Kitchen and Bath Design Principles E-Book

Nancy Wolford

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: NKBA Professional Resource Library
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 246

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The industry standard, full-color guide to practical kitchen and bath design

Kitchen and Bath Design Principles is The National Kitchen and Bath Association's complete guide to uniting function and style in these important rooms. This full-color guide is heavily illustrated, with a revised layout and graphic design that presents information more clearly for visual learners. The updated second edition has been expanded to adhere more closely to the standards of interior design, including new information on unity, proportion, scale, and variety, plus a new glossary to clarify unfamiliar terms. Stylistic themes remain a major component, with emphasis on the architecture, furniture, styles, and fashions of each era, and all technical and aesthetic information is presented in clear, concise language. The companion website features a teacher's guide and image bank that facilitate use in the classroom, providing additional examples of design principles in action.

The National Kitchen and Bath Association established the standard guidelines for safe and effective kitchen and bath design, and this book is the complete guide to incorporating code and aesthetics from the very beginning. Function is just as important as style in these rooms, so Kitchen and Bath Design Principles teaches readers to:

• Apply the elements and principles of design to real-life situations
• Discover how best to apply the tools of design in daily business practice
• Explore the global and cultural influences reflected in popular stylistic themes
• Translate the aesthetics of an era into a workable theme for a kitchen or bath

To best serve clients, designers must learn to meet all codes, regulations, and expectations with a balance of substance and style. Kitchen and Bath Design Principles is the industry standard reference, from the industry-leading provider of kitchen and bath design education.

Leseprobe

KITCHEN & BATH DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Elements, Form, Styles

Second Edition

Nancy L. Wolford, PhD

Ellen Cheever, CMKBD, ASID, CAPS

Cover image: Kitchen design by Brigitte C. Fabi, CMKBD. Photo by Eric Hausman Bathroom design by Lilley E. Yee, CMKBD, CID, ASID. Photo Copyright Dean J. Birinyi, ASMP

Cover design: Wiley

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.

For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Wolford, Nancy L. Kitchen & bath design principles : elements, form, styles / Nancy L. Wolford, Ellen Cheever. — Second Edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-71568-0 (cloth); 978-1-118-71564-2 (ebk.); 978-1-118-71565-9 (ebk.) 1. Kitchens. 2. Bathrooms. I. Cheever, Ellen. II. Title. III. Title: Kitchen and bath design principles. NK2117.K5W65 2014 747.7'8—dc23

2014034571

Sponsors

The National Kitchen & Bath Association recognizes with gratitude Delta Faucet Company, whose generous contribution supported the development of this second edition of Design Principles.

GOLD SPONSOR

DELTA FAUCET COMPANY

About the National Kitchen & Bath Association

The National Kitchen & Bath Association (NKBA) is the only nonprofit trade association dedicated exclusively to the kitchen and bath industry and is the leading source of information and education for professionals in the field. Fifty years after its inception, the NKBA has a membership of more than 55,000 and is the proud owner of the Kitchen & Bath Industry Show (KBIS).

The NKBA's mission is to enhance member success and excellence, promote professionalism and ethical business practices, and provide leadership and direction for the kitchen and bath industry worldwide.

The NKBA has pioneered innovative industry research, developed effective business management tools, and set groundbreaking design standards for safe, functional, and comfortable kitchens and baths.

Recognized as the kitchen and bath industry's leader in learning and professional development, the NKBA offers professionals of all levels of experience essential reference materials, conferences, virtual learning opportunities, marketing assistance, design competitions, consumer referrals, internships, and opportunities to serve in leadership positions.

The NKBA's internationally recognized certification program provides professionals the opportunity to demonstrate knowledge and excellence as Associate Kitchen & Bath Designer (AKBD), Certified Kitchen Designer (CKD), Certified Bath Designer (CBD), and Certified Master Kitchen & Bath Designer (CMKBD).

