Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers E-Book

George J. Hochmuth

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 692

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers Authoritative and comprehensive go-to reference work for commercial vegetable growers around the world For more than 65 years, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers has provided generations of commercial growers with the most timely, accessible, and useful information available on the subject, containing key guidance on transplant production, planting rates and spacing, irrigation, fertilization, methods for controlling diseases, and insect pest identification, plus important information on topics such as composting, post-harvest storage and processing, genetically-engineered crops, organic growing, federal regulations and best management practices, environmentally friendly pest management, and food safety. To allow for convenient and efficient access to the enormous amount of data contained within, most of the information is presented in the form of tables and charts. The work goes above and beyond to provide everything a reader needs to know on the subject, even including a multilanguage vegetable dictionary. Now in its 6th edition, the work has been significantly expanded and modernized to cover key modern advancements in the industry, such as: * Computer-based crop monitoring technologies, robotic disease control and harvesting systems, and new protected-ag production systems (including vertical systems and indoor production) * New production systems pertaining to protected organic agriculture, soil moisture sensing, environmental monitoring, soil health, and soil conservation * New technologies, including satellite-based decision-making, robotics, and UAVs for increasing production efficiency * The various advances that have been made in food safety regulations, plus coverage of new invasive pests Part Farmer's Almanac, part encyclopedia, and part dictionary, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers serves as an invaluable asset for growers, students, and other industry professionals seeking an all-in-one reference for all of the questions they have on both holistic and specific facets of the commercial vegetable industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

PART 1: VEGETABLES AND THE VEGETABLE INDUSTRY

01 BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES AND COMMON NAMES OF VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES

02 EDIBLE FLOWERS

03 U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

04 CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES IN THE UNITED STATES

05 WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

06 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES

PART 2: VEGETABLE SEEDS

01 SEED LABELS

02 SEED GERMINATION TESTS

03 SEED GERMINATION STANDARDS

04 SEED PRODUCTION

GENERAL VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION RESOURCES

05 ORGANIC SEED PRODUCTION

ORGANIC VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION RESOURCES

06 SEED YIELDS

07 SEED STORAGE

08 SEED PRIMING

CONSIDERATIONS WITH PRIMED SEED

09 SEEDBORNE PATHOGENS AND HOT WATER SEED TREATMENT

10 VEGETABLE VARIETIES

WHO NAMES NEW VARIETIES?

WHAT'S IN A NAME

HYBRIDS

SYNONYMS‐VARIETIES WITH SEVERAL NAMES

IMPORTED SEED

TRADEMARKS

SUMMARY

SELECTION OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES

11 GENETICALLY‐ENGINEERED VEGETABLE VARIETIES

12 VEGETABLE SEED SOURCES

PART 3: SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION

01 TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION

02 PLANT GROWING CONTAINERS

03 SEEDS AND SEEDING

SEEDING SUGGESTIONS FOR GROWING TRANSPLANTS

04 TEMPERATURE AND TIME REQUIREMENTS

05 PLANT GROWING MIXES

SOILLESS MIXES FOR TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION

OTHER ADDITIONS/COMPONENTS

06 SOIL STERILIZATION

07 FERTILIZING AND IRRIGATING TRANSPLANTS

MONITORING NUTRIENT CONTENT IN TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION

IRRIGATION OF TRANSPLANTS

08 PLANT GROWING PROBLEMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR MINIMIZING DISEASES IN VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTS

CONTROLLING TRANSPLANT HEIGHT

09 CONDITIONING TRANSPLANTS

PRETRANSPLANT HANDLING OF CONTAINERIZED TRANSPLANTS

10 SHIPPING AND TRANSPORTATION OF TRANSPLANTS

11 GRAFTED TRANSPLANTS

12 ORGANIC TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION

13 ADDITIONAL TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION RESOURCES

PART 4: GREENHOUSE AND PROTECTED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

01 STRUCTURES

02 CULTURAL MANAGEMENT

GREENHOUSE DESIGN

SANITATION

MONITORING PESTS

SPACING

TEMPERATURE

PRUNING AND TYING

POLLINATION

ORGANIC PRODUCTION

03 CO

2

ENRICHMENT

CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT OF GREENHOUSE ATMOSPHERES

