CIJ inkjet printing behavior and complex rheo...

Figure 28.14 Comparison of the DoD inkjet printing behavior and complex rheo...

Figure 28.15 Differences in the jetting and rheology between good and bad ce...

Figure 28.16 Typical fluid response in the printhead channel for the standar...

Figure 28.17 (a) Schematic of TriPAV unit and (b) photograph of the step str...

Figure 28.18 Typical fluid response behavior in TriPAV step strain printhead...

Figure 28.19 Typical fluid response in TriPAV step strain printhead mode for...

Figure 28.20 Temperature influence at 25, 45, and 55 °C on the fluid respons...

Figure 28.21 Temperature influence on the fluidic response for black and yel...

Figure 28.22 Jetting observation of UV yellow ink at different temperature w...

Figure 28.23 Jetting observation of UV Black ink at different temperature wi...

Figure 28.24 Waveform optimization using in‐flight jetting trials with a Ric...

Figure 28.25 High‐frequency complex viscosity profile of Newtonian viscosity...

Figure 28.26 Detailed differences between similar high‐viscosity inks using ...

Figure 28.27 TriPAV step strain comparisons of high‐viscosity inks against l...

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Simple ray diagram showing the partitioning of the incident ligh...

Figure 29.2 Schematic of the basic phase Doppler interferometer (PDI) system...

Figure 29.3 Photograph of the interference fringe pattern formed at the beam...

Figure 29.4 Schematic showing the measurement approach used for rapidly meas...

Figure 29.5 Three detector arrangement showing the phase measurement diagram...

Figure 29.6 Light scattering calculated using the Lorenz–Mie theory for sphe...

Figure 29.7 Light scattering pattern computed using Lorentz–Mie theory and p...

Figure 29.8 Droplets passing through the sample volume produce Doppler signa...

Figure 29.9 Example of the measured results from the monodisperse drop gener...

Figure 29.10 Doppler signals produced by the monodisperse droplets passing t...

Figure 29.11 Demonstration of PDI tracking changes to the inkjet printer dro...

Figure 29.12 Droplet size distribution acquired over approximately 750 injec...

Figure 29.13 Subsection of nozzle scan in the printheads showing the droplet...

Figure 29.14 Time history of droplet measurements over a single nozzle.

Figure 29.15 Subsection of nozzle scan in the printheads showing the axial v...

Figure 29.16 Streamwise velocity measurements for a single nozzle expressed ...

Figure 29.17 Subsection of injector scan showing the corresponding cross str...

Figure 29.18 Example of the cross‐velocity component for a single injector a...

Figure 29.19 Example of the optical setup for 3D size and velocity measureme...

Figure 29.20 Schematic showing the example of an optical arrangement for mea...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Importance of process optimization.

Figure 30.2 Q‐class grayscale drop formation, captured using JetXpert.

Figure 30.3 Basic drop analysis system layout.

Figure 30.4 JetXpert drop analysis system.

Figure 30.5 Dimatix S‐class, captured with JetXpert.

Figure 30.6 Single event image (left) vs. a 5‐drop aggregate image (right)....

Figure 30.7 Pulse width and drop velocity vs. motion blur.

Figure 30.8 Double strobe image under analysis, using JetXpert.

Figure 30.9 Drop‐in‐flight measurement using JetXpert.

Figure 30.10 JetXpert drop measurement data.

Figure 30.11 Two‐axis JetXpert.

Figure 30.12 Drop formation and terminology. Drop ejection (a), separation (...

Figure 30.13 Stitch image.

Figure 30.14 Effect of satellites and drop instability on text (a) and line ...

Figure 30.15 Wetting camera.

Figure 30.16 Wetting view.

Figure 30.17 Ragged edge due to latency effects.

Figure 30.18 Imaging first drops from the head.

Figure 30.19 Measuring drop behavior across the head.

Figure 30.20 Measuring missing jets over time.

Figure 30.21 Drop volume and velocity vs. frequency.

Figure 30.22 Data from pulse width sweep.

Figure 30.23 Stitched image showing result of pulse width sweep.

Figure 30.24 Integrated print station system.

Figure 30.25 Print quality analysis systems.

Figure 30.26 System for dot positioning analysis.

Figure 30.27 PQ analysis target.

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Subsystems used to discuss inkjet printing design and testing.

Figure 31.2 Diagram to show “V model” to show the flow of testing stages wit...

Figure 31.3 Illumination and camera setup for imaging a droplet.

Figure 31.4 Image of drops in flight from a CIJ printer.

Figure 31.5 Outline of the stages at which image quality should be evaluated...

Figure 31.6 Example of edge detection for determining dot diameter.

Figure 31.7 Example of print mottle.

Figure 31.8 Example of a bleed chart and line quality target.

Figure 31.9 Main stages involved in designing and automated image analysis....

Figure 31.10 Example of coffee ring effect and corresponding profile.

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Example of the Primefire gamut.

Figure 32.2 Example of the Primefire gamut.

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 UV radiation process loop in UV inkjet.

Figure 33.2 Dissociation energy of covalent bonds as function of wavelength ...

Figure 33.3 Wavelength and energy segmentation of the electromagnetic spectr...

Figure 33.4 Radiant exposure as integral of irradiance over time.

Figure 33.5 Emission spectrum of a medium‐pressure mercury lamp.

Figure 33.6 Emission spectrum of a gallium‐doped medium‐pressure mercury lam...

Figure 33.7 Emission spectrum of an iron‐doped medium‐pressure mercury lamp....

Figure 33.8 Emission spectrum of a xenon excimer lamp with a peak emission w...

Figure 33.9 Emission spectra of UV LED radiation sources with peak emission ...