For students entering the industry, the NKBA offers Accredited and Supported Programs, which provide NKBA-approved curriculum at more than 60 learning institutions throughout the United States and Canada.

For consumers, the NKBA showcases award-winning designs and provides information on remodeling, green design, safety, and more at NKBA.org. The NKBA Pro Search tool helps consumers locate kitchen and bath professionals in their area.

The NKBA offers membership in 11 different industry segments: dealers, designers, manufacturers and suppliers, multi-branch retailers and home centers, decorative plumbing and hardware, manufacturer's representatives, builders and remodelers, installers, fabricators, cabinet shops, and distributors. For more information, visit NKBA.org.

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: A Brief History of Kitchen and Bathroom Design

A Brief History of the Kitchen

A Brief History of the Bathroom

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 2: Basics of Design: Creating Customized Design

Skill Is the Executor of a Design Program

Personalizing the Design

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 3: Elements of Design

Line

Shape

Identifying Pattern Preferences

Space

Form

Texture

Color

Light

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 4: Principles of Design

Balance

Rhythm

Scale and Proportion

Emphasis: The Focal Point

Harmony/Unity

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 5: Historic Style Influences to the Late Nineteenth Century

Establishing a Historic Theme for a Kitchen or Bathroom Project

Ancient/Classical Period

Middle Ages/Gothic Period

Renaissance

Baroque Period

Rococo and French Provincial/Country Periods

Georgian Period

American Country (or Rustic) Styles

Neoclassic Styles

Victorian Period and the Rise of Industrialization

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 6: Historic Style Influences: Late Nineteenth Century and Beyond

Arts and Crafts

Art Nouveau

Art Deco

Bauhaus (International Modern)

Scandinavian Modern

Midcentury Modern

Italian and European Modern Postwar Influences, Urban Contemporary

Postmodern

Twenty-First Century and Beyond

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 7: Other Theme Design Influences and Eclectic Design

Far East

Eclectic Design

Summary

Review Questions

Appendix A: Theme/Historic Styles Compatibility

Appendix B: Historical Terminology and Themes

Types of Historic Design Projects

Resources

Dictionaries of Interior Design

Historic Architecture, Interiors, and Furniture

Renovation, Preservation, and Restoration

Historic and Global Color

Selected Websites

Index

Advert

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Historical kitchen

Figure 1.2 1940s kitchen

Figure 1.3 1960s kitchen Courtesy of Sub Zero

Figure 1.4 Great room/kitchen design concept introduced in the 1970s

Figure 1.5 Traditional 1990s kitchen

Figure 1.6 Outdoor kitchen

Figure 1.7 Contemporary European-influenced kitchen

Figure 1.8 Historical bathroom, early twentieth century

Figure 1.9 Historical bathroom, 1920s, introducing color

Figure 1.10 1929 MMA bathroom exhibit by Kohler Courtesy of Kohler Company

Figure 1.11 1940s historical bathroom ad

Figure 1.12 1950s spruce green bathroom ad

Figure 1.13 1960s bathroom ad

Figure 1.14 1970s avocado bathroom fixtures ad

Figure 1.15 Bathroom from today

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The basics of beauty: A setting created by designer Oscar Shamaniam, titled

Le Bain Parc Monseau

, at the Kohler Design Center

Figure 2.2 A unified kitchen

Figure 2.3 A unified bathroom

Figure 2.4 Highly stylized traditional kitchen

Figure 2.5 Highly stylized traditional bathroom

Figure 2.6 A timeless design—kitchen

Figure 2.7 A timeless design—bathroom

Figure 2.8 A timeless look with punch—kitchen

Figure 2.9 A timeless look with punch—bathroom

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Kitchen featuring predominantly horizontal lines