04 SOILLESS CULTURE

SOILLESS CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE VEGETABLES

05 NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS

NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS FOR SOILLESS CULTURE

SOME NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

06 TISSUE COMPOSITION

PART 5: FIELD PLANTING

01 TEMPERATURES FOR VEGETABLES

COOL‐SEASON AND WARM‐SEASON VEGETABLES CROPS

02 SCHEDULING SUCCESSIVE PLANTINGS

03 TIME REQUIRED FOR SEEDLING EMERGENCE

04 SEED REQUIREMENTS

05 PLANTING RATES FOR LARGE SEEDS

06 SPACING OF VEGETABLES

SPACING OF VEGETABLE CROPS AND PLANT POPULATIONS

07 PRECISION SEEDING

08 CONSERVATION TILLAGE AND NO‐TILL SYSTEMS

09 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

10 POLYETHYLENE AND DEGRADABLE MULCHES

CONVENTIONAL POLYETHYLENE MULCHES

BENEFITS OF MULCH

NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF MULCH

MULCH APPLICATION

DEGRADABLE MULCHES

11 ROW COVERS

FROST PROTECTION

12 WINDBREAKS

13 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

PART 6: SOILS AND FERTILIZERS

01 NUTRIENT BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)

SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES

02 ORGANIC MATTER

FUNCTION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL

ORGANIC SOIL AMENDMENTS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ORGANIC SOIL AMENDMENTS

03 SOIL HEALTH AND SOIL‐IMPROVING CROPS

DECOMPOSITION OF SOIL‐IMPROVING CROPS

04 MANURES AND OTHER ORGANIC SOIL AMMENDENTS

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF MANURES

TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME ORGANIC FERTILIZER MATERIALS

05 ORGANIC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

06 COMPOSTING

07 SOIL TEXTURE

SOIL TEXTURAL TRIANGLE

08 SOIL REACTION

RELATIVE TOLERANCE OF VEGETABLE CROPS TO SOIL REACTION

EFFECT OF SOIL REACTION ON AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS

CORRECTION OF SOIL ACIDITY

09 SALINITY

SOIL SALINITY

RELATIVE SALT EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS ON THE SOIL SOLUTION

10 FERTILIZERS

FERTILIZER DEFINITIONS

GENERAL CATEGORIES OF FERTILIZERS

SYNTHETIC LIQUID OR DRY FERTILIZERS

CONTROLLED‐RELEASE FERTILIZERS

11 FERTIGATION

12 FERTILIZER CONVERSION FACTORS

13 NUTRIENT ABSORPTION

APPROXIMATE CROP CONTENT OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS

14 PLANT ANALYSIS

15 SOIL TESTS

DETERMINING THE KIND AND QUANTITY OF FERTILIZER TO USE

PRE‐SIDEDRESS NITROGEN TEST FOR SWEET CORN

FERTILIZER RATES FOR SELECTED REGIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

16 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES

17 MICRONUTRIENTS

SECONDARY NUTRIENTS

18 FERTILIZER SPREADERS

ADJUSTMENT OF FERTILIZER SPREADERS

PART 7: WATER AND IRRIGATION

01 SUGGESTIONS FOR SUPPLYING WATER TO VEGETABLES

IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT LEACHING

02 ROOTING OF VEGETABLES

ROOTING DEPTH OF VEGETABLES

03 SOIL MOISTURE AND IS MONITORING

DETERMINING MOISTURE IN SOIL BY APPEARANCE OR FEEL

TO DETERMINE THE WATER NEEDED TO WET VARIOUS DEPTHS OF SOIL

04 SURFACE IRRIGATION

RATES OF WATER APPLICATION FOR VARIOUS SURFACE IRRIGATION METHODS

FURROW IRRIGATION

USE OF SIPHONS

APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER IN WATER FOR FURROW IRRIGATION

05 OVERHEAD IRRIGATION

USING SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

CALCULATING RATES OF SPRINKLER APPLICATIONS

CENTER PIVOT OR LATERAL MOVE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Further Reading

APPLYING FERTILIZER THROUGH A SPRINKLER SYSTEM

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR COLD PROTECTION

Further Reading

06 DRIP OR TRICKLE IRRIGATION

TREATING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WITH CHLORINE

METHODS OF INJECTING FERTILIZER AND OTHER CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS INTO IRRIGATION PIPELINES

