International Counseling E-Book

Roy Moodley

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 654

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

In this book, designed to increase mental health professionals' global literacy, authors from 33 countries demonstrate multicultural skills and competencies through case studies that illustrate approaches to counseling and psychotherapy in their countries. Following an introductory section on the use of case studies, chapters focus on a cross section of countries in Africa; Australia and Asia; Central, North, and South America; Europe; and the Middle East. Each case describes the client and his or her presenting concerns and includes a culture-sensitive assessment and treatment plan, an analysis and critical reflection of the case, and questions for discussion. The final chapter of the text presents a comparative analysis of the cases. *Requests for digital versions from ACA can be found on www.wiley.com. *To purchase print copies, please visit the ACA website. *Reproduction requests for material from books published by ACA should be directed to [email protected].

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

About the Editors and Contributors

Acknowledgments

Part One: Working With Case Studies

Chapter 1: How to Critically Use Globally Discerned Case Studies in Local Contexts

Part Two: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Africa

Chapter 2: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Egypt: Omar’s Story

Chapter 3: Counseling and Psychotherapy in West Africa: Mazabalo’s Story

Chapter 4: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Nigeria: Dayo’s Story

Chapter 5: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Morocco:T.M.’s Story

Chapter 6: Counseling and Psychotherapy in South Africa: Mr. Dlamini’s Story

Chapter 7: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Karimi’s Story

Part Three: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Australia and Asia

Chapter 8: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Australia: Cynthia’s Story

Chapter 9: Counseling and Psychotherapy in China: Yang’s Story

Chapter 10: Counseling and Psychotherapy in India: Radha’s Story

Chapter 11: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Japan: Masako’s Story

Chapter 12: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Malaysia: Aaron’s Story

Chapter 13: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Pakistan: Zohra’s Story

Chapter 14: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the Philippines: Jojo’s Story

Chapter 15: Counseling and Psychotherapy in South Korea: Misun’s Story

Part Four: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Central, North, and South America

Chapter 16: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Argentina: Michael’s Story

Chapter 17: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Brazil: Sr. K’s Story

Chapter 18: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Canada: Kamalpreet’s Story

Chapter 19: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago): Olivia’s Story

Chapter 20: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Mexico: Mrs. Fabiola’s Story

Chapter 21: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the United States: Rolando’s Story

Part Five: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Europe

Chapter 22: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Denmark: Marianne’s Story

Chapter 23: Counseling and Psychotherapy in France: Alice’s Story

Chapter 24: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Germany: David’s Story

Chapter 25: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Italy: Miriam’s Story

Chapter 26: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the Netherlands: Tom’s Story

Chapter 27: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Spain: Andres’s Story

Chapter 28: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Russia: Client A’s Story

Chapter 29: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the United Kingdom: Winston’s Story

Part Six: Counseling and Psychotherapy in the Middle East

Chapter 30: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Iran: Javad’s Story

Chapter 31: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Israel: Lee’s Story

Chapter 32: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Lebanon: Zeina’s Story

Chapter 33: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Palestine: Shaden’s Story

Chapter 34: Counseling and Psychotherapy in Turkey: Ceren’s Story

Conclusion

Chapter 35: Therapy Without Borders: Bridging Counseling and Psychotherapy Across Cultures

Index

Technical Support

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Part 1

Chapter 1

Pages

i

ii

vii

viii

ix

ix

x

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

xv

xvi

xvii

xviii

xx

xxi

xxii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

International Counseling

Case Studies Handbook

Edited by

Roy Moodley

Marguerite Lengyell

Rosa Wu

Uwe P. Gielen

American Counseling Association

6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 • Alexandria, VA 22304 www.counseling.org