Figure 3.2 Bathroom featuring predominantly horizontal lines

Figure 3.3 Kitchen featuring predominantly vertical lines

Figure 3.4 Bathroom featuring predominantly vertical lines

Figure 3.5 Kitchen featuring curved lines

Figure 3.6 Bathroom featuring curved lines

Figure 3.7 Kitchen featuring diagonal lines

Figure 3.8 Backsplash featuring diagonal lines

Figure 3.9 Bathroom featuring diagonal lines

Figure 3.10 Combining lines in a kitchen

Figure 3.11 Combining lines in a bathroom

Figure 3.12 Kitchen designed with predominantly rectangular shapes

Figure 3.13 Bathroom designed with predominantly rectangular shapes

Figure 3.14 Kitchen designed with square shapes

Figure 3.15 Bathroom designed with square shapes

Figure 3.16 Kitchen designed with diagonal and angled shapes

Figure 3.17 Bathroom designed with diagonal and angled shapes

Figure 3.18 Kitchen designed with triangular shapes

Figure 3.19 Bathroom designed with triangular shapes

Figure 3.20 Kitchen designed with curved and circular shapes

Figure 3.21 Bathroom designed with curved and circular shapes

Figure 3.22 Kitchen with structural pattern

Figure 3.23 Bathroom with structural pattern

Figure 3.24 Kitchen with naturalistic pattern

Figure 3.25 Bathroom with naturalistic pattern

Figure 3.26 Kitchen with stylized pattern

Figure 3.27 Bathroom with stylized pattern

Figure 3.28 Kitchen with geometric pattern

Figure 3.29 Bathroom with geometric pattern

Figure 3.30 Kitchen with abstract pattern

Figure 3.31 Bathroom with abstract pattern

Figure 3.32 Kitchen using multiple patterns

Figure 3.33 Kitchen with a pyramid form. The center cabinet over the sink is raised above the adjacent wall units, creating a pyramid shape.

Figure 3.34 Bathroom with a pyramid form. The center cabinet is raised above the adjacent tile back splashes, creating a pyramid shape.

Figure 3.35 Kitchen with an H form. By dropping the wall cabinets suspended between the two tall built-in appliance elements, an H shape is created.

Figure 3.36 Bathroom with an H form. The lower window between the taller wall cabinets and tile pattern creates the H shape.

Figure 3.37 Create a stepladder-form kitchen. The cabinetry over the sink creates a stepladder or staircase form on each side within the design.

Figure 3.38 Guest house entertainment area with rough textures

Figure 3.39 Bathroom with rough textures

Figure 3.40 Kitchen with smooth textures

Figure 3.41 Bathroom with smooth textures

Figure 3.42 Kitchen combining smooth and rough textures

Figure 3.43 Bathroom combining smooth and rough textures

Figure 3.44 Color wheel

Figure 3.45 Three categories of hues on the color wheel

Figure 3.46 Three-dimensional color wheel reflecting each hue’s chroma and value

Figure 3.47 Chroma scale for the color yellow

Figure 3.48 Value scale for red

Figure 3.49 Kitchen with a monochromatic color scheme

Figure 3.50 Bathroom with a monochromatic color scheme

Figure 3.51 Kitchen with warm analogous color scheme

Figure 3.52 Bathroom with warm analogous color scheme

Figure 3.53 Kitchen with cool analogous color scheme

Figure 3.54 Bathroom with cool analogous color scheme

Figure 3.55 Kitchen with triad color scheme

Figure 3.56 Bathroom with triad color scheme

Figure 3.57 Kitchen with a complementary color scheme

Figure 3.58 Bathroom with complementary color scheme

Figure 3.59 Kitchen with a neutral color scheme, white and black

Figure 3.60 Bathroom with a neutral color scheme, white, black, gray

Figure 3.61 Kitchen with a neutral color scheme, beiges and browns

Figure 3.62 Bathroom with a neutral color scheme, beiges and browns

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Kitchen designed with symmetrical balance