Figure 33.10 Penetration depth of UV radiation for a UV inkjet ink film.

Figure 33.11 Incident (

), transmitted (

), and scattered (

...

Figure 33.12 Chemical structures of dipropylene glycol diacrylate

, (1‐hydr...

Figure 33.13 UV absorption spectra of dipropylene glycol diacrylate

, (1‐hy...

Figure 33.14 Penetration depth of UV radiation into a UV inkjet ink film at ...

Figure 33.15 Penetration depth of UV radiation into a UV inkjet ink film at ...

Figure 33.16 UV absorption spectra of liquid pigment dispersions containing ...

Figure 33.17 Radiochromic film for measuring UV radiation.

Figure 33.18 Color reference chart and calibration graph of a radiochromic f...

Figure 33.19 Color reference chart and calibration graph of a radiochromic f...

Figure 33.20 Determination of color density and radiant exposure with spatia...

Figure 33.21 Spectral sensitivity curves for UVA, UVB, and UVC optical filte...

Figure 33.22 Multi‐filter radiometer.

Figure 33.23 Spectral sensitivity curve for a proprietary optical filter of ...

Figure 33.24 Spectral sensitivity curve of a filter radiometer for excimer l...

Figure 33.25 Filter radiometer for excimer lamps.

Figure 33.26 Spectral sensitivity of a spectral radiometer.

Figure 33.27 Spectral radiometer.

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 The raggedness of a printed area without formation of satellite ...

Figure 34.2 Shapes of the first four resonance modes of a meniscus in a circ...

Figure 34.3 The recorded failure of the drop formation process during the la...

Figure 34.4 Schematic view of the experimental setup (a) and an example of m...

Figure 34.5 The last 4 μs before the pinch‐off till 1 μs beyond the pinch‐of...

Figure 34.6 Typical bottom view and side view of an ink channel in a MEMS pr...

Figure 34.7 Paint measurement by switching the piezo actuator between an ele...

Figure 34.8 (a) Measuring principle of sensing nozzle. The capacitance of an...

Figure 34.9 Overview of experimental techniques for obtaining information fr...

Figure 34.10 The shape of the meniscus surface at the first (a), fifth (b), ...

Figure 34.11 Image analyzer with printhead control, driving electronics, opt...

Figure 34.12 Stroboscopic setup with a laser as source and a fluorescent dye...

Figure 34.13 The genesis of an ink droplet ejected from a nozzle with a diam...

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 (a) Knitted polyester textile, partially colored with disperse i...

Figure 36.2 Example of a continuous washing process flow for textiles printe...

Figure 36.3 Typical digital textile printing process flow.

Figure 36.4 Comparison of pigment ink print quality on cotton with priming/I...

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Schematically shown, the improvement of printability by adjustme...

Figure 37.2 Influence of pressure on the morphology of the pulsed arc plasma...

Figure 37.3 The application of plasmabrush® PB3 for the treatment of a fast‐...

Figure 37.4 Applications of the piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD). (a) Th...

Figure 37.5 The treatment system with 40 CeraPlas® F plasma modules.

Figure 37.6 Concentration and production rate of ozone as a function of CDA ...

Figure 37.7 The silver strip surfaces with reduced silver oxide (white zones...

Figure 37.8 The polar and disperse component of the surface free energies fo...

Figure 37.9 The plasma‐treated aurface treatment area visualized on a HDPE p...

Figure 37.10 Exemplary shown shapes of the activation saturation area (measu...

Figure 37.11 Blue line: Dependence of activation area on the treatment time....

Figure 37.12 Dependence of the activation area (orange) and area of thermall...

Figure 37.13 Comparison of the activation area on ABS and HDPE substrates af...

Figure 37.14 Continuous inkjet (CodeCreator by Inkdustry) print on a PTFE sa...

Figure 37.15 The ink spots produced on the surface of a tube made of HDPE by...

Figure 37.16 The aerosol jet printing system (Optomec Aerosol Jet UP300) wit...

Figure 37.17 The PEDOT printed on partially plasma‐treated PET film with aer...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 38.2 Polymerization process using UV light.

Figure 38.3 Arc lamp example.

Figure 38.4 MP UV lamp full spectral intensity graph.

Figure 38.5 UV LED head example.

Figure 38.6 SubZero UV lamp head.

Figure 38.7 UV lamp example.

Figure 38.8 Ballast example.

Figure 38.9 UV reflector example.

Figure 38.10 Small footprint UV lamp head.

Figure 38.11 UV lamp reflectors.

Figure 38.12 UV lamp head with sliding cassette.

Figure 38.13 Varying arc length examples.

Chapter 39

Figure 39.1 UV LED light source components (water‐cooled) – housing, electro...

Figure 39.2 UV LED light source components (air‐cooled) – housing, electroni...

Figure 39.3 Example of a UV LED array.

Figure 39.4 Example of air‐cooled light source vs. water cooled light source...

Figure 39.5 Example of how the same model of a UV LED light source can be eq...

Figure 39.6 Examples for emission spectra of UV LED and mercury arc lamps.

Figure 39.7 Example of two‐sister model water‐cooled light sources, one vers...

Figure 39.8 Irradiance scan across the emitting window width (short axis) fo...

Figure 39.9 Two‐dimensional irradiance scan across the whole emitting window...

Figure 39.10 Measured uniformity of a 375 mm air‐cooled UV LED light source ...

Figure 39.11 Example of the performance of a water‐cooled UV LED light sourc...

Figure 39.12 Example of the range of power for pinning applications – a powe...

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Inkjet Printing in Industry E-Book

Werner Zapka

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Illustrations