Copyright © 2015 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

American Counseling Association

6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 • Alexandria, VA 22304

Associate Publisher

Carolyn C. Baker

Digital and Print Development Editor

Nancy Driver

Production Manger

Bonny E. Gaston

Copy Editor

Kimberly W. Kinne

Cover and text design by Bonny E. Gaston.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International counseling case studies handbook/edited by Roy Moodley, Marguerite Lengyell, Rosa Wu, and Uwe P. Gielen.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-55620-335-0 (pbk.: alk. paper)

1. Counseling. 2. Psychotherapy. I. Moodley, Roy, editor. II. American Counseling Association.

BF636.6.I5795 2015

158.309—dc23

2014046605

Preface

In mental health care, internationalization and globalization have increased the need for countries to look beyond their borders in order to promote effective health and mental health care. Indeed, in the last decade we have seen numerous governmental and nongovernmental organizations that have evolved to promote and support developments worldwide. However, globalization has generally led to the domination of Western views of mental health as well as the policies and interventions associated with it. Integration of foreign values and ideas has been more apparent in non-Western countries than Eurocentric nations, in part because of the “well-established status and specialty of Western psychological theories as the standard approach to counseling and psychotherapy” (Moodley, Gielen, & Wu, 2013, p. 2). Clearly, as globalization and internationalization continue to intensify, “it is imperative for practitioners, clinicians, educators, and those in training to abandon their sense of self-sufficiency and actively increase their understanding of counseling and psychotherapy practices as they exist across cultures and nations” (Moodley et al., 2013, pp. 2–3).

The counseling profession began this process long ago. Theory, research, and counselor training have focused on issues of immigration, multiculturalism, cultural diversity, and all of the Group of Seven identity categories (race, gender, class, sexual orientation, disability, religion, and age), also known as the “Group of Seven” sociocultural identities (see Moodley, 2011, for discussion). These identities must be seen as fluid, shifting over time in accordance with contextual influences, such as sociopolitical realities, economic possibilities, developmental transitions, personality variables, and cultural histories. Moreover, a holistic approach to understanding one’s identities demands that we explore them at three levels: the individual level (uniqueness; like no other individual), the group level (shared values and belief systems with important reference groups), and the universal level (common features shared by all human beings; Sue, 2001). For instance, each case in this text contains features that no other cases share (e.g., a client’s developmental background), collective experiences that other cases of similar reference groups share (e.g., shared experiences among Muslim women), and universal characteristics that all cases share (e.g., experience of pain and suffering). At a most basic level, the counselor’s own awareness and perceptions of him- or herself as a complex, multidimensional being are critical in working across cultures. Cultural sensitivity, or “cultural empathy” (Ridley & Lingle, 1996), expressed by a counselor is a key ingredient in ensuring that the clinician is culturally competent (Dyche & Zayas, 2001).

As the current high rate of immigration is driving many demographic changes in the United States, Canada, and Europe, counselors and psychotherapists must acquire the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, ethnicities, sexual orientations, and religions. These new configurations inevitably bring about different worldviews, belief systems, values, customs, and lifestyles as well as different mental health representations, presentations, enactments of psychological disturbances, and help-seeking behaviors. In order to meet the multicultural and diverse needs of all these varied individual and groups, counselors will need to be much more sophisticated, astute, and complex in the way they formulate and conduct counseling to ensure a culturally responsive service. We believe that the study of an individual case can provide counselors with a breadth and depth of knowledge about groups and communities, because

Each individual is a component part of numerous groups, he is bound by ties of identification in many directions, and he has built up his ego ideal upon the most various models. Each individual therefore has a share in numerous group minds. Those of his race, of his class, of his creed, of his nationality, etc.,—and he can also raise himself above them to the extent of having a scrap of independence and originality. (Freud, 1921, p. 129)

The case studies in this book therefore illuminate the various ways in which counselors and psychotherapists across the globe work with clients in ways that enhance the practice of counseling and therapy. The many different ways in which counseling is understood and undertaken across the various countries represented in this book are described and illustrated through the case studies. Each case study is unique and distinctive, with each offering a rare opportunity for mental health practitioners to get a bird’s-eye view of what happens around the world. Therefore, the study of these cases individually and collectively will yield a wealth of information about the theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy across the globe. Engaging the case study in this way will provide counselors with more than just a comparative analysis of practice; indeed, it will offer process and contextual insights into how current theories of counseling are formulated, modified, and reconstituted within different country contexts. Such an analysis will highlight the weaknesses and strengths of particular theories of counseling and psychotherapy.