Figure 4.2 Bathroom designed with symmetrical balance

Figure 4.3 Kitchen designed with asymmetrical balance

Figure 4.4 Bathroom designed with asymmetrical balance

Figure 4.5 Entertainment area designed with radial balance

Figure 4.6 Bathroom designed with radial balance

Figure 4.7 Kitchen with rhythm created by repetitious design

Figure 4.8 Bathroom with rhythm created by repetitious design

Figure 4.9 Kitchen with rhythm created by alternation

Figure 4.10 Bathroom with rhythm created by alternation

Figure 4.11 Diagram of progressive rhythm

Figure 4.12 Kitchen with rhythm created by progression/gradation

Figure 4.13 Bathroom with rhythm created by progression/gradation

Figure 4.14 Appropriate scale in a kitchen

Figure 4.15 Appropriate scale in a bathroom

Figure 4.16 Kitchen with good proportions

Figure 4.17 Bathroom with good proportions

Figure 4.18 Area emphasis in a kitchen, the back splash/cooktop area

Figure 4.19 Area emphasis in a bathroom, the shoe display/storage

Figure 4.20 Theme emphasis—kitchen

Figure 4.21 Theme emphasis—bathroom

Figure 4.22 Kitchen with harmony/unity

Figure 4.23 Bathroom with harmony/unity

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Greek orders of architecture

Figure 5.2 Roman-inspired bathroom (Kohler, Archer collection tub)

Figure 5.3 Use of the egg-and-dart and Ionic capital motifs

Figure 5.4 Roman-inspired kitchen

Figure 5.5 Gothic arch application in cabinetry door

Figure 5.6 Gothic arch application in kitchen cabinetry

Figure 5.7 Mediterranean-style kitchen

Figure 5.8 English country-style Renaissance influenced kitchen

Figure 5.9 Tuscan-style kitchen

Figure 5.10 Baroque-influenced kitchen

Figure 5.11 Baroque-influenced bathroom

Figure 5.12 Rococo/ French provincial–inspired kitchen

Figure 5.13 Rococo/French provincial–inspired bathroom

Figure 5.14 Georgian-inspired kitchen

Figure 5.15 Georgian-inspired bathroom

Figure 5.16 American country/colonial–inspired kitchen

Figure 5.17 American country/colonial–inspired bathroom

Figure 5.18 Kitchen cabinetry with open shelving and simple cabinetry influenced by the Shaker style

Figure 5.19 Bathroom vanity storage cabinetry influenced by the Shaker style

Figure 5.20 Spanish Mission–inspired kitchen

Figure 5.21 Spanish Mission–inspired master bathroom

Figure 5.22 Neoclassic-inspired kitchen

Figure 5.23 Neoclassic-inspired bathroom

Figure 5.24 Swedish/Scandinavian Neoclassic-inspired kitchen

Figure 5.25 Swedish/Scandinavian Neoclassic-inspired bathroom

Figure 5.26 Biedermeier-inspired kitchen

Figure 5.27 Biedermeier-inspired bathroom

Figure 5.28 Victorian-style kitchen

Figure 5.29 Victorian-influenced bathroom vanity

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Arts and Crafts–inspired kitchen

Figure 6.2 Arts and Crafts–inspired bathroom

Figure 6.3 Art Nouveau–inspired kitchen

Figure 6.4 Art Nouveau–inspired bathroom

Figure 6.5 Art Deco–inspired black and white kitchen

Figure 6.6 Art Deco–influenced bathroom

Figure 6.7 Bauhaus–inspired kitchen

Figure 6.8 Bauhaus–inspired bathroom

Figure 6.9 Scandinavian modern–inspired kitchen

Figure 6.10 Scandinavian modern–inspired bathroom

Figure 6.11 1950s Kohler advertisement featuring color in kitchen fixtures

Figure 6.12 Midcentury modern–inspired kitchen

Figure 6.13 Midcentury modern–inspired bathroom

Figure 6.14 Italian/European modern kitchen

Figure 6.15 Italian/European modern bathroom

Figure 6.16 Postmodern-inspired kitchen

Figure 6.17 Postmodern-inspired bathroom

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Chinese-inspired kitchen

Figure 7.2 Chinese-inspired bathroom cabinet

Figure 7.3 Japanese-inspired kitchen

Figure 7.4 Japanese-inspired bathroom

Figure 7.5 Other cultural influences, Far East

Figure 7.6 Other cultural influences, Africa

Figure 7.7 Eclectic-style kitchen, vintage and contemporary combined

Figure 7.8 Eclectic-style bathroom, vintage and contemporary combined

Figure 7.9 Eclectic design—a new kitchen in a converted warehouse space

Figure 7.10 Artistic presentation of a collection—kitchen cabinetry display

Figure 7.11 An artistic presentation of a collection—bathroom display

Figure 7.12 Eclectic design—A cross-cultural mix of objects

Figure 7.13 Eclectic kitchen design—Signature element, art work display

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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Preface

Aesthetics and style in design are as important as functional space planning in kitchens and bathrooms.

Today, the consumer's definition of good design in residential kitchen and bathroom planning places equal importance on function, style, and beauty.

Consumers expect the kitchen and bathroom to look good as well as be functional. One aspect of the plan is not given up for the other.

Consumers pride themselves in planning their own kitchen or bathroom; however, they expect the kitchen/bath specialist to help them create a personalized, one-of-a-kind space.

Consumers who desire luxury products as well as those on a more modest budget are interested in good style and design. Their appreciation of style and design has grown from exposure to well-designed home products, including those created by recognized designers, artists, or home fashion experts in retail stores, on television decorating shows, and on the Internet.

To meet this professional challenge and provide design excellence, both experienced and novice designers need to expand their planning expertise to encompass the elements and principles of design as well as a variety of historical or specific cultural design trends and themes, often requested by today's clients. Doing this requires both academic study and the ability to think beyond the industry standard of covering the walls with well-engineered cabinets and specifying highly functional, well-made manufactured materials, fixtures, and appliances to create an aesthetically pleasing, creative, and personalized kitchen and/or bathroom.

The primary focus of this volume of the NKBA Professional Resource Library is on the planning of the physical appearance of the kitchen and bathroom. Included is a brief history of the design of kitchens and bathrooms (chapter 1) as well as some basics of creating a design, using skill and creativity to personalize designs for clients (chapter 2). It explains and details how to apply the academic elements (chapter 3) and principles (chapter 4) of design and selected historic and cultural style themes to specific kitchen and bathroom situations, enabling the designer to more clearly understand how to apply these tools of design to daily business practice. The historic and cultural style themes are presented as chronologically as possible. Those through and up to the end of the nineteenth century are discussed in chapter 5; those through the late nineteenth, through the twentieth and into the beginning of the twenty-first century in chapter 6, with selected cultural style themes presented in chapter 7. Although references to the design planning process, kitchen and bathroom layouts, types of equipment, and various materials are made, the major thrust of this volume is how the kitchen or bathroom visually presents itself to the customer using and enjoying the space. New and expanded illustrations of the application of each of these concepts to kitchens and bathrooms are included to enhance your knowledge and skill as a designer and serve as reference points and real-life examples to use when creating designs and working with clients.

For the design student and designers preparing for the AKBD Exam, this volume addresses the following selected competencies in the NKBA Body of Knowledge:

Body of Knowledge Competency: Design

Design Principles: Demonstrates knowledge of color theories and how color relates to space (chapter 3).

Design Principles: Demonstrates design solutions using the elements and principles of design to satisfy aesthetic criteria (chapters 3 and 4).

Kitchen Planning & Bath Planning: Demonstrates knowledge of kitchen and bath historical styles and shows awareness of current design trends (chapters 1, 5, 6, and 7).

Kitchen Planning & Bath Planning: Evaluates client needs and incorporates them in the design solution (chapters 2, 5, 6, and 7).

