Introduction to Thermo-Fluids Systems Design E-Book

André Garcia McDonald

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 419

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

A fully comprehensive guide to thermal systems design covering fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, heat transfer and thermodynamic power cycles

Bridging the gap between the fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and thermodynamics, and the practical design of thermo-fluids components and systems, this textbook focuses on the design of internal fluid flow systems, coiled heat exchangers and performance analysis of power plant systems. The topics are arranged so that each builds upon the previous chapter to convey to the reader that topics are not stand-alone items during the design process, and that they all must come together to produce a successful design.

Because the complete design or modification of modern equipment and systems requires knowledge of current industry practices, the authors highlight the use of manufacturer’s catalogs to select equipment, and practical examples are included throughout to give readers an exhaustive illustration of the fundamental aspects of the design process.

Key Features:

• Demonstrates how industrial equipment and systems are designed, covering the underlying theory and practical application of thermo-fluid system design
• Practical rules-of-thumb are included in the text as ‘Practical Notes’ to underline their importance in current practice and provide additional information
• Includes an instructor’s manual hosted on the book’s companion website

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Practical Notes

List of Conversion Factors

Chapter 1: Design of Thermo-Fluids Systems

1.1 Engineering Design—Definition

1.2 Types of Design in Thermo-Fluid Science

1.3 Difference between Design and Analysis

1.4 Classification of Design

1.5 General Steps in Design

1.6 Abridged Steps in the Design Process

Chapter 2: Air Distribution Systems

2.1 Fluid Mechanics—A Brief Review

2.2 Air Duct Sizing—Special Design Considerations

2.3 Minor Head Loss in a Run of Pipe or Duct

2.4 Minor Losses in the Design of Air Duct Systems—Equal Friction Method

2.5 Fans—Brief Overview and Selection Procedures

2.6 Design for Advanced Technology—Small Duct High-Velocity (SDHV) Air Distribution Systems

References and Further Reading

Chapter 3: Liquid Piping Systems

3.1 Liquid Piping Systems

3.2 Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems

3.3 Sizing Liquid Piping Systems

3.4 Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching

3.5 Design of Piping Systems Complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps

Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design

4.1 Definition and Requirements

4.2 Types of Heat Exchangers

4.3 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

4.4 The Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients—Forced Convection

4.5 Heat Exchanger Analysis

4.6 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis: Part 1

4.7 Heat Exchanger Design and Performance Analysis: Part 2

4.8 Manufacturer's Catalog Sheets for Heat Exchanger Selection

Chapter 5: Applications of Heat Exchangers in Systems

5.1 Operation of a Heat Exchanger in a Plasma Spraying System

5.2 Components and General Operation of a Hot Water Heating System

5.3 Boilers for Water

5.4 Design of Hydronic Heating Systems c/w Baseboards or Finned-Tube Heaters

5.5 Design Considerations for Hot Water Heating Systems

References and Further Reading

Chapter 6: Performance Analysis of Power Plant Systems

6.1 Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review

6.2 Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations

6.3 Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines

6.4 Closed Feedwater Heaters (Surface Heaters)

6.5 The Steam Turbine

6.6 Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams

6.7 Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations

6.8 Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants

6.9 Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems

6.10 Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems

References and Further Reading

Appendix A: Pipe and Duct Systems

Appendix B: Symbols for Drawings

Appendix C: Heat Exchanger Design

Appendix D: Design Project— Possible Solution

D.1 Fuel Oil Piping System Design

Appendix E: Applicable Standards and Codes

Appendix F: Equipment Manufacturers

Appendix G: General Design Checklists

G.1 Air and Exhaust Duct Systems

G.2 Liquid Piping Systems

G.3 Heat Exchangers, Boilers, and Water Heaters

Index

This edition first published 2012. © 2012 André G. McDonald and Hugh L. Magande.

