Erhalten Sie Zugang zu diesem und mehr als 300000 Büchern ab EUR 5,99 monatlich.
- Herausgeber: Icon Books
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Serie: Graphic Guides
- Sprache: Englisch
Freud revolutionized the way we think about ourselves. His psychoanalytic terms such as Id, Ego, libido, neurosis and Oedipus Complex have become a part of our everyday vocabulary. But do we know what they really mean? Introducing Freud successfully demystifies the facts of Freud's discovery of psychoanalysis. Irreverent and witty but never trivial, the book tells the story of Freud's life and ideas from his upbringing in 19th-century Vienna, his early medical career and his encounter with cocaine, to the gradual evolution of his theories on the unconscious, dreams and sexuality. With its combination of brilliantly clever artwork and incisive text, this book has achieved international success as one of the most entertaining and informative introductions to the father of psychoanalysis.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 79
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014
Das E-Book (TTS) können Sie hören im Abo „Legimi Premium” in Legimi-Apps auf:
Ähnliche
Published by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre, 39–41 North Road, London N7 9DPemail: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-184831-759-8
Text and illustrations copyright © 2013 Icon Books Ltd
The author and artist have asserted their moral rights
Originating editor: Richard Appignanesi
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
The Case of Anna O
1896: Freud Coins the Term Psychoanalysis
An Obsessional Neurotic
The Oedipus Story
The Sexual History of the Individual Begins at Birth
The Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development First Zone: The Oral Stage
Second Zone: The Anal Stage
Third Zone: The Phallic Stage
The Case of Little Hans (1909)
4. The Latency Stage
Freud’s 3rd Revolution: The Psychology of the Unconscious
The Rat Man (1907–09)
The Psychoanalytical Movement
Totemism and Incest
Normal Narcissism
Abnormal Narcissism
The ID
The Ego
The Super-Ego
Little Dictionary
Further Reading
About the Authors
Index
6 MAY 1856: Sigmund Freud is born in Freiburg, Moravia, which is today in Czechoslovakia but was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Freud’s ancestry was Jewish.
HIS FATHER, JAKOB FREUD (1815–96), WAS A FAIRLY SUCCESSFUL WOOL MERCHANT. JAKOB WAS 40, WITH TWO GROWN SONS AND ALREADY A GRANDFATHER, WHEN HE WAS MARRIED, FOR A SECOND TIME, TO AMALIE NATHANSON (1835–1930). SIGI WAS THE FIRST-AND FAVOURITE-OF AMALIE’ 8 CHILDREN.
‘A MAN WHO HAS BEEN THE INDISPUTABLE FAVOURITE OF HIS MOTHER KEEPS FOR LIFE THE FEELING OF A CONQUEROR, THAT CONFIDENCE OF SUCCESS THAT OFTEN INDUCES REAL SUCCESS’FREUD
MY GOLDEN SIGI IS DESTINED TO BE A GREAT MAN!
‘A MAN WHO HAS BEEN THE INDISPUTABLE FAVOURITE OF HIS MOTHER KEEPS FOR LIFE THE FEELING OF A CONQUEROR, THAT CONFIDENCE OF SUCCESS THAT OFTEN INDUCES REAL SUCCESS’FREUD
1860: the Freud family moves permanently to Vienna, the ancient capital of the Hapsburg Empire. Freud’s choice of boyhood heroes reveals a deep dislike of Imperial Vienna: the anti-monarchist Oliver Cromwell and the Carthaginian general Hannibal.
WHY HANNIBAL SON?
BECAUSE HE WAS A SEMITIC LEADER WHO FOUGHT THE ROMANS!
AND AUSTRIA WAS ROMAN CATHOLIC AND ANTI-SEMITIC.
JAKOB FREUD TELLS HIS 12-YEAR-OLD SIGI A STORY …
… A GENTILE KNOCKED MY CAP INTO THE GUTTER …“JEW, GET OFF THE PAYMENT!” HE SAID …
WHAT DID YOU DO?
WELL, I PICKED UP MY CAP …
SIGI WAS SHOCKED BY HIS FATHER’S LACK OF HEROISM.
Vienna in the 1890s was famous for its Blue Danube, its wit, sensuality, waltzes and cafés … But it had a darker side!
POVERTY
The Empire was in deep economic trouble. The jobless were crowded in slums and flophouses.
RACISMKarl lueger, mayor of vienna, made anti-Semitism politically fashionable.
NONSENSE! I TREAT MY JEWS FINE.
SURE ASK HERZL!
PROSTITUTION, DISEASE, SEXUAL HYPOCRISY
PROSTITUTES ARE PAID FOR THE PLEASURE DENIED TO RESPECTABLE MARRIED WOMEN.
The brighter side:
Social improvement was the bright hope of Social Democracy — the Austrian brand of parliamentary Marxism.
WHAT DOES OUR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEADER VICTOR ALDER SAY?
I SAY… A PEACEFUL PROGRAMME OF SOCIAL REFORM!
AND FEMINISM!
SCIENCE IS THE GREAT OPTIMISTIC FORCE!
1873: Freud begins medical studies at the University of Vienna and finishes in 1881 — three years longer than normal. Freud’s special interests are histology and neurophysiology: the scientific study of organic tissues and the nervous system. He wanted to be a scientist — not a doctor.
ONE OF FREUD’S TEACHERS, ERNST BRÜCKE (1819–92), THE GREAT GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST, WAS A FOUNDER OF MECHANISM.
THE SO-CALLED VITAL FUNCTIONS ARE SIMPLY EXCHANGES OF ENERGY BETWEEN LIVIN AND NONLIVING MATTER.
THE LEADING MECHANIST, HERMANN HELMHOLTZ (1821–94).
Mechanism proposed that ‘life’ should be investigated and understood by the experimental methods of chemistry and physics.
1876–81: Freud does important pioneering work on nerve cells.
MECHANISM ASKS DISTURBING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE HUMAN MIND…
The nervous systems of higher and lower life are made of the same basic stuff. Does this mean the human mind and that of frogs differ only in degree of complication?The Mechanist answer is — yes!
1882: Freud was happy doing scientific work at Brücke’s University lab. But Brücke gave him some fatherly advice …
ACADEMIC POSTS ARE FEW AND BADLY PAID. YOUR CHANCES OF ADVANCEMENT AS A JEW ARE BAD.
MY FATHER CAN’T AFFORD TO SUPPORT ME. THE CRASH OF 1873 RUINED HIM… AND HE HAS 6 OTHER CHILDREN TO FEED!
There was something else — marriage plans. Freud met and fell in love with Martha Bernays (1861–1951).
I’LL HAVE TO GIVE UP SCIENCE!NOT FOREVER I HOPE!
1882–1885: Freud had to face another long training period in clinical medicine at the Vienna General Hospital before starting a private practice.
First he served as assistant to Hermann Nothnagel (1841–1905), Professor of Internal Medicine.
NOTHNAGEL IS BRILLIANT. BUT SURGERY DOESN’T EXCITE ME.
1883: Freud spends 5 months working in the Psychiatric Clinic under Theodor Meynert (1833–92), the greatest brain anatomist and neuropathologist at that time.
THE MOST CONCENTRATED NERVOUS STRUCTURES ARE HERE…
WHAT ABOUT IDEAS?
SIMPLY THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESULT OF A NEUROLOGICAL PROCESS.
Meynert influenced Freud to become a specialist in neuropathology (diseases of the nervous system).
1884‒87: Freud studied the effects of cocaine — starting on himself.
Freud even prescribed it to Martha!
COCAINE IS AN ANTI-DEPRESSANT, A HARMLESS ANAESTHETIC.
Freud’s close friend, the gifted physiologist Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow (1846–91), suffered from a painful tumour of the hand.
I’VE BECOME A MORPHINE ADDICT…
WHY NOT TRY COCAINE INSTEAD?
In 1885 Freud assisted his colleagues Carl Koller and Leopold Koenigstein in a successful operation on Jakob Freud’s eye. Cocaine was applied as a local anaesthetic.
SORRY OLD MAN!
I’VE MISSED MY CHANCE…AND NEARLY RUINED MY REPUTATION!
Why? Because by 1886 cases of cocaine addiction were reported everywhere.
And Fleischl-Marxow had become a despairing addict.
I FAILED TO ANTICIPATE COCAINE’S GRAVE EFFECTS. NEVER GENERALIZE FROM A SINGLE FACT!
1885–86: 19 WEEKS WITH CHARCOT
Freud was awarded a small grant to study in Paris with Jean Martin Charcot (1825–93) world-famous neurologist and director of the Salpêtrière asylum.
GENTLEMAN, MY PATIENT JANE AVRIL, THE MOULIN ROUGE DANCER…
CHARCOT HAS UNORTHODOX IDEAS ABOUT HYSTERIA!
But what exactly is hysteria?
1. The Greek word hystera means womb or uterus.
2. It was believed only women could suffer hysterical symptoms: paralysis, convulsions, somnambulism, hallucinations, loss of speech, sensations or memory.
3. Hysterics were once persecuted as witches.
Specialists had 2 radically different views:
1. either hysteria is an ‘irritation’ of the female sexual organs treated by pressure on the ovaries, packing them in ice, and surgical attacks on the clitoris,
2. or hysteria is imaginary, mere play-acting by women.
Charcot rejects the traditional diagnosis
HYSTERIA ISN’T IMAGINARY-BUT A NEUROSIS.
NOR IS IT EXCLUSIVELY FEMALE!
NOR IS IT EXCLUSIVELY FEMALE!
Hysteria baffled doctors because the symptoms were apparently not caused by any physical damage.
For instance …
WHAT IS STRANGE ABOUT THE HYSTERICAL PARALYSIS OF THIS ARM?
IT STARTS FROM THE FINGERTIPS…AND ENDS ABRUPTLY, PRECISELY AT THE SHOULDER.
But genuine paralysis caused, say, by a stroke is not so precise as that. It will ‘shade off’ a little to the face, or leg, etc.
HYSTERIA IGNORES ANATOMY! IT IS A DISTURBANCE OF FUNCTION RATHER THAN STRUCTURE.
IS THE SYMPTOM THE EFFECT OF AN IDEA?
Charcot demonstrated a startling resemblance between hysteria and hypnotism. Hypnotic suggestion could be used to induce hysterical symptoms — such as paralysis.
OR TO REMOVE MODIFY A SYMPTOM!
WHY NOT USE IT AS THERAPHY?
BECAUSE ONLY HYSTERICS CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY HYPNOTIZED!
Hysteria can only develop where there is hereditary degeneration of the brain.
Charcot was a good Mechanist: explanations had to be strictly physical.
WHAT IF HYSTERIA IS REALLY PSYCHOLOGICAL?
IMPOSSIBLE!
Charcot prevented Freud from asking psychological questions. Charcot’s view that hysteria was not connected to the female sexual organs was an advance, yes. But it stopped Freud from asking whether some mental disorders might have a sexual origin.
April 1886: Freud begins private practice as a neuropathologist and encounters his first hysterics.
examination shows no evidence of structural damage…
either i can say, “pull yourself together…”
or use electro-therapy.
local electrical stimulation of skin and muscles-not shock therapy, discovered years later.
15 Oct. 1886: Freud reads his paper on Male Hysteria before the Vienna Medical Society.
nonsense! hysteria means the uterus!
charcot has led you astray!
can you find a single case of male hysteria in vienna?!
Freud was still a convinced Mechanist. His first scientific book was on brain-damage which affects language ability, Aphasia (1891), his next Infantile Cerebral Paralysis (1891–93).
freud considered electro-therapy useless. but it sometimes worked thanks to the ‘power of suggestion.’
why not maximize suggestion?
in other words-hypnotism!
A new theory of hypnotism, developed at Nancy, France, challenged Charcot’s views.
hypnotism works on normal people too.
but can it cure hysteria permanently?
it’s not a sign of brain damage.
Someone else in Vienna had experimented with hypnotism: an old friend of Freud’s and respected physician, Josef Breuer (1842–1925). Back in 1882 Breuer had told Freud about an interesting case of hysteria.
my first-and my last!
oh?
THE CASE OF ANNA O
An intelligent woman of 21. A strict upbringing left her sexually immature. In July 1880 Anna’s father fell seriously ill …
I nursed him day and night till i collapsed exhausted in december…
when i was called in.
her symptoms were a severe nervous cough, a squint, visual disturbances and…
…paralysis of the right arm and neck. and a strange speech problem.
she could understand when spoken to in german. but often she replied in english.
she was agitated by hallucinations.
my ‘naughty states’…
at first she seemed to improve. until april 1881 when her father died. her hallucinations…
…became more violent during the paytime.
but in the evenings she fell into a quiet trance and mumbled words to herself.