As scholars and mental health practitioners bound by ethical standards for the practice of counseling, psychology, and psychotherapy, we are acutely aware of the key ethical issues that may arise when publishing a case studies text. Primarily, striking a balance between protecting a client’s anonymity and providing a rich, detailed account of the client’s clinical history to make it useful is a common ethical dilemma of case study publication. Furthermore, dual roles of this text’s contributors and their associated obligations (acting as both a scholar and a clinician) may result in conflicts, undue influences, and power imbalances that could affect the therapeutic relationship as well as decision-making procedures (e.g., consent of subjects). Although a universal code of ethics has not been formally recognized, it is the duty of our contributors to adhere to the standards and principles adopted by their respective nations to mitigate these risks (for more information about professional regulations in counseling and psychotherapy in various nations around the globe, refer to Moodley et al., 2013).

Why an International Case Study Handbook Is Needed in a Rapidly Globalizing World

During the last four decades, the field of psychology has rapidly expanded in many parts of the world. Stevens and Gielen (2007) estimated that more than one million psychologists are now active around the globe, with American psychologists probably making up less than one quarter of this impressive number. Very large numbers of psychologists can be found not only in European countries, such as England, Germany, Spain, and Russia, but also in Latin American nations, such as Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (Stevens & Wedding, 2007). Whereas in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay psychoanalysis is especially popular among counselors, psychotherapists, and even the general public, in most other nations various forms of cognitive behavior, Rogerian, and interpersonal counseling and psychotherapy are practiced most frequently. It is also noteworthy that in the poorer as well as in many of the economically emerging countries, the more Westernized forms of counseling predominate above all in the big cities, where many of the counselors’ clients are educated and somewhat Westernized middle-class women and men. In contrast to this situation, the more traditionally oriented inhabitants of isolated villages and provincial towns are more likely to resort to traditional healers, whose treatment methods rely on explanations revolving around divination and supernatural forces, together with the administration of herbal remedies and other indigenous forms of practicing medicine. The Nigerian case study, for instance, introduces the reader to such a traditional healing approach. Indeed, in many African countries traditional healers tend to outnumber both doctors trained in allopathic (Western-style) medicine as well as psychological counselors and therapists. However, and unfortunately, most counselors (who have been exposed to modern psychological theories) and most traditional healers (who rely on invisible spirits and divine influences) tend to find it difficult to work together for the spiritual, psychological, and medical welfare of their clients. It seems that their ontological and epistemological frameworks diverge so widely from each other that they cannot find common ground for joint professional activities.

On the whole, then, the case studies described in this volume reflect a globalized world in which the field of counseling psychology represents a modern form of consciousness and theorizing about human nature and its potential strengths and weaknesses. At the same time, the studies certainly leave room for a broad variety of cultural influences on both counselor and client that manifest themselves in the form of different expectations in the counseling situation as well as varied family systems; divergent gender roles; culture-specific expectations about the roles of children, students, parents, employers and employees, friends, peers, and dating partners (if any); and so on. Indeed, we as editors like to claim that it is exactly by scrutinizing and meditating upon these highly varied case studies that the reader can learn in detail how general human nature, specific cultural expectations and norms, social institutions, a client’s individual character and psychological difficulties, and his or her counselor’s interpretations and treatment approach can come together in a series of fruitful encounters evolving over time. The case studies teach us in some detail how an international group of both Western and non-Western counselors conceive of and approach their task of helping a broad variety of clients to achieve less troubled and more fulfilling lives—and, at times, also why counseling can be such a difficult and demanding endeavor.