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DISCLAIMER

The contents of this textbook are meant to supply information on the design of thermo-fluids systems. The book is not meant to be the sole resource used in any design project. The examples and solutions presented are not to be construed as complete engineered design solutions for any particular problem or project. The authors and publisher are not attempting to render any type of engineering or other professional services. Should these services be required, an appropriate professional engineer should be consulted. The authors and publisher assume no liability or responsibility for any uses made of the material contained and described herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

McDonald, Andre G. Introduction to thermo-fluids systems design / Andre G. McDonald, Ph. D., P. Eng., Hugh L. Magande, M.B.A., M.S.E.M. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-31363-3 (cloth) 1. Heat exchangers–Fluid dynamics. 2. Fluids–Thermal properties. I. Magande, Hugh L. II. Title. TJ263.M38 2013 621.402′2–dc23 2012023753

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118313633

Preface

Design courses and projects in contemporary undergraduate curricula have focused mainly on topics in solid mechanics. This has left graduating junior engineers with limited knowledge and experience in the design of components and systems in the thermo-fluids sciences. ABB Automation in their handbook on Energy Efficient Design of Auxiliary Systems in Fossil-Fuel Power Plants has mentioned that this lack of training in thermo-fluids systems design will limit our ability to produce high-performance systems. This deficiency in contemporary undergraduate curricula has resulted in an urgent need for course materials that underline the application of fundamental concepts in the design of thermo-fluids components and systems.

Owing to the urgent need for course materials in this area, this textbook has been developed to bridge the gap between the fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and thermodynamics and the practical design of thermo-fluids components and systems. To achieve this goal, this textbook is focused on the design of internal fluid flow systems, coiled heat exchangers, and performance analysis of power plant systems. This requires prerequisite knowledge of internal fluid flow, conduction heat transfer, convection heat transfer with emphasis on forced convection in tubes and over cylinders, analysis of constant area fins, and thermodynamic power cycles, in particular, the Rankine and Brayton cycles. The fundamental concepts are used as tools in an exhaustive design process to solve various practical problems presented in the examples. For junior design engineers with limited practical experience, use of fundamental concepts of which they have previous knowledge will help them to increase their confidence and decision-making capabilities.

The complete design or modification of modern equipment and systems will require knowledge of current industry practices. While relying on and demonstrating the application of fundamental principles, this textbook highlights the use of manufacturers' catalogs to select equipment and practical rules to guide decision-making in the design process. Some of these practical rules are included in the text as Practical Notes, to underline their importance in current practice and provide additional information. While great emphasis is placed upon the use of these rules, an effort was made to ensure that the reader understands the fundamental concepts that support these guidelines. It is strongly believed that this will also enable the design engineer to make quick and accurate decisions in situations where the guidelines may not be applicable.

The topics covered in the text are arranged so that each topic builds on the previous concepts. It is important to convey to the reader that, in the design process, topics are not stand-alone items and they must come together to produce a successful design. There are three main topical areas, arranged in six chapters.

Introductory material on the design process is presented in Chapter 1. Since the book focuses on the detailed, technical design of thermo-fluids components and systems, the chapter ends with an abridged version of the full design process.

Chapters 2 and 3 deal with the design of air duct and liquid piping systems, respectively. It is in these initial chapters that a brief review of internal fluid flow is presented. System layout, component sizing, and equipment selection are also covered.

An introduction to heat exchanger design and analysis is presented in Chapter 4. This chapter presents the most fundamental material in the textbook. Extensive charts are used to design and analyze the performance of bare-tube and finned-tube coiled heat exchangers. The chapter ends with a description of excerpts from a manufacturer's catalog used to select heating coil models that are used in high-velocity duct systems.

Chapter 5 continues the discussion of heat exchangers by focusing on the sizing and selection of various heat exchangers such as boilers, water heaters, and finned-tube baseboard heaters. Various rules and data are presented to guide the selection and design process.

Chapter 6 focuses on the analysis of power plant systems. Here, the reader is introduced to a review of thermodynamic power cycles and various practical considerations in the analysis of steam-turbine and gas-turbine power generation systems. Combined-cycle systems and waste heat recovery boilers are also presented.

There are seven Appendices at the end of this book. They contain a wide variety of charts, tables, and catalog sheets that the design engineer will find useful during practice. Also included in the appendices are: a possible solution of a design project, the names of organizations that provide applicable codes and standards, and the names of some manufacturers and suppliers of equipment used in thermo-fluids systems.