Further Reading

07 IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY

PART 8: VEGETABLE PESTS AND PROBLEMS

01 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

BASICS OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN FIELD VS. PROTECTED CULTURE

02 PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

SELECTED RESOURCES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC SYSTEMS

03 SOIL SOLARIZATION

BASICS OF SOIL SOLARIZATION

BIOSOLARIZATION, ANAEROBIC SOIL DISINFESTATION, AND TARPING

04 PESTICIDE‐USE PRECAUTIONS

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR PESTICIDE SAFETY

DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKER PROTECTION STANDARD

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON SAFETY AND RULES AFFECTING PESTICIDE USE

PESTICIDE HAZARDS TO HONEYBEES

TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS USED IN PEST CONTROL

PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

PREVENTING SPRAY DRIFT

05 PESTICIDE APPLICATION AND EQUIPMENT

ESTIMATION OF CROP AREA

CALCULATIONS OF SPEED OF EQUIPMENT AND AREA WORKED

USE OF PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

CALIBRATION OF FIELD SPRAYERS

EXAMPLE

CALIBRATION OF GRANULAR APPLICATORS

CALIBRATION OF AERIAL SPRAY EQUIPMENT

CALIBRATION OF DUSTERS

MORE INFORMATION ON CALIBRATION OF SPRAYERS

SPRAY EQUIVALENTS AND CONVERSIONS

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE PEST CONTROL

SPRAY ADJUVANTS OR ADDITIVES

06 VEGETABLE SEED TREATMENTS

DO NOT USE CHEMICALLY TREATED SEED FOR FOOD OR FEED

ORGANIC SEED TREATMENTS

07 NEMATODES

PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROLLING NEMATODES

08 DISEASES

GENERAL DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMS

COMMON VEGETABLE DISEASES

RESOURCES WITH DISEASE PHOTOGRAPHS AND DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION

09 INSECTS

SOME INSECTS THAT ATTACK VEGETABLES

IDENTIFICATION OF VEGETABLE INSECTS

10 ABIOTIC DISORDERS

11 AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO VEGETABLE CROPS

REACTION OF VEGETABLE CROPS TO AIR POLLUTANTS

12 WILDLIFE CONTROL

PART 9: WEED MANAGEMENT

01 WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

02 WEED IDENTIFICATION

03 NOXIOUS WEEDS

04 WEED CONTROL IN ORGANIC FARMING

05 COVER CROPS AND ROTATION IN WEED MANAGEMENT

06 HERBICIDES

WEED CONTROL WITH HERBICIDES

CLEANING SPRAYERS AFTER APPLYING HERBICIDES

DETERMINING RATES OF APPLICATION OF WEED CONTROL MATERIALS

SUGGESTED CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL PRACTICES

07 WEED CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS

SELECTED WEBSITES FOR VEGETABLE WEED CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS

PART 10: COMPUTER‐BASED CROP MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES

PART 11: HARVESTING, HANDLING, AND STORAGE

01 FOOD SAFETY

FOOD SAFETY IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

MINIMIZING RISKS OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAPs) AND THE FOOD SAFETY MODERNIZATION ACT (FSMA)

CLEANING AND SANITIZING

02 GENERAL POSTHARVEST HANDLING PROCEDURES

03 PREDICTING HARVEST DATES AND YIELDS

ESTIMATING YIELDS OF CROPS

04 COOLING VEGETABLES

05 VEGETABLE STORAGE

06 CHILLING AND ETHYLENE INJURY

07 POSTHARVEST DISEASES

INTEGRATED CONTROL OF POSTHARVEST DISEASES

08 VEGETABLE QUALITY

09 U.S. STANDARDS FOR GRADE OF VEGETABLES

U.S. STANDARDS

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

10 MINIMALLY PROCESSED VEGETABLES

11 PACKAGING OF FRESH VEGETABLES

12 VEGETABLE MARKETING

PART 12: APPENDIX

01 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

02 SOME PERIODICALS FOR VEGETABLE GROWERS

03 U.S. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

04 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR U.S. UNITS

05 METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

06 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI AND NON‐SI UNITS

07 CONVERSIONS FOR RATES OF APPLICATION

08 WATER AND SOIL SOLUTION CONVERSION FACTORS

09 HEAT AND ENERGY EQUIVALENTS AND DEFINITIONS

10 USEFUL WEBSITES FOR UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

TABLE 1.1.

BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS...

TABLE 1.2.

COMMON NAMES OF COMMON VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES

Chapter 2

TABLE 1.3.

BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, FLOWER COLOR, AND TASTE OF SOME ED...

Chapter 3

TABLE 1.4.

U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS: LEADING FRESH MARKET AND PR...

TABLE 1.5.

HARVESTED ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE OF U.S. VEGETABLES FOR F...

TABLE 1.6.

HARVESTED ACREAGE AND VALUE FOR U.S. VEGETABLES, HERBS, AND VEGET...

TABLE 1.7.

HARVESTED ACREAGE AND VALUE OF U.S. VEGETABLES GROWN IN PROTECTED...

TABLE 1.8.

IMPORTANT STATES IN THE PRODUCTION OF U.S. FRESH MARKET AND PROCE...

TABLE 1.9.

UTILIZATION OF THE U.S. POTATO CROP, 2017–2019 AVERAGE

Chapter 4

TABLE 1.10.

TRENDS IN U.S. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES

TABLE 1.11.

U.S. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES, 2019

1

Chapter 5

TABLE 1.12.

IMPORTANT VEGETABLE PRODUCING COUNTRIES, 2017–2019

TABLE 1.13.

WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION, 2019

Chapter 6

TABLE 1.14.

COMPOSITION OF THE EDIBLE PORTIONS OF FRESH, RAW VEGETABLES

TABLE 1.15.

VITAMIN CONTENT OF FRESH RAW VEGETABLES

Chapter 8

TABLE 2.1. REQUIREMENTS FOR VEGETABLE SEED GERMINATION TESTS

Chapter 9

TABLE 2.2. GERMINATION STANDARDS FOR VEGETABLE SEEDS IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE...

Chapter 10

TABLE 2.3. ISOLATION DISTANCES BETWEEN PLANTINGS OF VEGETABLES FOR OPEN‐POLL...

TABLE 2.4. MINIMUM LAND, ISOLATION, FIELD, AND SEED STANDARDS FOR CLASSES OF...

Chapter 12

TABLE 2.5.

VEGETABLE SEED YIELDS

1

Chapter 13

TABLE 2.6.

APPROXIMATE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF VEGETABLE SEEDS STORED UNDER FAVOR...

Chapter 15

TABLE 2.7. HOT WATER SEED TREATMENT CONDITIONS FOR SEEDBORNE PATHOGENS OF V...

Chapter 17

TABLE 2.8

COMMERCIALIZED VEGETABLE CROPS WITH GENETICALLY‐ENGINEERED TRAITS

...

Chapter 19

TABLE 3.1. RELATIVE EASE OF TRANSPLANTING VEGETABLES

1

Chapter 20

TABLE 3.2

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS PLANT GROWING CONTAINERS

...

Chapter 21

TABLE 3.3.

APPROXIMATE SEED REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT GROWING

Chapter 22

TABLE 3.4.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSPLANT PRODUCTION USING CONTAINERIZED TRA...

Chapter 23

TABLE 3.5.

CORNELL PEAT‐LITE MIXES

Chapter 24

TABLE 3.6.

STERILIZATION OF PLANT GROWING SOILS

TABLE 3.7.

TEMPERATURES REQUIRED TO DESTROY PESTS IN COMPOSTS AND SOIL

Chapter 25

TABLE 3.8.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC) IN SOIL AND PEAT‐LITE MIXES

...

TABLE 3.9. FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS FOR TRANSPLANT FERTILIZATION BASED ON NIT...

TABLE 3.10. MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY INDICES FOR BEDDING PLANTS

Chapter 26

TABLE 3.11. DIAGNOSIS AND CORRECTION OF TRANSPLANT DISORDERS Various problem...

TABLE 3.12. VEGETABLE TRANSPLANT RESPONSE TO THE DIFFERENCE IN DAY AND NIGHT...

Chapter 27

TABLE 3.13.

STARTER SOLUTIONS FOR FIELD TRANSPLANTING

1

Chapter 36

TABLE 4.1. HOAGLAND’S NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS

TABLE 4.2.