Besides demonstrating how mental health practitioners in various countries undertake counseling and psychotherapy, this text also attempts to connect ethnicity and counseling as well as the specific cultural practices that are part of healing in those countries. Dyche and Zayas (2001) argued that counselors and psychotherapists who have developed the ability to be culturally empathic are well prepared to practice counseling and psychotherapy with a diverse clientele. This ability entails embracing an attitude and/or skill that effectively

bridges the cultural gap between clinician and client, one that seeks to help clinicians integrate an attitude of openness, with the necessary knowledge and skill to work successfully across cultures. It involves a deepening of the human empathic response to permit a sense of mutuality and understanding across the great differences in value and expectation that cross-cultural interchange often involves. (Dyche & Zayas, 2001, p. 246)

The counselor of the future will be asked to interact with clients from an almost limitless range of cultural backgrounds. Already the schools of many of the world’s great cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto, Vancouver, London, Berlin, and Paris, are filled with the children of immigrants. Take New York City as a striking example: In 2014, more than two thirds of all students in its public school system came from immigrant and minority backgrounds. Consequently, the school counselor in the average New York City public school has to be prepared to see in her office students whose families or parent(s) arrived in the city from some 40 nations spread around the globe. For such a counselor, reading a volume filled with international case studies is not an exotic task, but rather it constitutes an excellent preparation for helping her master her central task—a task that requires her to grasp what the world might look like from the vantage points of her student–clients as well as the students’ parents, grandparents, siblings, friends, and peers. International case studies not only tell us how cultural meaning systems work themselves out in detail and on the ground, so to speak, but also teach us how a variety of counseling theories can profitably be applied in a broad range of sociocultural situations that frequently are new to most of us.

How the Book Is Organized

The International Counseling Case Studies Handbook is divided into three sections.

Section 1

Section 1 opens with an introduction that outlines the history, philosophy, and process in counseling and psychotherapy around the globe. Chapter 1 discusses ways in which counselors and mental health practitioners can use and maximize the global cases in this text and situate it in their own local communities.

Section 2: Counseling and Psychotherapy Around the World

This section (Chapters 2–34) is divided into five parts representing six continents, or regions. Each region has chapters from some of the major countries where counseling and psychotherapy is undertaken. Countries were selected on the basis of (a) their population size, (b) how well they represent a given region in the world, (c) how well they represent global cultural variability, (d) how well developed their counseling and psychotherapy traditions are, and (e) whether we could find a good author(s) for a chapter on a given country. Regions are presented in alphabetical order, beginning with Africa; followed by Australia and Asia; Central, North, and South America; Europe; and the Middle East. Counseling and psychotherapy scholars and psychology researchers from these countries were invited to submit a case, which was written to the following specifications:

The Client/s

In this section, authors describe the client’s diversity in terms of the Group of Seven identities, that is, gender, ethnicity (race), disability, class, age, sexual orientation, and religion. In some cases this section includes a brief description of how the client has constructed his or her subjectivity in terms of the Group of Seven identities. Some authors also comment on the various combinations and intersections of these identities within particular contexts and situations that allow for particular identity performances.

Presenting Issues and Challenges

In this section, authors comment on the client’s reason for referral, psychological difficulty, subjective distress, and any clinical observations that they have made.

Case History and Developmental Background

This section requires authors to write about the familial, cultural, social, ethnic, and Group of Seven identities and their contributions to the personality development of the client. Authors of some chapters comment on the relationship between the evolution of multiple identities and the life history trajectories within the context of the respective country’s sociopolitical climate.

The Therapy

In this section authors discuss the therapeutic perspectives and the particular approach or modality that was used with the client. The process of counseling and therapy is described in some detail, including the following: interventions; assessment, goals, and therapy treatment; and outcomes. Authors were asked to include introspection and self-disclosure and to reflect on the Group of Seven identities in the clinical process, particularly the use of traditional healing, spirituality, and other alternative healing modalities that support resilience.