This volume also addresses the following selected CIDA Professional Standards 2014:

II. Interior Design: Critical Thinking, Professional Values, and Processes

Standard 2: Global Perspective for Design—Have a global view and weigh design decisions within the parameters of . . . cultural context) (chapter 7).

Standard 4: Design Process—Apply all aspects of the design process to creative problem solving . . . and generate creative solutions that optimize the human experience within the interior environment) (chapter 2).

III. Interior Design: Core Design and Technical Knowledge

Standard 8: History—Apply knowledge of interiors, architecture, decorative arts, and art within a historical and cultural context) (chapters 1, 5, and 6).

Standard 9: Space and Form—Apply elements and principles of two- and three-dimensional design (chapters 3 and 4).

Standard 10: Color—Apply color principles and theories (chapters 3 and 4).

There is an abundance of information included in this volume, meant to serve as a reference when working with clients. My hope is that it will increase and enhance your knowledge and skill as a designer. Enjoy design and creating those perfect kitchen and bathroom spaces for your clients, whatever the style or theme.

It was an honor to be asked to revise this volume, a culmination of more than 40 years of college teaching: interior design theory and history along with space planning and other interior design courses. These basic design concepts (elements and principles of design) are the backbone and building blocks of any designed space, including kitchens and bathrooms. The trend to restore, re-create, or create the feeling of a historical space to complement exterior architectural and interior style has increased in recent years, so much so that it became an integral part of my teaching in the history of interiors and space planning classes. Students have enjoyed the challenge of applying this historical and theme aspect to their design projects and have been inspirations. My thanks to them.

Many contributors made this book possible. Special thanks go to Johanna Baars, Publications Specialist at NKBA; Paul Drougas, Editor, and Michael New, Editorial Assistant at John Wiley & Sons; Ellen Cheever, CMKBD, ASID, author of the first edition; the designers whose projects illustrate the design elements, principles, themes, and styles; and the peer reviewers who provided useful comments and suggestions. Finally, special thanks to my husband and family for their encouragement, support, and patience throughout this process.

Acknowledgments

The NKBA gratefully acknowledges the following peer reviewers of this book:

Sharon L. Flatley, CMKBD, ASID

Geeta Kewalramani, CMKBD

Julie Myers, AKBD, ASID, NCIDQ

Arlynne Wolf, CKD (deceased)

1A Brief History of Kitchen and Bathroom Design

It is important for the kitchen and bath designer to understand the historical background of the design of the residential kitchen and bathroom in the United States and how it evolved. These spaces are often taken for granted as being primarily functional, necessary, and convenient rooms that have always been indoors, as they have been in most Western homes for a century or more. Fewer and fewer customers or designers can remember having or using primitive outdoor spaces for these functions, except when hiking or camping or in extremely remote areas. Therefore, giving thought to the actual design of these spaces is a relatively new concept, yet it is an opportunity for the expertise of the kitchen and bath designer.

Learning Objective 1: Describe the development and evolution of the design of the residential kitchen.

Learning Objective 2: Describe the development and evolution of the design of the residential bathroom.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE KITCHEN

For many centuries of recorded history, the kitchen was outside or in a separate building apart from the primary home to protect the family’s dwelling from fires. The kitchen eventually became attached to the dwelling but was considered by most to be strictly a separate functional work space rather than one that required designing, aesthetic considerations, or integration into the rest of the house. This was especially true for the wealthy, who often had staff handling the meal preparation and cleanup. Aesthetics, close or convenient location to eating/dining space, or ease of function were not considered, nor were they thought to be important. In Colonial America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and into the nineteenth century, the kitchen became more integrated into the home, more a center of family life with the open flame from the fireplace used to warm the home and family as well as prepare the food. The kitchen of the Rundlet-May House (1807) in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, features an enclosed fireplace—an early forerunner of the modern kitchen stove (see Figure 1.1.)

FIGURE 1.1 Historical kitchen

Courtesy of the Society of Preservation of New England Antiquities Photo by David Bohl

The idea of a well-planned, well-designed kitchen was first talked about in the 1920s when Hoosier cabinets were introduced by the Hoosier Company. Later, Cornell University and the US Department of Agriculture Research Station in Beltsville, Maryland, began research on functional kitchen planning. This research continued after World War II by the Small Homes Council of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. However, the room still remained primarily a workroom, where function (food preparation, storage, and cleanup), mass production of cabinetry, and ease of cleaning, rather than aesthetics or other uses, were the primary considerations (see Figure 1.2).

FIGURE 1.2 1940s kitchen

Courtesy of Kohler Company

Immediately following World War II, several leading midwestern and eastern US cabinet companies introduced color and more wood for cabinetry, which gradually was becoming built in, as well as decorative hardware and a variety of accent cabinet pieces. Built-in appliances and fixtures were introduced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in a myriad of styles and colors. These avant-garde kitchens were widely shown in high-fashion magazines, such as Town & Country and Vogue, as well as the many home design shelter publications that were popular and widely read by consumers (see Figure 1.3).

FIGURE 1.3 1960s kitchen

Courtesy of Sub Zero

In the 1970s, a new design concept was introduced in several well-respected shelter magazines—the great room. Walls were removed between the kitchen and adjacent living spaces, bringing the kitchen out of the strictly separate functional/work-oriented category, to become an integral part of the family public/social space. It also helped to make homes appear to be larger as some walls were removed. The concept of the great room brought mass appeal to the idea of a decorated kitchen—one that was attractive to look at as well as functional to work and entertain in and continues to be popular (see Figure 1.4).

FIGURE 1.4 Great room/kitchen design concept introduced in the 1970s

Design by Carol Swanson-Petterson, CKD; KB Cabinets, Millbrae, CA

The concept of an aesthetically pleasing kitchen (whether a separate space or part of the great room concept) grew in importance throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s as the English bespoke idea of an unfitted kitchen was coupled with consumer interest in highly stylized, traditionally influenced environments attempting to re-create the warmth of a sundrenched villa in Tuscany, a colonial cottage in New England, or the midcentury modern look. Architectural details from these historic or period settings became more and more popular for consumers planning kitchens that were becoming the center of activity in their homes. A traditional kitchen with Old World design details is still popular today (see Figure 1.5).

FIGURE 1.5 Traditional 1990s kitchen

Design by Bryan Reiss, CMKBD and Scott Stultz, codesigners Peter Deane and Kelly Stewart, CMKBD

The concept of a kitchen outdoors returned in the early 2000s, although it is quite different from the simple fire pits or crude adobe ovens of earlier times. This concept created a new wealth of design opportunities for the kitchen designer. The outdoor kitchens range from simple built-in barbecues to elaborate structures that are as extensive, complete, and well thought-out and designed as typical indoor kitchens (see Figure 1.6).

FIGURE 1.6 Outdoor kitchen

Courtesy of Lynx Grills, Inc.

The interest in such aesthetically pleasing spaces continues today. As a kitchen specialist, one may be asked to plan a room that has a European-influenced sleek, uncluttered, and sophisticated style; a mid-twentieth-century modern renovation, or one that is harmonious and calming, inspired by a Far Eastern interior. The designer’s ability to appropriately use the elements and principles of good design as well as understand historic and cultural themes will add great value to functional space planning solutions. Contemporary kitchens today combine convenience, function, and beauty. In the example shown in Figure 1.7, plain, simple cabinets are highlighted with sleek cabinet pulls. Relatively smooth and varied wood-grained countertops and stainless-steel appliances are contrasted with the rough-textured wall treatment.

FIGURE 1.7 Contemporary European-influenced kitchen

Design by German Brun, LEED, AP, codesigner Lizmarie Esparza; Den Architecture, Miami, FL Photo by Greg Clark

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BATHROOM