The writing of this textbook was inspired, in part, by the difficulty to find appropriate textbooks that presented a detailed practical approach to the design of thermo-fluids components and systems in industrial environments. It is hoped that the readers and design engineers, in particular, will find it useful in practice as a reference during design projects and analysis.

The authors have made no effort to claim complete originality of the text. We have been motivated by the work of many others that have been appropriately referenced throughout the textbook.

While we feel that this textbook will be a valuable resource for design engineers in industry, it is offered as a guide, and as such, judgement is required when using the text to design systems or for application to specific installations. The authors and the publisher are not responsible for any uses made of this text.

We express our deepest gratitude to and acknowledge the advice, critiques, and suggestions that we received from, our advisory committee of professors, professional engineers, and students. These individuals include Dr. Roger Toogood, P. Eng.; Mr. Mark Ackerman, P. Eng.; Mr. Curt Stout, P. Eng.; Dr. Larry Kostiuk, P. Eng.; Mr. Dave DeJong, P. Eng.; Mr. Michael Ross; and Mr. David Therrien.

A.G. McDonald H.L. Magande

List of Tables

2.1Maximum duct velocities2.2Typical values of component pressure losses [9]2.3Maximum supply duct velocities2.4Sound data during airflow through a rectangular elbow2.5Maximum main duct air velocities for acoustic design criteria2.6Acoustic design criteria for unoccupied spaces [21]3.1Typical average velocities for selected pipe flows3.2Pipe data for copper and steel3.3Hanger spacing for straight stationary pipes and tubes [1]3.4Minimum hanger rod size for straight stationary pipes and tubes [1]4.1Values of the overall heat transfer coefficient (US)4.2Values of the overall heat transfer coefficient (SI)4.3Representative fouling factors in heat exchangers4.4Nusselt numbers and friction factors for fully developed laminar flow in tubes of various cross sections: constant surface temperature and surface heat flux [3]4.5Effectiveness relations for heat exchangers5.1Minimum recovery rates and minimum usable storage capacities5.2Approximate heating value of fuels5.3Baseboard heater rated outputs at 1 gpm water flow rate5.4“Front outlet” finned-tube heater ratings for Trane heaters5.5Flow rate correction factors for water velocities less than 3 fps5.6Temperature correction factors for hot water ratings6.1Pressure drops at the gas-turbine plant inlet and exhaust [1]6.2Common steam conditions for waste heat recovery boilers [1]A.1Average roughness of commercial pipesA.2Correlation equations for friction factorsA.3Circular equivalents of rectangular ducts for equal friction and capacityA.4Approximate equivalent lengths for selected fittings in circular DuctsA.5Approximate equivalent lengths for elbows in ductsA.6Data for copper pipesA.7Data for schedule 40 steel pipesA.8Data for schedule 80 steel pipesA.9Data for class 150 cast iron pipesA.10Data for glass pipesA.11Data for PVC plastic pipesA.12Typical average velocities for selected pipe flowsaA.13Erosion limits: maximum design fluid velocities for water flow in small tubesA.14Loss coefficients for pipe fittingsA.15Typical pipe data formatA.16Typical pump schedule formatB.1Airmoving devices and ductwork symbolsB.2Piping symbolsB.3Symbols for piping specialitiesB.4Additional/alternate valve symbolsB.5FittingsB.6Radiant Panel SymbolsC.1Representative values of the overall heat transfer coefficients (US)C.2Representative values of the overall heat transfer coefficients (SI)C.3Representative fouling factors in heat exchangers

List of Practical Notes

2.1Total Static Pressure Available at a Plenum or Produced by a Fan2.2Diffuser Discharge Air Volume Flow Rates in SDHV Systems3.1Link Seals3.2Piping Systems Containing Air3.3Higher Pipe Friction Losses and Velocities3.4Piping System Supported by Brackets3.5Manufacturers' Pump Performance Curves3.6“To-the-point” Design3.7Oversizing Pumps3.8NPSH3.9Bypass Lines3.10Regulation and Control of Flow Rate across a Pump3.11In-Line and Base-Mounted Pumps3.12Flanged or Screwed Pipe Fittings?