Discussion and Analysis of the Case

In this part the authors critically discuss their cases, using theory and ideas from the published scholarship and questioning the use of counseling and psychotherapy as the best modality for the client’s particular problems. Authors were encouraged to bring several elements together in their discussion: the Group of Seven identities, problem solving, consciousness raising, and alternative healing modalities. These elements were addressed in a reflective discussion of their work with the client.

Questions

In this section, five questions are posed about the case study. These open-ended questions are designed to stimulate deeper thought and discussion about the case study as well as how a counselor might handle similar issues with his or her own clients.

Section 3

The concluding chapter (Chapter 35) explores some of the main themes and ideas that can be found in the book. An overview of cultural, multicultural, and diversity contexts is discussed, and particular attention is paid to the concepts of individual culture versus the collective culture and the relationship of the self in navigating these spaces. The chapter also looks at the intersection between the body, mind, and spirit, which featured prominently in many cases. Finally, the chapter discusses some key recommendations for counselors and psychotherapists from the lessons learned from the cases in this book.

References

Dyche, L., & Zayas, L. H. (2001). Cross-cultural empathy and training the contemporary psychotherapists.

Clinical Social Work Journal, 29,

245–258.

Freud, S. (1921).

Group psychology and the analysis of the ego

(J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Moodley, R. (2011).

Outside the sentence: Readings in critical multicultural counselling and psychotherapy

. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: CDCP.

Moodley, R., Gielen, U. P., & Wu, R. (Eds.). (2013).

Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy in an international context.

New York, NY: Routledge.

Ridley, C. R., & Lingle, D. (1996). Cultural empathy in multicultural counseling: A multidimensional process model. In P. B. Pedersen, J. G. Draguns, W. J. Loner, & J. E. Trimble (Eds.),

Counseling across cultures

(pp. 21–46). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Stevens, M. J., & Gielen, U. P. (Eds.). (2007).

Toward a global psychology: Theory, research, intervention, and pedagogy

. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Stevens, M. J., & Wedding, D. (Eds.). (2007).

Handbook of international psychology

. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.

Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence.

The Counseling Psychologist, 29,

790–821.

About the Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Roy Moodley, PhD, is associate professor of counseling psychology at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is the director for the Centre for Diversity in Counselling and Psychotherapy. His research interests include critical multicultural counseling and psychotherapy, race and culture in psychotherapy, traditional healing, culture and resilience, and gender and identity. He has authored or edited several journal articles, book chapters, and books.

Marguerite Lengyell, EdD (candidate), is in the Counselling and Psychotherapy Department at the University of Toronto and is currently a psychological associate conducting psychological assessments for children, adolescents, and adults in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her academic research interests have focused on ideologies of multiculturalism and their application in the therapeutic process. To be specific, she has had a long-standing interest in mixed race, interracial, and interethnic relationships and children of mixed race or ethnic heritage.

Rosa Wu, PhD, is a registered clinical counselor living and working in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Originally from Taiwan, she has lived in Costa Rica, Panama, Spain, New York, and Toronto and is fluent in English, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese. Rosa’s main research interests include interethnic couple relationships, multicultural counseling competencies, and traditional and alternative methods of healing. She currently teaches in a postsecondary institution and works part-time as a counselor in private practice.

Uwe P. Gielen, PhD, is professor emeritus and executive director of the Institute for International and Cross-Cultural Psychology at St. Francis College, New York. His work centers on cross-cultural and international psychology, Chinese American immigrant children, Tibetan studies, international family psychology, and moral development. He is the senior editor, coeditor, and coauthor of 21 volumes that have appeared in five languages. He has served as president of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research, the International Council of Psychologists, and the International Psychology Division of the American Psychology Association.

About the Contributors

Mona M. Amer, PhD, is associate professor of psychology at the American University in Cairo, Egypt. She earned her doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Toledo and her postdoctoral specialization from Yale University. She is coeditor of the book Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions.