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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Wiley-ASME Press Series
- Sprache: Englisch
The authoritative introduction to all aspects of plastics engineering -- offering both academic and industry perspectives in one complete volume. Introduction to Plastics Engineering provides a self-contained introduction to plastics engineering. A unique synergistic approach explores all aspects of material use -- concepts, mechanics, materials, part design, part fabrication, and assembly -- required for converting plastic materials, mainly in the form of small pellets, into useful products. Thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, and advanced composites, the four disparate application areas of polymers normally treated as separate subjects, are covered together. Divided into five parts -- Concepts, Mechanics, Materials, Part Processing and Assembly, and Material Systems -- this inclusive volume enables readers to gain a well-rounded, foundational knowledge of plastics engineering. Chapters cover topics including the structure of polymers, how concepts from polymer physics explain the macro behavior of plastics, evolving concepts for plastics use, simple mechanics principles and their role in plastics engineering, models for the behavior of solids and fluids, and the mechanisms underlying the stiffening of plastics by embedded fibers. Drawing from his over fifty years in both academia and industry, Author Vijay Stokes uses the synergy between fundamentals and applications to provide a more meaningful introduction to plastics. * Examines every facet of plastics engineering from materials and fabrication methods to advanced composites * Provides accurate, up-to-date information for students and engineers both new to plastics and highly experienced with them * Offers a practical guide to large number of materials and their applications * Addresses current issues for mechanical design, part performance, and part fabrication Introduction to Plastics Engineering is an ideal text for practicing engineers, researchers, and students in mechanical and plastics engineering and related industries.
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Seitenzahl: 1628
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Preface
Preface
Part I: Introduction
1 Introductory Survey
1.1 Background
1.2 Synergy Between Materials Science and Engineering
1.3 Plastics Engineering as a Process (the Plastics Engineering Process)
1.4 Types of Plastics
1.5 Material Characteristics Determine Part Shapes
1.6 Part Fabrication (Part Processing)
1.7 Part Performance
1.8 Assembly
1.9 Concluding Remarks
2 Evolving Applications of Plastics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Consumer Applications
2.3 Medical Applications
2.4 Automotive Applications
2.5 Infrastructure Applications
2.6 Wind Energy
2.7 Airline Applications
2.8 Oil Extraction
2.9 Mining
2.10 Concluding Remarks
Part II: Mechanics
3 Introduction to Stress and Deformation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Simple Measures for Load Transfer and Deformation
3.3 *Strains as Displacement Gradients
3.4 *Coupling Between Normal and Shear Stresses
3.5 *Coupling Between Normal and Shear Strains
3.6 **Two‐Dimensional Stress
3.7 Concluding Remarks
4 Models for Solid Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Simple Models for the Mechanical Behavior of Solids
4.3 Elastic Materials
4.4 *Anisotropic Materials
4.5 Thermoelastic Effects
4.6 Plasticity
4.7 Concluding Remarks
5 Simple Structural Elements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bending of Beams
5.3 Deflection of Prismatic Beams
5.4 Torsion of Thin‐Walled Circular Tubes
5.5 Torsion of Thin Rectangular Bars and Open Sections
5.6 Torsion of Thin‐Walled Tubes
5.7 *Torsion of Multicellular Sections
5.8 Introduction to Elastic Stability
5.9 *Elastic Stability of an Axially Loaded Column
5.10 Twist‐Bend Buckling of a Cantilever
5.11 Stress Concentration
5.12 The Role of Numerical Methods
5.13 Concluding Remarks
6 Models for Liquids
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Simple Models for Heat Conduction
6.3 Kinematics of Fluid Flow
6.4 Equations Governing One‐Dimensional Fluid Flow
6.5 Simple Models for the Mechanical Behavior of Liquids
6.6 Simple One‐Dimensional Flows
6.7 Polymer Rheology
6.8 Concluding Remarks
7 Linear Viscoelasticity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phenomenology of Viscoelasticity
7.3 Linear Viscoelasticity
7.4 Simple Models for Stress Relaxation and Creep
7.5 Response for Constant Strain Rates
7.6 *Sinusoidal Shearing
7.7 Isothermal Temperature Effects
7.8 *Variable Temperature Histories
7.9 *Cooling of a Constrained Bar
7.10 Concluding Remarks
8 Stiffening Mechanisms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
8.3 Discontinuous Fiber Reinforcement
8.4 The Halpin–Tsai Equations
8.5 Reinforcing Materials
8.6 Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Part III: Materials
9 Introduction to Polymers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Thermoplastics
9.3 Molecular Weight Distributions
9.4 Thermosets
9.5 Concluding Remarks
10 Concepts from Polymer Physics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Chain Conformations
10.3 Amorphous Polymers
10.4 Semicrystalline Polymers
10.5 Liquid Crystal Polymers
10.6 Concluding Remarks
11 Structure, Properties, and Applications of Plastics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Resin Grades
11.3 Additives and Modifiers
11.4 Polyolefins
11.5 Vinyl Polymers
11.6 High‐Performance Polymers
11.7 High‐Temperature Polymers
11.8 Cyclic Polymers
11.9 Thermoplastic Elastomers
11.10 Historical Notes
11.11 Concluding Remarks
12 Blends and Alloys
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Blends
12.3 Historical Notes
12.4 Concluding Remarks
13 Thermoset Materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Thermosetting Resins
13.3 High‐Temperature Thermosets
13.4 Thermoset Elastomers
13.5 Historical Notes
13.6 Concluding Remarks
14 Polymer Viscoelasticity
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Phenomenology of Polymer Viscoelasticity
14.3 Time‐Temperature Superposition
14.4 Sinusoidal Oscillatory Tests
14.5 Concluding Remarks
15 Mechanical Behavior of Plastics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Deformation Phenomenology of Polycarbonate
15.3 Tensile Characteristics of PEI
15.4 Deformation Phenomenology of PBT
15.5 Stress‐Deformation Behavior of Several Plastics
15.6 Phenomenon of Crazing
15.7 *Multiaxial Yield
15.8 *Fracture
15.9 Fatigue
15.10 Impact Loading
15.11 Creep
15.12 Stress‐Deformation Behavior of Thermoset Elastomers
15.13 Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Part IV: Part Processing and Assembly
16 Classification of Part Shaping Methods
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Part Fabrication (Processing) Methods for Thermoplastics
16.3 Evolution of Part Shaping Methods
16.4 Effects of Processing on Part Performance
16.5 Bulk Processing Methods for Thermoplastics
16.6 Part Processing Methods for Thermosets
16.7 Part Processing Methods Advanced Composites
16.8 Processing Methods for Rubber Parts
16.9 Concluding Remarks
17 Injection Molding and Its Variants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Process Elements
17.3 Fountain Flow
17.4 Part Morphology
17.5 Part Design
17.6 Large‐ Versus Small‐Part Molding
17.7 Molding Practice
17.8 Variants of Injection Molding
17.9 Concluding Remarks
References
18 Dimensional Stability and Residual Stresses
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Problem Complexity
18.3 Shrinkage Phenomenology
18.4 Pressure‐Temperature Volumetric Data
18.5 Simple Model for How Processing Affects Shrinkage
18.6 *Solidification of a Molten Layer
18.7 **Viscoelastic Solidification Model
18.8 **Warpage Induced by Differential Mold‐Surface Temperatures
18.9 Concluding Remarks
19 Alternatives to Injection Molding
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Extrusion
19.3 Blow Molding
19.4 Rotational Molding
19.5 Thermoforming
19.6 Expanded Bead and Extruded Foam
19.7 3D Printing
19.8 Concluding Remarks
20 Fabrication Methods for Thermosets
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Gel Point and Curing
20.3 Compression Molding
20.4 Transfer Molding
20.5 Injection Molding
20.6 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM)
20.7 Open Mold Forming
20.8 Fabrication of Advanced Composites
20.9 Fabrication of Rubber Parts
20.10 Concluding Remarks
21 Joining of Plastics
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Classification of Joining Methods
21.3 Mechanical Fastening
21.4 Adhesive Bonding
21.5 Welding
21.6 Thermal Bonding
21.7 Friction Welding
21.8 Electromagnetic Bonding
21.9 Concluding Remarks
Part V: Material Systems
22 Fiber‐Filled Material Materials – Materials with Microstructure
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Fiber Types
22.3 Processing Issues
22.4 Material Complexity
22.5 Tensile and Flexural Moduli
22.6 Short‐Fiber‐Filled Systems
22.7 Long‐Fiber Filled Systems
22.8 *Fiber Orientation
22.9 Concluding Remarks
23 Structural Foams – Materials with Millistructure
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Material Complexity
23.3 Foams as Nonhomogeneous Continua
23.4 Effective Bending Modulus for Thin‐Walled Prismatic Beams
23.5 Skin‐Core Models for Structural Foams
23.6 Stiffness and Strength of Structural Foams
23.7 The Average Density and the Effective Tensile and Flexural Moduli of Foams
23.8 Density and Modulus Variation Correlations
23.9 Flexural Modulus
23.10 **Torsion of Nonhomogeneous Bars
23.11 Implications for Mechanical Design
23.12 Concluding Remarks
24 Random Glass Mat Composites – Materials with Macrostructure
24.1 Introduction
24.2 GMT Processing
24.3 Problem Complexity
24.4 Effective Tensile and Flexural Moduli of Nonhomogeneous Materials
24.5 Insights from Model Materials
24.6 Characterization of the Tensile Modulus
24.7 Characterization of the Tensile Strength
24.8 Statistical Characterization of the Tensile Modulus Experimental Data
24.9 Statistical Properties of Tensile Modulus Data Sets
24.10 Gauge‐Length Effects and Large‐Scale Material Stiffness
24.11 Methodology for Predicting the Stiffness of Parts
24.12 *Statistical Approach to Strength
24.13 Implications for Mechanical Design
24.14 Concluding Remarks
25 Advanced Composites – Materials with Well‐Defined Reinforcement Architectures
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Resins, Fibers, and Fabrics
25.3 Advanced Composites
25.4 Rubber‐Based Composites
25.5 Concluding Remarks
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 11
Table 11.4.1 Some properties of polyethylenes.
Table 11.6.1 Some properties of PET and PBT.
Table 11.6.2 Some properties of (
p
,
q
) nylons.
Table 11.6.3 Some properties of
p
nylons.
Chapter 12
Table 12.2.1 Nominal compositions, elastic moduli, and strengths of two PC/AB...
Chapter 15
Table 15.5.1 Thermal and mechanical properties of high‐performance amorphous ...
Table 15.5.2 Thermal and mechanical properties of high‐performance semicrysta...
Table 15.5.3 Thermal and mechanical properties of lower‐performance amorphous...
Table 15.5.4 Thermal and mechanical properties of lower‐performance semicryst...
Table 15.5.5 Thermal and mechanical properties of lower‐performance semicryst...
Table 15.7.1 Comparison of the predictions of four failure theories.
Table 15.10.1 Failure characteristics of thermoplastics as a function of temp...
Chapter 18
Table 18.4.1 Double‐domain modified Tait equation constants for polycarbonate...
Chapter 21
Table 21.6.1 Achievable strengths of 10 hot‐tool welded thermoplastics.
Table 21.6.2 Achievable strengths among hot‐tool welds of some dissimilar the...
Table 21.6.3 Achievable strengths of hot‐tool welds of glass‐filled grades of...
Table 21.7.1 Achievable strengths of some vibration welded thermoplastic resi...
Table 21.7.2 Achievable strengths of vibration welded ASA, nylons, and PVC.
Table 21.7.3 Achievable strengths of vibration welds of particulate‐ and glas...
Table 21.7.4 Achievable strengths of vibration welds of 20‐GF‐M‐PPO to itself...
Chapter 22
Table 22.6.1 Data‐sheet properties from material suppliers' tests on injectio...
Table 22.6.2 Processing conditions for injection‐molded short‐fiber‐reinforce...
Table 22.6.3 Processing conditions for
76×280‐mm
(
3×11‐in
...
Table 22.6.4 Flow‐direction tensile moduli of
152×203‐mm
(
6×8‐in
...
Table 22.6.5 Cross‐flow direction tensile moduli of
152×203‐mm
(
6×8
...
Table 22.6.6 The repeatability of flow‐ and cross‐flow‐direction tensile modu...
Table 22.6.7 Flow‐direction tensile moduli of
76×279×3.05‐mm
(
Table 22.6.8 The correlation matrices for flow‐direction tensile moduli among
Table 22.6.9 Tensile properties of
152×203×6.1‐mm
(
6×8×0.25‐in
...
Table 22.6.10 Flexural properties of
152×203×6.1‐mm
(
6×8×0.25‐
...
Table 22.6.11 Average tensile and flexural properties for
152×203×6.1‐mm
...
Table 22.6.12 Flexural properties of
152×203×3.0‐mm
(
6×8×0.12‐
...
Table 22.6.13 Average properties of
152×203‐mm
(
6×8‐in
),...
Table 22.6.14 Tensile modulus and strength of injection‐molded ASTM tensile b...
Table 22.7.1 Average tensile moduli and strengths of 2.0‐, 3.2‐, 4.4‐, and 6....
Table 22.7.2 Data‐sheet properties of VERTON RF‐700 – 10HS from tests on inje...
Table 22.7.3 Processing conditions for molding plaques with five thicknesses ...
Table 22.7.4 Constant stress used for determining the modulus distribution in...
Table 22.7.5 Average flow and cross‐flow tensile and flexural moduli for 2.0‐...
Table 22.7.6 Average flow and cross‐flow tensile and flexural strengths for 2...
Table 22.7.7 Variation of the flow‐direction tensile strength in 2.0‐ and 3.8...
Table 22.7.8 Variation of the flow‐direction tensile modulus in 2.0‐ and 3.8‐...
Table 22.7.9 Part‐thickness based mechanical properties for use in homogeneou...
Table 22.8.1 Concentration regimes for fiber suspensions.
Table 22.8.2 Dividing fiber volume fractions for glass‐fiber‐reinforced compo...
Chapter 23
Table 23.9.1 Variations of the average flow‐direction flexural and tensile mo...
Table 23.9.2 Variations of the average flow‐direction flexural and tensile mo...
Table 23.9.3 Ratios
of average flexural modulus
to average tensile modulus...
Chapter 24
Table 24.7.1 Machine‐direction tensile failure data for drape‐molded plaque.
Table 24.7.2 Cross‐machine‐direction tensile failure data for drape‐molded pl...
Table 24.8.1 Comparison of the moment estimates of the left‐ and right‐modulu...
Table 24.8.2 Comparison of the moment estimates of the left‐ and right‐modulu...
Table 24.8.3 Comparison of the parameters
E
min
,
E
max
,
a
,
E
1
,
E
2
,
and
b
.
Table 24.8.4 Comparison of the moment estimates
m
5
to
m
9
calculated from the p...
Table 24.8.5 Comparison of the arithmetic and harmonic means obtained from th...
Table 24.9.1 Comparison of the experimentally and theoretically obtained arit...
Table 24.11.1 Effective moduli for
m
×
n
‐size
plaques for different s...
Chapter 25
Table 25.2.1 Properties of some fibers.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.2.1 Schematic diagram showing the synergy and differences between m...
Figure 1.2.2 New materials as solutions to engineering design problems.
Figure 1.3.1 Paradigm for plastics engineering.
Figure 1.5.1 Great pyramids at Giza. The largest of these is the pyramid of ...
Figure 1.5.2 Stone beams supported by stone columns.
Figure 1.5.3 Northwest view of the Parthenon. Built in the mid‐fifth century...
Figure 1.5.4 Roman Aqueduct in Segovia. (a) View showing water channel suppo...
Figure 1.5.5 The pedestrian Anji (Zhaozhou) Bridge.
Figure 1.5.6 View of the ambulatory in Segovia Cathedral. (a) View showing s...
Figure 1.5.7 Views of the Imambara in Lucknow. (a) Overall view of the Imamb...
Figure 1.5.8 The Taj Mahal in Agra. (a) Frontal view of the marble structure...
Figure 1.5.9 The Iron Bridge across the River Severn in Shropshire, England....
Figure 1.5.10 The Clifton Suspension Bridge spanning the Avon Gorge and the ...
Figure 1.5.11 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge spans the Akashi Strait and links the Kob...
Figure 1.5.12 Automotive fuse box. (a) Front view. (b) Back view.
Figure 1.5.13 Parts consolidation. (a) Thermoplastic computer housing.(b...
Figure 1.5.14 Examples of tongs (metal and wood), and tweezers of metal and ...
Figure 1.5.15 Hinged “scissor‐like” tongs and forceps. The position of the h...
Figure 1.5.16 Scissor‐like device with a toggle joint. (a) Overall view show...
Figure 1.5.17 A pair of plastic forceps. (a) Overall view of device in three...
Figure 1.7.1 Procedure for predicting structural performance of parts. (a) F...
Figure 1.7.2 Hand drill prototype produced by multi‐material 3D printing. No...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.2.1 Nomex firefighting gear. (a) Firefighters in action in full Nom...
Figure 2.2.2 Use of Kevlar in body armor. (a) Ballistic panel being shot at ...
Figure 2.2.3 Typical hook‐and‐loop plastic fastener. (a) The top curled back...
Figure 2.2.4 Extruded hook shapes. (a) Enlarged view of double hooks. (b) En...
Figure 2.2.5 A modern shoe. (a) Profile view showing the use of different ma...
Figure 2.2.6 Structure of a modern walking shoe. (a) Profile showing the use...
Figure 2.2.7 Firefighters' boot. (a) Profile showing the use of different ma...
Figure 2.2.8 (a) Top and (b) side views of a simple toothbrush with nylon br...
Figure 2.2.9 Top (a), side (b), and bottom (c) views of an ergonomically imp...
Figure 2.2.10 Top (a), side (b), and bottom (c) views of a toothbrush with a...
Figure 2.2.11 Photos of a plastic disposable safety razor. (a) Top view of a...
Figure 2.2.12 Protective goggles with polycarbonate eye “glasses.”
Figure 2.2.13 Flip‐top screw‐on plastic molded cap. (a) Photos of closed and...
Figure 2.2.14 Snap‐fit plastic molded cap. (a) Underside of molded cap (top ...
Figure 2.2.15 Drip‐proof spout for liquid dispensing bottles. (a) blow‐molde...
Figure 2.2.16 (a) Paper salt container with plastic lid. (b) Plastic top sho...
Figure 2.2.17 (a) Juice carton with screw‐on plastic cap. (b) Carton top wit...
Figure 2.2.18 LEGO building blocks. (a) Iconic LEGO brick. (b) Stacked brick...
Figure 2.2.19 Objects assembled from LEGO building blocks. (a) Sydney Opera ...
Figure 2.2.20 Polycarbonate CDs, DVDs, and Blu‐ray disks.
Figure 2.2.21 Functional components of a speaker driver. (a) A voice coil en...
Figure 2.2.22 Simple, rigid enclosures for a driver. (a) Driver mounted in a...
Figure 2.2.23 Driver attached to a waveguide (tube) that magnifies the sound...
Figure 2.2.24 (a) Remotely controllable Bose Wave Music System. (b) View of ...
Figure 2.2.25 Exploded view of the plastic casing and waveguide for a Bose W...
Figure 2.2.26 Remotely controllable Bose SoundDock audio player for portable...
Figure 2.2.27 Full‐sized, upright, bagless, portable Hoover vacuum cleaner t...
Figure 2.2.28 Plastics in major appliances. (a) Injection‐molded talc‐filled...
Figure 2.3.1 Polycarbonate injection‐molded syringes for several different a...
Figure 2.3.2 Insulin pen for injecting controlled dosages of insulin. The tr...
Figure 2.3.3 Siemens Edge CT Scanner in which almost the entire external cas...
Figure 2.3.4 Three 3D printed heart models in which different plastics have ...
Figure 2.4.1 1984 Ford Escort with the first all‐plastic bumper capable of w...
Figure 2.4.2 First online paintable thermoplastic fender. (a) Location of an...
Figure 2.4.3 Several views of a molded throttle body made of a 30 wt% glass‐...
Figure 2.4.4 Injection‐molded automotive manifold assembly made by bolting t...
Figure 2.4.5 Photograph of a 55‐liter, multilayer HDPE blow‐molded gas tank....
Figure 2.4.6 Photograph of the first all‐plastic door‐hardware module, the S...
Figure 2.4.7 First CV joint boot seal made of blow‐molded copolyester TP E (...
Figure 2.5.1 (a) Polycarbonate profile extrusion. (b) PC glazing in Helansha...
Figure 2.5.2 (a) Frontal view of 0.75‐in thick PC‐PMMA‐PC laminate with embe...
Figure 2.5.3 Pre‐fabricated Ridgistorm‐XL 1500‐mm diameter, dual run manhole...
Figure 2.5.4 Complex, multileg Ridgistorm‐XL attenuation tank undergoing on‐...
Figure 2.5.5 Ridgistorm‐XL pipe fitted with smooth bore shoulders to create ...
Figure 2.5.6 Complex Ridgistorm‐XL pre‐fabricated chamber with benching and ...
Figure 2.5.7 Water storage polypropylene Polystorm modular cells with 95% vo...
Figure 2.5.8 Assembly of water storage Polystorm modular cells for water sto...
Figure 2.5.9 Assembly of 1600 mm diameter HDPE pipe at Persian Gulf site. (a...
Figure 2.5.10 (a) Section of a 140‐mm thick, 1,600‐mm diameter extruded HDPE...
Figure 2.5.11 Extruded HDPE pipe with a diameter of 2,400 mm and a wall thic...
Figure 2.5.12 Pultruded composite utility pole with pultruded crossarms.
Figure 2.5.13 Pedestrian bridge assembled from pultruded composite structura...
Figure 2.5.14 Pultruded composite sheet piling for seawalls. (a) Installatio...
Figure 2.6.1 Wind turbines (a) Single turbine with three blades. (b) Onshore...
Figure 2.6.2 Growth of power ratings and sizes of wind turbines. For compari...
Figure 2.6.3 Photo of 88.4‐long wind turbine blade. (a) Blade outside manufa...
Figure 2.6.4 Transportation of the world's largest wind turbine blade. (a) B...
Figure 2.7.1 AIRBUS A380. (a) Photo of plane after takeoff. (b) View of seat...
Figure 2.8.1 (a) Offshore oil rig. (b) High‐performance hoses connected to a...
Figure 2.9.1 (a) Titan LDR150 tire. (b) Tires on Caterpillar (CAT 994H) Larg...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.2.1 Slender bar subjected to an axial load
P
.
(a) Tensile load incr...
Figure 3.2.2 Deformation caused by a tangential load acting on the surface o...
Figure 3.3.1 Differential deformation of a material element AB.
Figure 3.3.2 Shear deformation between two orthogonal material elements AB a...
Figure 3.4.1 Force
P
acting on an inclined surface CD resolved into a normal...
Figure 3.5.1 Deformed geometry of a rectangular block subjected to a tangent...
Figure 3.6.1 Stresses caused by a
y
‐direction force acting on a triangular m...
Figure 3.6.2 Stresses caused by an
x
‐direction force acting on a triangular ...
Figure 3.6.3 Stresses caused by
x
‐ and
y
‐direction forces acting on a triang...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.3.1 Stress‐strain curve for a simple elastic solid.
Figure 4.4.1 (a) Wooden plank. (b) Idealized orthotropic model for plank.
Figure 4.5.1 (a) Heated but not loaded bar. (b) Axially loaded but not heate...
Figure 4.6.1 Idealized simple stress‐strain curve for a linear elastic and l...
Figure 4.6.2 Loading‐unloading‐loading path for a work‐hardening elastic‐pla...
Figure 4.6.3 Stresses in a work‐hardening bar: (a) On loading beyond yield. ...
Figure 4.6.4 Simple stress‐strain curves: (a) For a linearly elastic nonhard...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.2.1 Deformed geometry of a rectangular prismatic beam subjected to ...
Figure 5.2.2 Dimensions of I‐, cross‐, and box‐section beams having the same...
Figure 5.2.3 Dimensions of C‐ and Z‐section beams having the same cross‐sect...
Figure 5.3.1 Deformed (deflected) centroidal axis of a beam.
Figure 5.3.2 Cantilever subjected to an end load
P
.
Figure 5.3.3 Simply supported beam subjected to a central concentrated load
Figure 5.3.4 Simply supported beam subjected to a noncentral concentrated lo...
Figure 5.4.1 (a) Geometry of a thin‐walled circular tube subjected to a twis...
Figure 5.5.1 Geometry of the cross section of a thin rectangular prismatic b...
Figure 5.5.2 Geometry of the cross section of (a) a thin angle‐sectioned pri...
Figure 5.6.1 The cross section of a thin‐walled prismatic tube having a peri...
Figure 5.6.2 Cross sections of thin‐walled circular and square prismatic tub...
Figure 5.7.1 Four thin‐walled rectangular cross sections.
Figure 5.7.2 A three‐celled thin‐walled rectangular cross section.
Figure 5.8.1 Diagram illustrating the states of (a) stability, (b) neutral s...
Figure 5.8.2 Possible terminal states of a body after passing through an ins...
Figure 5.8.3 Stability of a hinged rigid rod subjected to (a) a tensile forc...
Figure 5.8.4 Hinged rigid rod stabilized by a spring.
Figure 5.8.5 Diagram for obtaining the equilibrium angle
θ
for a non‐di...
Figure 5.8.6 Diagram showing how different values of the non‐dimensional loa...
Figure 5.9.1 Geometry of a segment of a deformed column subjected to an axia...
Figure 5.9.2 Pin‐jointed column subjected to axial end loads.
Figure 5.9.3 Column fixed at one end subjected to an axial end load.
Figure 5.10.1 (a) Geometry of a thin rectangular beam subjected to a transve...
Figure 5.11.1 Geometry of a thin rectangular bar, with an integral tooth BAB...
Figure 5.11.2 Geometry of a prismatic bar having an L‐shaped cross section....
Figure 5.11.3 An infinite plate with a with a hole of radius
a
,
subjected to...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.2.1 Energy flow in a prismatic bar.
Figure 6.2.2 Error and complementary error functions.
Figure 6.3.1 Shearing of a fluid element.
Figure 6.4.1 Geometry for one‐dimensional flow along a rectangular channel....
Figure 6.4.2 Normal pressure and shear stresses acting on a small rectangula...
Figure 6.4.3 Normal and shear stresses, and velocities contributing to the i...
Figure 6.4.4 Non‐mechanical energy fluxes contributing to increase in energy...
Figure 6.6.1 One‐dimensional Couette flow.
Figure 6.6.2 One‐dimensional Poiseuille flow.
Figure 6.6.3 Axisymmetric radial flow. (a) Top view showing radial flow fiel...
Figure 6.6.4 Radial flow through a small volume element. (a) Front view of a...
Figure 6.6.5 Normal pressure and shear stresses acting on a small radial flu...
Figure 6.6.6 Variation of the nondimensional time
T
F
to fill up to nondimens...
Figure 6.7.1 Die swell in an extrudate.
Figure 6.7.2 (a) Nozzle applying suction on fluid surface. (b) Nozzle moved ...
Figure 6.7.3 (a) Rod spinning in a Newtonian liquid. (b) Weissenberg effect....
Chapter 7
Figure 7.2.1 (a) Imposed strain history. (b) Corresponding strain rate histo...
Figure 7.2.2 (a) Imposed stress history. (b) Resulting time‐independent stra...
Figure 7.3.1 (a) Linear stress‐relaxation modulus for a viscoelastic solid. ...
Figure 7.4.1 (a) Two linear springs connected in series. (b) Two linear spri...
Figure 7.4.2 Continuum spring element.
Figure 7.4.3 Continuum viscous element, also called a dashpot. (a) Schematic...
Figure 7.4.4 Maxwell model: Continuum spring and dashpot elements connected ...
Figure 7.4.5 Maxwell model. (a) Relaxation modulus. (b) Creep compliance.
Figure 7.4.6 Kelvin–Voigt model: Continuum spring and dashpot elements conne...
Figure 7.4.7 Kelvin–Voigt model. (a) Relaxation modulus. (b) Creep complianc...
Figure 7.4.8 Standard three‐parameter model.
Figure 7.4.9 Variations of the relaxation modulus and the creep compliance f...
Figure 7.6.1 Variations of the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the lo...
Figure 7.7.1 Time‐temperature shift of the relaxation modulus for a thermorh...
Figure 7.7.2 Shape of the shift function for the WLF Model.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.2.1 (a) Circular fiber embedded in a larger circular cylinder. (b) ...
Figure 8.2.2 (a) Matrix stiffened by a plate of a stiffer material subjected...
Figure 8.2.3 (a) Matrix stiffened by a plate of a stiffer material subjected...
Figure 8.3.1 Normal and shear stresses acting on a small fiber element embed...
Figure 8.3.2 Shear lag approximation. (a) Cross section of composite showing...
Figure 8.3.3 Variation of the nondimensional axial tensile fiber stress with...
Figure 8.3.4 Variation of the nondimensional interfacial shear stress with t...
Figure 8.3.5 Variations of the nondimensional maximum normal and interfacial...
Figure 8.3.6 Randomly distributed aligned fibers embedded in a matrix. Notic...
Figure 8.3.7 Variation of the nondimensional average normal tensile stress w...
Figure 8.3.8 Variations of the nondimensional area ratio with the parameter ...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.2.1 Structural formula for ethylene.
Figure 9.2.2 Oligomers of ethylene: (a) Dimer and (b) trimer.
Figure 9.2.3 Structural formula for polyethylene.
Figure 9.2.4 Three‐dimensional structure of methane. The hydrogen atoms are ...
Figure 9.2.5 Three‐dimensional structure of polyethylene.
Figure 9.2.6 Linear polymer formed with mer A.
Figure 9.2.7 Branched polyethylene with side chains.
Figure 9.2.8 Branched polymer formed with mer A.
Figure 9.2.9 Structural formula for polypropylene.
Figure 9.2.10 Structural formula for isotactic polypropylene.
Figure 9.2.11 Structural formula for syndiotactic polypropylene.
Figure 9.2.12 Structural formula for atactic H(CH
2
CHR)
n
H.
Figure 9.2.13 Structural formula for isotactic H(CH
2
CHR)
n
H.
Figure 9.2.14 Structural formula for syndiotactic H(CH
2
CHR)
n
H.
Figure 9.2.15 Structural formula for atactic H(CH
2
CHR)
n
H.
Figure 9.2.16 Two isomers of butene: (a)
cis
‐2‐butene and (b)
trans
‐2‐butene...
Figure 9.2.17 Four isomers of polyisoprene: (a)
cis
‐1,4‐polyisoprene and (b)...
Figure 9.2.18 Copolymer of ethylene and polypropylene.
Figure 9.2.19 Alternating copolymer of mers A and B.
Figure 9.2.20 Statistical copolymer of mers A and B.
Figure 9.2.21 Block copolymer of mers A and B.
Figure 9.2.22 Graft copolymer of mers of B grafted as side chains on linear ...
Figure 9.3.1 Molecular weight distribution curve.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.2.1 Conformations of ethane molecules; (a)
cis
conformation, (b) e...
Figure 10.2.2 Some conformations of
n
‐butane molecules; (a) and (b)
cis
conf...
Figure 10.3.1 Definition of the glass transition temperature
T
g
.
Figure 10.3.2 Effect of the cooling rate on the glass transition temperature...
Figure 10.3.3 Effect of the pressure on the glass transition temperature
T
g
....
Figure 10.3.4 Physical aging: Specific volume change along IE due to relaxat...
Figure 10.3.5 Simple model for the variation of free volume with temperature...
Figure 10.4.1 Evolution of the spherulitic microstructure in a polypropylene...
Figure 10.4.2 Comparison of cooling curves for amorphous and semicrystalline...
Figure 10.5.1 Liquid crystal polymers (PLCs) in which the main polymer backb...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.10.1 Diagram charting the invention of thermoplastics in the twent...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.3.1 Diagram charting the invention of thermoplastics blends in the...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.5.1 Diagram charting the invention of thermoset resins in the twen...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.2.1 Schematic variation of the normalized tensile modulus,
E(t, T0
...
Figure 14.2.2 Schematic variation of the normalized tensile modulus,
E(t0, T
...
Figure 14.2.3 Schematic variation of the normalized tensile modulus,
E(t0, T
...
Figure 14.2.4 Variation of the 10‐second modulus with temperature of polysty...
Figure 14.2.5 Variation of the 10‐second modulus with temperature of polyeth...
Figure 14.2.6 Effect of plasticizer on the relaxation of PVC.
Figure 14.3.1 (a) Schematic, constant‐temperature 10‐second stress relaxatio...
Figure 14.3.2 Enlarged view of Figure 14.3.1 with only Curves I and II shown...
Figure 14.3.3 Variation of the shift function
a
T
with the temperature differ...
Figure 14.4.1 Variations of
G
′
,
G
″
, and
tan
δ
versus ...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.2.1 Stress displacement curve for a thin, rectangular polycarbonat...
Figure 15.2.2 Photographs of PC tensile test specimens, placed between trans...
Figure 15.2.3 Stress‐stretch curve for polycarbonate. The material deforms h...
Figure 15.2.4 Considère construction for a material in which the true stress...
Figure 15.2.5 Considère construction for a material in which the true stress...
Figure 15.2.6 Stills from a video recording of a tensile test on a 100‐mm (4...
Figure 15.2.7 Evolution of a neck in a thin rectangular specimen marked with...
Figure 15.2.8 Shape of the stress‐stretch curve. Neck formation at some poin...
Figure 15.2.9 Loading‐unloading stress‐extension curves for PC at
T=22°C
...
Figure 15.2.10 Stress‐extension characteristics of necked (oriented) polycar...
Figure 15.2.11 Composite stress‐stretch curve for polycarbonate.
Figure 15.2.12 Loading history for a tensile specimen subjected to a constan...
Figure 15.2.13 Stretch history for creep deformation at
(σ0−σc)/(σ0−σd)=0.25
...
Figure 15.2.14 Stress‐stretch curves at 22°C at nominal stretch rates of 10
−
...
Figure 15.2.15 Stress‐stretch curves at 65.5°C at nominal stretch rates of 1...
Figure 15.2.16 Ratio of the draw stress
σ
d
to the critical stress
σc
...
Figure 15.2.17 Room‐temperature stress‐extension curves for PC with the stre...
Figure 15.2.18 Variation of the yield stress of PC with the stretch rate wit...
Figure 15.2.19 Variation of the yield‐extension of PC with the temperature w...
Figure 15.2.20 Pressure versus time histories for five tests, in which 1.5‐m...
Figure 15.2.21 Pressure versus nondimensional dome height for the five tests...
Figure 15.2.22 Unloaded shapes of the domes from the five tests in Figure 15...
Figure 15.2.23 Strain localization in V‐shaped region close to clamped edge....
Figure 15.2.24 Radial stretch
λ
1
versus the radial position
r
/
R
for the...
Figure 15.2.25 Hoop stretch
λ
2
versus the radial position
r
/
R
for the f...
Figure 15.2.26 Thickness stretch
λ
3
versus the radial position
r
/
R
for ...
Figure 15.2.27 Variation of the radial stretch
λ
1
versus the hoop stret...
Figure 15.2.28 Variations of the nondimensional recovery and the nondimensio...
Figure 15.2.29 Recovery of a PC prototype bumper beam from large deformation...
Figure 15.3.1 Stress‐displacement curve for a thin, rectangular polyetherimi...
Figure 15.3.2 Stress‐stretch curve for polyetherimide. The material deforms ...
Figure 15.3.3 Room‐temperature stress‐extension curves for PEI with the stre...
Figure 15.3.4 Variation of the yield stress of PEI with the stretch rate wit...
Figure 15.4.1 Stress‐displacement curve (solid line) for a thin, rectangular...
Figure 15.4.2 Stress‐stretch curve for poly(butylene terephthalate). The mat...
Figure 15.4.3 Loading‐unloading stress‐extension curves for PBT at
T=22°C
...
Figure 15.4.4 Stress‐extension characteristics of necked (oriented) poly(but...
Figure 15.4.5 Composite stress‐stretch curve for poly(butylene terephthalate...
Figure 15.4.6 Room‐temperature stress‐extension curves for PBT with the stre...
Figure 15.4.7 Variation of the PBT yield stress with the stretch rate at two...
Figure 15.4.8 Stress‐extension curves for PBT at a stretch rate of with the ...
Figure 15.4.9 Variations of the yield stress and the yield extension of PBT ...
Figure 15.4.10 Room‐temperature upper and lower forming bounds for PBT as a ...
Figure 15.4.11 Room‐temperature stress and extension variations with time in...
Figure 15.4.12 Room‐temperature strain recovery of PBT for four hold times, ...
Figure 15.4.13 Room‐temperature strain recovery of PBT for four hold times, ...
Figure 15.4.14 Strain recovery of PBT for four hold times, for
emax=0.01,
...
Figure 15.4.15 Strain recovery of PBT for a hold time of 1,000 seconds, for
Figure 15.4.16 Parts cold stamped in matching dies from thin PBT sheets. The...
Figure 15.5.1 Stress‐elongation behavior of several high‐performance amorpho...
Figure 15.5.2 Stress‐elongation behavior of several high‐performance semicry...
Figure 15.5.3 Stress‐elongation behavior of several lower‐performance amorph...
Figure 15.5.4 Stress‐elongation behavior of several lower‐performance semicr...
Figure 15.5.5 Stress‐elongation behavior of three thermoset resins.
Figure 15.5.6 Tensile and compressive stress‐elongation behavior of TPV.
Figure 15.5.7 Tensile stress‐elongation behavior of polyester TPE for large ...
Figure 15.5.8 Tensile stress‐elongation behavior of polyester TPE for lower ...
Figure 15.5.9 Tensile set of polyester TPE as a function of extension.
Figure 15.5.10 Tensile stress‐elongation behavior of thermoplastic urethane ...
Figure 15.5.11 Tensile loading‐unloading stress‐elongation behavior of therm...
Figure 15.6.1 (a) An internal crack in a material subjected to a tensile str...
Figure 15.6.2 Internal crazes in a 4‐mm‐thick,
10×6.5×6 cm
o...
Figure 15.6.3 Schematic structure of a craze.
Figure 15.6.4 Meniscus‐instability model for craze growth. (a) Elongated fib...
Figure 15.6.5 Arrangement for stretching 800‐nm‐thick films. The film mounte...
Figure 15.6.6 Craze structure from FESEM micrographs. (a) Crack and a craze ...
Figure 15.6.7 Fully developed craze with regularly spaced fibrils; the fibri...
Figure 15.6.8 Collage showing different parts of the craze. (a) The tip of t...
Figure 15.7.1 Yield locus in
σ
1
‐
σ
2
space for the maximum pri...
Figure 15.7.2 Yield locus in
σ
1
‐
σ
2
space for the maximum str...
Figure 15.7.3 The rhombus ABCD is the yield locus in
σ
1
‐
σ
2
s...
Figure 15.7.4 (a) For
ν
=1/3
the lines EF and GH just touch the tips...
Figure 15.7.5 The yield locus in
σ
1
‐
σ
2
space, for a two‐dime...
Figure 15.7.6 Comparison of the yield loci for a two‐dimensional stress dist...
Figure 15.7.7 Failure theory for plastics that accounts for the effects of h...
Figure 15.8.1 Geometry of an edge crack of length
a
in a semi‐infinite plate...
Figure 15.9.1 S‐N fatigue‐life curve showing definition of the endurance lim...
Figure 15.9.2 S‐N fatigue curves for several unfilled and filled higher perf...
Figure 15.9.3 S‐N fatigue curves for several unfilled plastics: Data obtaine...
Figure 15.9.4 SEM showing fracture surface in a polyacetal resin specimen su...
Figure 15.9.5 Fatigue‐crack propagation rates for amorphous and semicrystall...
Figure 15.9.6 SEM showing the detailed structure of a craze in an iPP sample...
Figure 15.9.7 Optical micrographs of fatigue damage in iPP tensile bars show...
Figure 15.9.8 SEM collage showing fatigue‐induced fracture surface in an ali...
Figure 15.9.9 SEM showing subsurface fatigue‐induced damage in an aliphatic ...
Figure 15.10.1 Schematic drawing for an instrumented impact test. An instrum...
Figure 15.10.2 Failure modes of two 3‐mm‐thick polypropylene plaques. (a) Du...
Figure 15.10.3 Variation of tup impact force with time. Full and dashed line...
Figure 15.10.4 Simulation of the deformations in an impact test. (a) Test ge...
Figure 15.10.5 Schematic temperature‐extension‐rate diagram delineating duct...
Figure 15.10.6 Approximate ductile‐to‐brittle failure transition temperature...
Figure 15.12.1 Load‐extension curve for vulcanized natural rubber.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1.1 Classification of plastics processing.
Figure 16.2.1 Classification of part shaping methods for thermoplastics.
Figure 16.2.2 Classification of part shaping methods for thermoplastics usin...
Figure 16.2.3 Classification of part shaping methods for thermoplastics usin...
Figure 16.4.1 Diagram illustrating the steps for a finite element structural...
Figure 16.4.2 Classification of part shaping methods according to whether or...
Figure 16.4.3 Classification of plastic materials by whether or not the loca...
Figure 16.4.4 Classification of the effects of processing on part geometry a...
Figure 16.4.5 The role of process mechanics in determining mold filling, par...
Figure 16.4.6 Process for defining complete part shape and local material pr...
Figure 16.4.7 Procedure for finite element analysis of molded plastic parts....
Figure 16.4.8 Procedure for finite element analysis of molded plastic parts....
Figure 16.5.1 Thermoplastic bulk products.
Figure 16.6.1 Starting materials for thermoset part processing.
Figure 16.6.2 Part shaping methods using double‐sided molds.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.2.1 Schematic diagram showing the three main elements of an inject...
Figure 17.2.2 Layout of the sprue, runners, secondary sprues, and gates in a...
Figure 17.2.3 The pressure inside a mold during a molding cycle.
Figure 17.2.4 Schematic pressure‐temperature diagram showing processing wind...
Figure 17.2.5 Geometry of an off‐center gated plaque ABCD. (a) Plan view sho...
Figure 17.2.6 Twelve stacked ABS short‐shots of the plaque ABCD molded in th...
Figure 17.2.7 Short‐shot stacks for a double‐gated cavity being filled by a ...
Figure 17.2.8 Short‐shot stacks for a double‐gated cavity. (a) ABS. (b) Poly...
Figure 17.2.9 Short‐shot stacks for flow of ABS in an edge‐gated cavity with...
Figure 17.2.10 Progression of flow fronts around slits for the short‐shot se...
Figure 17.2.11 Short‐shot stacks for a double‐gated cavity with two slits an...
Figure 17.2.12 Progression of PP flow fronts around two slits and a circular...
Figure 17.2.13 Estimate for mold clamp force.
Figure 17.3.1 Melt injection into a mold cavity: Melt flow, solidification a...
Figure 17.3.2 Melt flow front for an isothermal, Newtonian fluid in a rectan...
Figure 17.3.3 Melt flow front for an isothermal, Newtonian fluid in a rectan...
Figure 17.3.4 Melt flow front for a nonisothermal, non‐Newtonian fluid in a ...
Figure 17.3.5 Division of melt flow on entrance at gate G in a “picture fram...
Figure 17.3.6 Melt velocities and stream lines at the instant of two flow fr...
Figure 17.3.7 Schematic description of flow bifurcation and recombination of...
Figure 17.3.8 Geometry of molded part with a central hole. The dashed lines ...
Figure 17.3.9 Short‐shots of molten polystyrene flow around a 20‐mm diameter...
Figure 17.3.10 SEMs of the surface notches on specimens cut from the plaques...
Figure 17.3.11 Central cross section of plaque in Figure 17.3.8 through plan...
Figure 17.3.12 Knit lines superposed on short‐shot stacks. (a) A double‐gate...
Figure 17.3.13 Two knit lines, shown by black dashed lines, superposed on sh...
Figure 17.3.14 Five knit lines superposed on short‐shot stacks for a double‐...
Figure 17.3.15 (a) Knit line (dashed curve) visualized from short‐shot stack...
Figure 17.4.2 Polarized light micrograph showing three/four‐layer morphology...
Figure 17.4.1 Polarized light micrograph showing five‐layer morphology in in...
Figure 17.5.1 Geometry of (a) a closed D‐section beam, and (b) an open C‐sec...
Figure 17.5.2 Torsional stiffening of a molded C‐section beam by molded‐in c...
Figure 17.5.3 Torsional stiffening of a molded C‐section beam by molded ribs...
Figure 17.5.4 Original and uniform thickness part geometries with equivalent...
Figure 17.5.5 Original and preferred uniform thickness part geometries for b...
Figure 17.5.6 Original and preferred uniform thickness part geometries for b...
Figure 17.5.7 Schematic diagrams showing the mechanism of sink‐mark formatio...
Figure 17.5.8 Evolution of a sink mark in an L‐sectioned part.
Figure 17.5.9 Progressively better designs for a corner.
Figure 17.5.10 Curvature induced in a flat panel by differential shrinkage o...
Figure 17.5.11 Warped injection‐molded parts. (a) Warped HDPE protective end...
Figure 17.5.12 Molding of part. (a) Without draft. (b) With draft angle.
Figure 17.5.13 Taper on molded ribs.
Figure 17.5.14 Actual shapes of parts with appropriate tapers and radiused c...
Figure 17.5.15 Generic shape of a boss integrally molded onto a plate. (a) S...
Figure 17.5.16 Bosses stiffened by gussets. (a and b) Four gussets in a cent...
Figure 17.5.17 Molded‐in metal inserts. (a) Threaded insert. (b) Insert for ...
Figure 17.5.18 Plastic forceps. (a) Open position showing four integrally mo...
Figure 17.5.19 Hinged box. (a) Top and side views of open box. (b) Partially...
Figure 17.5.20 Plastic box with integrally molded hinge. (a) Top and side vi...
Figure 17.5.21 Hinged box with attached springs (a) Top and side views of op...
Figure 17.5.22 Plastic box with integrally molded hinge and separate thin we...
Figure 17.5.23 Plastic box with integrally molded hinge and integral web spr...
Figure 17.5.24 Plastic bottle cap with integrally molded hinge and web sprin...
Figure 17.6.1 Model mold geometry for analyzing the interactions of melt fil...
Figure 17.6.2 Schematic pressure‐temperature diagram showing shift in proces...
Figure 17.6.3 Schematic diagram of a downscaled, single‐step microinjection ...
Figure 17.6.4 Schematic diagram of a downscaled, two‐step microinjection mol...
Figure 17.6.5 Schematic diagram of a two‐step microinjection molding machine...
Figure 17.6.6 Schematic diagram of a two‐step microinjection molding machine...
Figure 17.6.7 Molding cycle for a two‐step microinjection molding machine. (...
Figure 17.6.8 Sprue and part sizes. Note, for part size estimation, the matc...
Figure 17.6.9 Sprue, runners, and gates for micromolded parts. The matchstic...
Figure 17.6.10 Large length scales of micromolded parts. (a) 14‐mm wide by 0...
Figure 17.6.11 Medical applications of micromolded parts. Note, for part siz...
Figure 17.6.12 (a) POM microswitch locking lever; part volume 0.7 mm
3
. (b) M...
Figure 17.6.13 PEEK microgears for high‐temperature applications.
Figure 17.6.14 (a) POM insert molded plug; part weight 17 mg. (b) Metal band...
Figure 17.7.1 Schematic diagrams showing the molding sequence for a part in ...
Figure 17.7.2 Relocation of sprue‐part interface through reverse injection m...
Figure 17.7.3 Two parts simultaneously molded in a two‐plate cold‐runner mol...
Figure 17.7.4 Schematic diagrams showing the molding sequence for a part in ...
Figure 17.7.5 Schematic diagrams showing the molding sequence for simultaneo...
Figure 17.7.6 Schematic diagrams illustrating the use of a pin‐and‐slider se...
Figure 17.7.7 Schematic diagrams illustrating the use of a pin‐and‐slider se...
Figure 17.7.8 Schematic diagrams illustrating the use of a collapsible core ...
Figure 17.7.9 Schematic diagrams illustrating the essential features and wor...
Figure 17.7.10 Short‐shot sequence the sprue‐runner‐gate system for the fill...
Figure 17.7.11 Geometrically unbalanced runner system for a 16‐cavity mold. ...
Figure 17.7.12 Artificially balanced runner system for 12‐cavity mold. The d...
Figure 17.7.13 Geometrically balanced runner system for a 16‐cavity mold. Al...
Figure 17.7.14 Asymmetry in flow through a runner caused by a flow‐split at ...
Figure 17.7.15 Schematic representation of continuing complex asymmetries in...
Figure 17.7.16 Parts molded using a geometrically balanced runner system for...
Figure 17.7.17 Dramatic improvement in part uniformity obtained by using Mel...
Figure 17.7.18 (a) Lapped edge gate. (b) Notched edge gate.
Figure 17.7.19 (a and b) Fan gates. (c) Film gate.
Figure 17.7.20 Diaphragm gate.
Figure 17.7.21 Short‐shots illustrating the phenomenon of jetting. (a) The i...
Figure 17.7.22 Two types of gates. (a) The center‐gated runner geometry is m...
Figure 17.8.1 (a) Regular gate for a hot‐runner system. (b) Gate with a prog...
Figure 17.8.2 Mold filling sequence in a mold with three gates fitted with p...
Figure 17.8.3 Mold filling sequence in injection‐compression molding.
Figure 17.8.4 Schematic diagram illustrating basic aspects of foam molding. ...
Figure 17.8.5 Cross‐sectional morphologies of 12.7‐mm wide M‐PPO‐SF bars. (a...
Figure 17.8.6 Layout of 18
19×152.5‐mm
(
0.75×6‐in
) tes...
Figure 17.8.7 Variations of the average local density of rectangular specime...
Figure 17.8.8 Variations of the skin‐core morphologies of specimens cut from...
Figure 17.8.9 SEMs of solid‐phase generated microcellular and nanocellular f...
Figure 17.8.10 Large instrument panel made by injection molding microcellula...
Figure 17.8.11 The coinjection molding process. (a) Short‐shot of skin resin...
Figure 17.8.12 Two‐part aerospace filter housing made of carbon‐fiber‐filled...
Figure 17.8.13 Steps in the gas‐assisted injection molding of a hollow part....
Figure 17.8.14 Asymmetry in hollow part geometry due to gas flow at a bend....
Figure 17.8.15 Photographs of a 355‐mm long polycarbonate GAIM foot‐rest. To...
Figure 17.8.16 Photographs of a 510‐mm long, ABS GAIM chair arm. (a) Photogr...
Figure 17.8.17 Rib and channel shapes for stiffening of panels by hollow rib...
Figure 17.8.18 Location of gas channels in the interior of an ABS medical eq...
Figure 17.8.19 PC/ABS Laboratory Equipment Front Cover. The top left edge sh...
Figure 17.8.20 Ribbed supporting structure in an approximately 460‐mm long b...
Figure 17.8.21 Ribbed supporting structure in an approximately 635‐mm wide b...
Figure 17.8.22 Back surface of a PC/ABS ATM Fascia: the arrows show the loca...
Figure 17.8.23 Schematic diagram showing essential elements of the multi‐liv...
Figure 17.8.24 Schematic diagram showing essential elements of the push‐pull...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.3.1 Plaque geometry. All dimensions in millimeters.
Figure 18.3.2 Pressure traces recorded for a nominal hold pressure of 55.2 M...
Figure 18.3.3 Flow direction shrinkage along lines AA′, BB′, and CC′ (see Fi...
Figure 18.3.4 Cross‐flow direction shrinkage along lines AA′, BB′, and CC′ (...
Figure 18.3.5 Combined flow and cross‐flow direction shrinkage along the pla...
Figure 18.3.6 Combined (from lines AA′, BB′, and CC′) flow direction shrinka...
Figure 18.3.7 Combined (from lines AA′, BB′, and CC′) cross‐flow direction s...
Figure 18.3.8 Combined (from lines AA′, BB′, and CC′) flow and cross‐flow di...
Figure 18.4.1 PVT diagram for polycarbonate (Lexan 101).
Figure 18.4.2 Linear approximation for the transition line defining the tran...
Figure 18.5.1 Idealized pressure history seen by a material during molding....
Figure 18.5.2 Schematic showing three phases for the filling of a cubic mold...
Figure 18.5.3 Filling‐packing path for a constant packing‐pressure history o...
Figure 18.5.4 Two filling‐packing paths,
ABCDE
and
AB
1
C
1
D
1
E,
for a constant ...
Figure 18.5.5 Shrinkage paths AB
0
C
0
E that results in zero shrinkage occurs f...
Figure 18.5.6 Over packed part. Shrinkage paths AB
0
C
0
E that results in zero ...
Figure 18.5.7 Variation of the linear shrinkage with the packing pressure.
Figure 18.5.8 Gate freeze‐off. After filling along path AB, and packing at c...
Figure 18.5.9 Variations in gate freeze‐off. (Note that
T
E
=20°C.
)
Figure 18.5.10 Variation of the linear shrinkage with freeze‐off temperature...
Figure 18.5.11 Packing pressure applied only during path BC. Material is add...
Figure 18.5.12 Variation of the linear shrinkage with freeze‐off temperature...
Figure 18.6.1 Geometry for the freezing of a molten layer.
Figure 18.6.2 Cavity pressure at cavity end as a function of time for a hold...
Figure 18.6.3 Position of the solid‐liquid interface at the cavity end as a ...
Figure 18.6.4 Solidification front cavity pressure at the cavity end as a fu...
Figure 18.6.5 Cavity end partial effective pressure as a function of time fo...
Figure 18.6.6 Shrinkage as a function of effective pressure.
Figure 18.7.1 Shear and bulk relaxation moduli for a low‐viscosity polycarbo...
Figure 18.7.2 Shift function for a low‐viscosity polycarbonate.
Figure 18.7.3 PVT diagram for a low‐viscosity polycarbonate.
Figure 18.7.4 Temperature distributions across the solidifying melt thicknes...
Figure 18.7.5 Temperature lag between surface and central‐plane temperatures...
Figure 18.7.6 Cavity‐pressure history. The pressure is maintained at 20 MPa ...
Figure 18.7.7 Variations of the in‐plane and through‐thickness strains with ...
Figure 18.7.8 Build up of lateral stresses in the melt. Note the qualitative...
Figure 18.7.9 Lateral stress distributions after demolding at
t=30 s.
...
Figure 18.7.10 Lateral in‐plane and through‐thickness restraining forces per...
Figure 18.7.11 Cavity‐pressure histories. For each packing pressure level, t...
Figure 18.7.12 Effects of the packing‐pressure level on the evolution of the...
Figure 18.7.13 Effects of the packing‐pressure level on the evolution of the...
Figure 18.7.14 Variations of the in‐plane and through‐thickness shrinkages w...
Figure 18.7.15 Residual stresses for packing pressures between 0 and 25 MPa....
Figure 18.7.16 Residual stresses for packing pressures between 30 and 100 MP...
Figure 18.7.17 Step packing‐pressure history. The constant packing pressure ...
Figure 18.7.18 Variations of the in‐plane and through‐thickness shrinkages w...
Figure 18.7.19 Variations of the in‐plane residual stress with the packing i...
Figure 18.7.20 Packing‐pressure history with early gate freeze‐off. The gate...
Figure 18.7.21 Variations of the in‐plane and through‐thickness shrinkages w...
Figure 18.7.22 Variations of the in‐plane residual stress with the gate free...
Figure 18.8.1 Temperature distributions across the solidifying melt thicknes...
Figure 18.8.2 Temperature lag between surface and central‐plane temperatures...
Figure 18.8.3 In‐plane and through‐thickness shrinkages are insensitive to t...
Figure 18.8.4 In‐plane residual stresses residual stresses for
ΔTmold= 0, 20
...
Figure 18.8.5 Evolution of plaque curvature for a fixed packing pressure of ...
Figure 18.8.6 Variation of the final curvature with the differential mold‐su...
Figure 18.8.7 Variation of the final curvature with the packing pressure for...
Figure 18.8.8 Cavity‐pressure histories for gate freeze‐off occurring at
t=5
...
Figure 18.8.9 Variations of the in‐plane and through‐thickness shrinkages wi...
Figure 18.8.10 Residual stresses for packing pressures between 0 and 30 MPa ...
Figure 18.8.11 Residual stresses for packing pressures between 40 and 100 MP...
Figure 18.8.12 Variation of the final curvature with the packing pressure fo...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.2.1 Schematic diagram of a single screw extruder.
Figure 19.2.2 Schematic diagram illustrating fiber melt spinning. (a) Extrus...
Figure 19.2.3 Schematic diagram illustrating film blowing.
Figure 19.2.4 Schematic diagram illustrating cast film extrusion.
Figure 19.2.5 Schematic diagram illustrating calendered sheet extrusion.
Figure 19.2.6 Die shape for extruding L‐shaped profile. (a) Simplified die s...
Figure 19.2.7 (a) Extruded square profile. (b) Die exit shape for extruding ...
Figure 19.2.8 Die shape with varying land length. (a) Simplified die shape s...
Figure 19.2.9 Variable land‐length die with side feed for second material. (...
Figure 19.2.10 Multimaterial profiles. (a) Two materials. (b) Two materials ...
Figure 19.2.11 Die for extruding pipes. (a) End view of die; this face is at...
Figure 19.2.12 Schematic diagram showing a perforated calibrator in a water‐...
Figure 19.2.13 Extrusion line (right) for a 2400‐mm diameter HDPE pipe with ...
Figure 19.2.14 Cross section of a multiwall extruded sheet.
Figure 19.2.15 Schematic diagram of the wire‐coating process.
Figure 19.2.16 Schematic diagram of the knife‐coating process.
Figure 19.3.1 Schematic diagram illustrating different phases of the extrusi...
Figure 19.3.2 Schematic diagram illustrating the evolution of part thickness...
Figure 19.3.3 Schematic diagram illustrating the evolution of part thickness...
Figure 19.3.4 Effect of parison thickness on container wall thickness. (a) U...
Figure 19.3.5 Schematic diagram illustrating different phases of the deep‐dr...
Figure 19.3.6 Schematic diagram illustrating fixed extrusion head, 3D blow‐m...
Figure 19.3.7 Parts made by flashless blow‐molding process. (a) CVJ boot sea...
Figure 19.3.8 Schematic diagram illustrating the 3D suction blow‐molding pro...
Figure 19.3.9 Parts made by 3D suction blow‐molding process. (a) Integrated ...
Figure 19.3.10 Automotive gas tank with encased fuel‐delivery module, (a) CA...
Figure 19.3.11 (a) Two mold halves with the preformed module. (b) Vertical p...
Figure 19.3.12 Steps in encapsulating the fuel‐delivery module during the bl...
Figure 19.3.13 Cutaway view of a molded tank with the top surface and some p...
Figure 19.3.14 Schematic diagrams illustrating different aspects of the inje...
Figure 19.3.15 Schematic diagrams illustrating the use of a conical tack‐off...
Figure 19.3.16 Schematic diagrams illustrating the use of continuous rib tac...
Figure 19.4.1 Schematic diagram illustrating the four phases of a rotomoldin...
Figure 19.4.2 Motion of powder charge in a cylindrical mold. (a) Powder with...
Figure 19.4.3 Spineboard for transporting injured patients. (a) Outer rotati...
Figure 19.4.4 Rotationally molded, LLDPE laboratory reservoir with an integr...
Figure 19.4.5 Rotationally molded LLDPE housing for a 51‐cm high, 20‐gallon ...
Figure 19.4.6 Three‐piece rotationally molded ground penetrating radar assem...
Figure 19.4.7 Three‐piece rotationally molded tent heater assembly. The top ...
Figure 19.4.8 Rotationally molded 81‐cm long by 58‐cm wide by 81‐cm high LLD...
Figure 19.4.9 Schematic diagram showing motion modes in a rock‐and‐roll rota...
Figure 19.4.10 Large rock‐and‐roll rotational molding machine. Its size can ...
Figure 19.4.11 Large rotationally molded HDPE Protein Fractionator Tank. (a)...
Figure 19.4.12 Internal threads in rotationally molded part (a) Threaded hol...
Figure 19.4.13 Rotationally molded large swim spa. (a) Molded tub in mold ju...
Figure 19.4.14 Polarized light micrographs showing morphology of rotationall...
Figure 19.4.15 Top and front views of a ribbing scheme for stiffening a roto...
Figure 19.4.16 Scheme for stiffening a large rotationally molded box structu...
Figure 19.4.17 Schematic diagram illustrating the use of continuous kiss‐off...
Figure 19.4.18 Schematic diagram illustrating panel stiffening through local...
Figure 19.5.1 Schematic diagram illustrating vacuum forming with male mold. ...
Figure 19.5.2 Schematic diagram illustrating vacuum forming with a female mo...
Figure 19.5.3 Schematic diagram illustrating pressure forming with a female ...
Figure 19.5.4 Schematic diagram illustrating plug‐assisted forming into a fe...
Figure 19.5.5 Calf hutch made by plug‐assisted thermoforming of 9.5‐mm (0.37...
Figure 19.5.6 Schematic diagram illustrating twin‐sheet forming in female mo...
Figure 19.5.7 Saddle bag made by twin‐sheet forming 0.635‐mm thick HMWPE she...
Figure 19.5.8 Schematic diagram illustrating stiffening of box‐like thermofo...
Figure 19.5.9 Schematic diagram illustrating mechanical forming of heated sh...
Figure 19.7.1 (a) Metal fixture. (b) Fixture replaced by a single elegant, e...
Figure 19.7.2 (a) 3D printed plastic mold with molded part in left mold half...
Figure 19.7.3 Photo of a human foot model, produced from a CAT or MRI digita...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.2.1 Isothermal viscosity variation with time for a thermosetting l...
Figure 20.2.2 Effect of temperature on the gel time for a thermosetting liqu...
Figure 20.2.3 Effect of resin mass on the gel time for a thermosetting liqui...
Figure 20.2.4 Variation of mechanical properties with time for a thermosetti...
Figure 20.3.1 Steps in compression molding of thermosetting solids.
Figure 20.3.2 Compression‐molded SMC composite pickup box. (
Figure 20.4.1 Steps in transfer molding of thermosets.
Figure 20.5.1 Electronic throttle control module body made of injection‐mold...
Figure 20.6.1 (a) External view of Siemens Edge CT Scanner. Most of the exte...
Figure 20.6.2 STRATE AWALIFT wastewater pump. (a) Cutaway diagram showing co...
Figure 20.7.1 Steps in open mold molding forming of concave fiber‐filled the...
Figure 20.7.2 Steps in open mold molding forming of convex fiber‐filled ther...
Figure 20.8.1 Schematic diagram showing the generic layout for a pultrusion ...
Figure 20.8.2 Glass rovings and glass mat moving through guides. (
Figure 20.8.3 Schematic diagram for the filament winding process. (a) Isomet...
Figure 20.8.4 Four stages in the filament winding of a 1219‐mm (48‐in) long ...
Figure 20.8.5 Stages in the filament winding of a 46‐cm (18‐in) long bottle ...
Figure 20.8.6 Principle of vacuum‐assisted liquid‐resin‐transfer molding pro...
Figure 20.8.7 Straight flow fronts. (a, b) Linear flow front obtained by usi...
Figure 20.8.8 Schematic diagram showing different layers in the liquid‐resin...
Figure 20.8.9 Fabrication of very large composite wind turbine blades. (a) P...
Figure 20.8.10 Top and front view of a honeycomb core.
Figure 20.8.11 Process for making a honeycomb sandwich structure.
Figure 20.9.1 Calendering process for making uncured rubber sheet.
Figure 20.9.2 Calendering process for making uncured rubber sheet reinforced...
Figure 20.9.3 Dip‐molding process for liquid molding of rubbers. (a) Mandrel...
Figure 20.9.4 Tire building drum. (a) Two steel cylinders made of segmented,...
Figure 20.9.5 Buildup of radial tires. (a) Wide strip of impervious syntheti...
Figure 20.9.6 Buildup of green tire. (a) Rubber layers on tire buildup drum ...
Figure 20.9.7 Schematic diagram showing the tire curing (vulcanization) proc...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.2.1 Classification of joining methods for plastics.
Figure 21.3.1 Assembly of two parts using a cantilever‐hook locking system. ...
Figure 21.3.2 Assembly with a retractable cantilever‐hook locking system.
Figure 21.3.3 Force‐displacement curve for a retractable cantilever‐hook loc...
Figure 21.3.4 Parameters for defining the geometries of plastic screws and b...
Figure 21.3.5 Three phases of assembly of a screw joint. (a) Initiation of s...
Figure 21.3.6 Schematic variations of the screw insertion torque,
T
,
and the...
Figure 21.3.7 Failure modes self‐threading screw joints. (a) Screw pull our ...
Figure 21.3.8 Examples of three types of screw thread geometries. (Adapted w...
Figure 21.5.1 Classification of welding methods for thermoplastics.
Figure 21.6.1 Four phases of the hot‐tool welding process. (a) Matching surf...
Figure 21.6.2 Hot‐tool welding of an ABS window frame: Extruded sections are...
Figure 21.6.3 Hot‐tool welding of automotive parts: (a) Dual material PMMA l...
Figure 21.6.4 Hot‐tool welding of a polyethylene blow‐molded gas tank. (a) M...
Figure 21.6.5 Hot‐tool welding of 1600‐mm diameter HDPE pipes: (a) One end o...
Figure 21.6.6 Macrographs of the weld morphology of displacement‐controlled ...
Figure 21.6.7 Macrographs of the weld morphology of displacement‐controlled ...
Figure 21.6.8 Micrograph showing the weld morphology of a hot‐tool weld of 3...
Figure 21.6.9 Micrographs showing the weld morphology of a hot‐tool weld of ...
Figure 21.6.10 Geometry of specimens for determining the strength of butt we...
Figure 21.6.11 Three phases of the infrared welding process. (a) Matching su...
Figure 21.6.12 Images of an infrared‐welded assembly. (a) Both parts facing ...
Figure 21.6.13 Glass‐filled polypropylene, infrared‐welded instrument panel ...
Figure 21.6.14 Schematic layouts of laser welding processes. (a) Beam splitt...
Figure 21.6.15 Laser welding examples. (a) PA6 steering oil container. (b) P...
Figure 21.7.1 The spin welding process.
Figure 21.7.2 The vibration welding process.
Figure 21.7.3 Four phases of the vibration welding process.
Figure 21.7.4 Glass‐filled polypropylene dishwasher‐pump housing. (a) Two gl...
Figure 21.7.5 Vibration welded PC‐PBT bumper. (a) D‐shaped bumper cross sect...
Figure 21.7.6 Welded, injection‐molded automotive manifolds made of 30 wt% g...
Figure 21.7.7 Macrograph of morphologies of 120 Hz vibration welds of PC and...
Figure 21.7.8 Micrographs showing the weld morphology of a 120 Hz vibration ...
Figure 21.7.9 High‐magnification TEMs showing the morphology of a 120 Hz vib...
Figure 21.7.10 Types of joints made by the ultrasonic welding process. (a) B...
Figure 21.7.11 Two regimes of the ultrasonic welding process. (a) Near‐Field...
Figure 21.7.12 Relatives sizes of the converter‐booster‐sonotrode assembly f...
Figure 21.7.13 Ultrasonic welding of ABS garden hose nozzle. (a) External vi...
Figure 21.7.14 Ultrasonic welding of gear box with PA6 gears in a 33‐GF‐PA6,...
Figure 21.7.15 (a) Daytime running lights assembled by ultrasonically weldin...
Figure 21.7.16 Ultrasonic staking. (a) Parts to be joined with descending so...
Figure 21.7.17 Before staking (a, c) and after staking (b, d) photos of stak...
Figure 21.7.18 Ultrasonic spot welding. The molten and resolidified material...
Figure 21.7.19 Ultrasonic swaging. (a) Parts to be swaged with descending so...
Figure 21.7.20 Ultrasonic insertion of metal insert. Note the use of grooves...
Figure 21.7.21 Before (a) and after (b) schematic figures showing ultrasonic...
Figure 21.8.1 Schematic diagram showing the three steps of the induction wel...
Figure 21.8.2 Bonding and repair system for plastic drums. (a) Self‐containe...
Figure 21.8.3 Rollover shut‐off fuel valve assembled by induction welding th...
Figure 21.8.4 Welded PP leak‐proof, steam iron upper housing. (a) Assembled ...
Figure 21.8.5 LDPE detergent bottle made by welding a 76‐mm diameter injecti...
Figure 21.8.6 Plastic‐TPE air cleaner duct assembly. (Adapted from photo cou...
Figure 21.8.7 TPE airbag cover. (a) External view of TPE cover. (b) Back vie...
Figure 21.8.8 Office chair with the seat frame made of a glass‐filled polyes...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.4.1 Layered structure in fiber‐filled materials. (a) The fibers in...
Figure 22.4.2 Flow in a rectangular channel. The through‐thickness velocity ...
Figure 22.4.3 Radial flow in a constant‐height channel. (a) Symmetric radial...
Figure 22.4.4 Micrographs showing through‐thickness fiber orientation in a 3...
Figure 22.4.5 Micrographs of the failure surface of a 6.1‐mm thick flow‐dire...
Figure 22.4.6 Variations of the flow‐direction and cross‐flow direction tens...
Figure 22.5.1 Nonhomogeneous bar of breadth
b
and depth
d
.
(a) Coordinate sy...
Figure 22.5.2 Bending of a nonhomogeneous bar of breadth
b
and depth
d
in th...
Figure 22.5.3 Bending of a nonhomogeneous bar of breadth
b
and depth
d
in th...
Figure 22.6.1 Layout of twelve 12.7‐mm segments on ten 12.7‐mm wide rectangu...
Figure 22.6.2 Layout of eight 12.7‐mm segments on twelve 12.7‐mm wide rectan...
Figure 22.6.3 Flow‐direction tensile moduli of two
152×203×6.1‐mm
...
Figure 22.6.4 Cross‐flow direction tensile moduli of two
152×203×6.1‐mm
...
Figure 22.6.5 Contours showing variations of tensile moduli in
152×203×6.1‐m
...
Figure 22.6.6 Contours showing variations of tensile moduli in
152×203×1.9‐m
...
Figure 22.6.7 Contours of the flow‐ (Figure 22.6.7a,c) and cross‐flow (Figur...
Figure 22.6.8 Summary of flow‐direction tensile moduli of 1.9‐, 3‐, and 6.1‐...
Figure 22.6.9 Summary of cross‐flow direction tensile moduli of 1.9‐ and 6.1...
Figure 22.6.10 Layout of 18 12.7‐mm segments on five 12.7‐mm wide rectangula...
Figure 22.6.11 Summary of flow‐direction tensile moduli of
76×279×3.05‐mm
...
Figure 22.6.12 Layout of five 19.1‐mm wide rectangular strips cut in the flo...
Figure 22.6.13 Layout of six 19.1‐mm wide rectangular strips cut in the cros...
Figure 22.6.14 Layout of 10 12.7‐mm wide rectangular strips cut in the flow ...
Figure 22.6.15 Layout of 12 12.7‐mm wide rectangular strips cut in the cross...
Figure 22.6.16 Typical stress‐strain curves for tensile tests on flow‐ and c...
Figure 22.6.17 Flow and cross‐flow direction mechanical properties of inject...
Figure 22.6.18 Distributions of the flow and cross‐flow direction flexural m...
Figure 22.6.19 Distributions of the flow and cross‐flow direction flexural s...
Figure 22.6.20 Layout of six 12.7‐mm wide rectangular strips cut at 45° to t...
Figure 22.6.21 Typical load‐displacement curves for flexural tests on 12.7‐m...
Figure 22.6.22 Comparison of the summaries of the flow‐direction tensile mod...
Figure 22.6.23 Comparison of the summaries of the cross‐flow‐direction tensi...
Figure 22.6.24 Comparison of the cross‐flow‐direction tensile moduli in
152×
...
Figure 22.6.25 Comparison of the cross‐flow‐direction tensile moduli in
152×
...
Figure 22.7.1 Layout of six 19.1‐mm (0.75‐in‐) wide rectangular bars cut in ...
Figure 22.7.2 Layout of eight 19.1‐mm (0.75‐in) wide rectangular bars cut in...
Figure 22.7.3 Layout of 8 flow and 12 cross‐flow 12.7‐mm (0.5‐in) wide recta...
Figure 22.7.4 Layout of 12 19.1‐mm (0.75‐in) wide by 101.6‐mm (4‐in) long ba...
Figure 22.7.5 Layout of six 19.1‐mm (0.75‐in) wide by 101.6‐mm (4‐in) long b...
Figure 22.7.6 Layout of eight 12.7‐mm wide bars cut in the flow direction fr...
Figure 22.7.7 Layout of 12 12.7‐mm wide bars cut in the cross‐flow direction...
Figure 22.7.8 Contours of the flow‐ (Figures 22.7.8a,c) and cross‐flow (Figu...
Figure 22.7.9 Average tensile (Figure 22.7.9a) and flexural (Figure 22.7.9b)...
Figure 22.8.1 Fiber orientation described by an orientation vector or by ori...
Figure 22.8.2 Two‐dimensional fiber orientation described by an orientation ...
Figure 22.8.3 Variations of the two‐dimensional fiber orientation distributi...
Figure 22.8.4 Fiber cross section on a polished surface of a sample showing ...
Figure 22.8.5 Fiber section spanning a sample thickness
t
.
The projected len...
Figure 22.8.6 (a) Micrograph of specimen cut next to the sprue. (b) Through‐...
Figure 22.8.7 (a) Micrograph of specimen cut from
x
=8 mm.
(b) Throu...
Figure 22.8.8 (a) Micrograph of specimen cut from
x
=32 mm.
(b) Thro...
Figure 22.8.9 (a) Micrograph of specimen cut from
x
=72 mm.
(b) Thro...
Figure 22.8.10 Micrographs of specimens cut from the same location,
x=72 mm,
...
Figure 22.8.11 Variation of the fiber angle versus the total strain in simpl...
Figure 22.8.12 Variations of the fiber rotation period multiplied by the she...
Figure 22.8.13 Variation of the fiber angle versus the total strain in elong...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1.1 Printer housing made of a modified PPO structural foam.
Figure 23.1.2 Fracture surface showing internal morphology of a modified PPO...
Figure 23.3.1 Foam bar of breadth
b
and depth
d
.
(a) Coordinate system. (b) ...
Figure 23.3.2 Bending of a foam bar of breadth
b
and depth
d
due to a bendin...
Figure 23.3.3 Bending of a foam bar of breadth
b
and depth
d
due to a bendin...
Figure 23.3.4 Cross section of a thin‐walled T‐beam.
Figure 23.4.1 Thin‐walled beam of arbitrary cross section. The coordinates
n
Figure 23.4.2 Cross section of a thin‐walled rectangular beam.
Figure 23.4.3 Two rectangular nonhomogeneous beams, for each of which
EB=1.5
...
Figure 23.4.4 Cross section of a thin‐walled I‐beam.
Figure 23.5.1 Model for the variation of the Young's modulus across the plat...
Figure 23.5.2 Variations of
E
s
/
E
TR
and
E
c
/
E
TR
versus
η
0
,
with
m=EBR/ETR
...
Figure 23.5.3 Variation of
β
=
E
c
/
E
s
versus
η
0
,
with
m=EBR/ETR
...
Figure 23.5.4 Variation of
E
BR
/
E
TR
versus
η
0
,
with
β
=
E
c
/
E
s
as ...
Figure 23.6.1 Cross‐sectional morphologies of 12.7‐mm wide M‐PPO‐SF bars. (a...
Figure 23.6.2 Layout of eighteen
19×152.5‐mm
(
0.75×6‐in
...
Figure 23.6.3 Variations of the average local density, and the bending and t...
Figure 23.6.4 Variations of the average local density, and the bending and t...
Figure 23.6.5 Variations of the average local density and the ultimate stres...
Figure 23.6.6 Variations of the average local density and the ultimate strai...
Figure 23.6.7 Load‐strain curves for specimen numbers 8, 10, and 14 cut from...
Figure 23.6.8 Variations of the average local density and the ultimate stres...
Figure 23.6.9 Variations of the average local density and the ultimate strai...
Figure 23.6.10 Load‐strain curves for specimen numbers 4, 14, and 17 cut fro...
Figure 23.6.11 Nondimensional bending and tensile moduli of 5 and 15% densit...
Figure 23.6.12 Nondimensional ultimate stress and strain to failure of 5 and...
Figure 23.6.15 Comparison of the average local density and the ultimate stre...
Figure 23.6.13 Comparison of the average local density and the elastic modul...
Figure 23.6.14 Comparison of the average local density and the elastic modul...
Figure 23.6.16 Comparison of the average local density and the ultimate stre...
Figure 23.6.17 Comparison of the average local density and the ultimate stra...
Figure 23.6.18 Comparison of the average local density and the ultimate stra...
Figure 23.7.1 Layout of eight
12.7×406.4‐mm
specimens cut from
15
...
Figure 23.7.2 Density and tensile modulus contours for
101.6×304.8‐mm
...
Figure 23.7.3 Variations in the morphology of a 6.35‐mm thick GF‐PC structur...
Figure 23.8.1 Average local tensile modulus versus the local foam density fo...
Figure 23.8.2 Average local tensile modulus versus the local foam density fo...
Figure 23.10.1 Geometry for the torsion of a prismatic bar.
Figure 23.10.2 Cross section of a thin rectangular bar.
Figure 23.10.3 Forces on an element of a thin‐walled tube subjected to torsi...
Figure 23.10.4 Torque due to shear stresses in a thin‐walled tube.
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1.1 Thermostamped GMT load‐floor (trunk liner) for a small station...
Figure 24.2.1 Radiographs showing the random distribution of continuous glas...
Figure 24.2.2 Radiographs showing the random distribution of continuous glas...
Figure 24.2.3 Radiographs showing the random distribution of continuous glas...
Figure 24.3.1 Layout of 12.7‐mm wide specimens cut from a
230×405‐mm
...
Figure 24.3.2 Configurations of extensometer for measuring longitudinal stra...
Figure 24.4.1 Geometry for the extension of a nonhomogeneous rectangular bar...
Figure 24.4.2 Geometry for the bending of a nonhomogeneous beam in a three‐p...
Figure 24.5.1 Model for sinusoidal variation of the tensile modulus.
Figure 24.5.2 Variation of the normalized tensile modulus
E
T
/
E
0
with the nor...
Figure 24.5.3 Variation of the normalized tensile modulus
E
T
/
E
0
with the nor...
Figure 24.5.4 Variation of the normalized tensile modulus
E
T
/
E
0
with the pha...
Figure 24.5.5 Variation of the normalized bending modulus
E
B
/
E
0
with the nor...
Figure 24.5.6 Variation of the normalized bending modulus
E
B
/
E
0
with the nor...
Figure 24.5.7 Variation of the normalized bending modulus
E
B
/
E
0
with the pha...
Figure 24.5.8 Variations of
E
T
/
E
0
and
E
B
/
E
0
versus
n
,
for
e
0
=0.5
and
ψ0=
...
Figure 24.5.9 Variations of
E
T
/
E
0
versus segment number, for
e
0
=0.5
and
Figure 24.5.10 Variations of
E
T
/
E
0
versus segment number, for
e
0
=0.5
and...
Figure 24.5.11 Parameters defining the material model with a rectangular wav...
Figure 24.5.12 Variations of the normalized tensile modulus
E
T
/
E
0
versus the...
Figure 24.5.13 Variations of the normalized bending modulus
E
B
/
E
0
versus the...
Figure 24.5.14 Variations of the normalized tensile modulus
E
B
/
E
0
versus the...
Figure 24.6.1 Layout of 22 12.7‐mm wide specimens cut from a
230×405‐mm
...
Figure 24.6.2 Variations of the tensile modulus with density. (a) Left tensi...
Figure 24.6.3 Contours of (a) the density
ρ
,
and (b) the mean modulus
E
...
Figure 24.7.1 Layout of seven 292‐mm gauge‐length, machine‐direction dog‐bon...
Figure 24.7.2 Layout of 16 114‐mm gauge‐length, cross‐machine direction dog‐...
Figure 24.7.3 Variations of the machine‐direction Young's moduli
E
L,
E
R,
and
Figure 24.7.4 Contours of the machine‐direction Young's modulus
E
A
over a
13
...
Figure 24.7.5 Stress‐strain curves for regions having the highest (solid lin...
Figure 24.7.6 Variations of the cross‐machine‐direction Young's moduli
E
L,
ER
...
Figure 24.7.7 Contours of the cross‐machine‐direction Young's modulus
E
A
ove...