JOHNSON’S SOLUTION

TABLE 4.3.

JENSEN’S SOLUTION

TABLE 4.4.

NUTRIENT SOLUTION FORMULATION FOR TOMATO GROWN IN PERLITE, COCO‐F...

TABLE 4.5. RECOMMENDED NUTRIENT SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS FOR TOMATO GROWN IN ...

Chapter 37

TABLE 4.6.

APPROXIMATE NORMAL TISSUE COMPOSITION OF HYDROPONICALLY GROWN GRE...

TABLE 4.7.

SUFFICIENCY NUTRIENT RANGES FOR SELECTED GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE CRO...

Chapter 38

TABLE 5.1.

CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS ACCORDING TO THEIR ADAPTATION T...

TABLE 5.2.

GROWING DEGREE DAY BASE TEMPERATURES

TABLE 5.3.

APPROXIMATE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES FOR BEST GROWTH AND QUALITY OF V...

TABLE 5.4.

SOIL TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS FOR VEGETABLE SEED GERMINATION

1

Chapter 39

TABLE 5.5. EXAMPLES OF SWEET CORN PLANTINGS

Chapter 40

TABLE 5.6.

DAYS REQUIRED FOR SEEDLING EMERGENCE AT VARIOUS SOIL TEMPERATURES...

Chapter 41

TABLE 5.7.

APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER UNIT WEIGHT AND FIELD SEEDING RAT...

Chapter 42

TABLE 5.8.

PLANTING RATES FOR LARGE SEEDS

Chapter 43

TABLE 5.9.

HIGH‐DENSITY SPACING OF VEGETABLES

TABLE 5.10. TRADITIONAL PLANT AND ROW SPACINGS FOR VEGETABLES

TABLE 5.11.

LENGTH OF ROW PER ACRE AT VARIOUS ROW SPACINGS

TABLE 5.12.

NUMBER OF PLANTS PER ACRE AT VARIOUS SPACINGS

Chapter 44

TABLE 5.13.

NUMBER OF SEEDS PLANTED PER MINUTE AT VARIOUS SPEEDS AND SPACING...

Chapter 46

TABLE 5.14.

STORAGE OF PLANT PARTS USED FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION

TABLE 5.15.

FIELD REQUIREMENTS FOR VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS

TABLE 5.16.

SEED POTATOES REQUIRED PER ACRE, WITH VARIOUS PLANTING DISTANCES...

Chapter 53

TABLE 6.1. SEED REQUIREMENTS OF SOIL‐IMPROVING CROPS AND AREAS OF ADAPTATION...

TABLE 6.2

APPROXIMATE CARBON‐TO‐NITROGEN RATIOS OF COMMON ORGANIC MATERIALS

...

Chapter 54

TABLE 6.3

COMPOSITION OF MANURES

TABLE 6.4.

NITROGEN LOSSES FROM ANIMAL MANURE TO THE AIR BY METHOD OF APPLI

...

TABLE 6.5.

COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS

TABLE 6.6.

COMPOSITION OF CROP FORAGE MATERIALS

Chapter 57

TABLE 6.7.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL‐PARTICLE SIZES

Chapter 58

TABLE 6.8.

TOLERANCE OF VEGETABLES TO SOIL ACIDITY

TABLE 6.9.

COMMON LIMING MATERIALS

TABLE 6.10.

COMMON ACIDIFYING MATERIALS

1

TABLE 6.11.

APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF SOIL SULFUR NEEDED TO INCREASE SOIL ACI

...

TABLE 6.12.

EFFECT OF SOME FERTILIZER MATERIALS ON THE SOIL REACTION

Chapter 59

TABLE 6.13.

CROP RESPONSE TO SALINITY

TABLE 6.14.

SALT INDEX OF SEVERAL FERTILIZER MATERIALS

TABLE 6.15.

RELATIVE SALT TOLERANCE OF VEGETABLES

Chapter 60

TABLE 6.16.

APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOME CHEMICAL FERTILIZER MATERIALS

1

...

TABLE 6.17.

SOLUBILITY OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS

TABLE 6.18.

AMOUNTS OF CARRIERS NEEDED TO SUPPLY CERTAIN AMOUNTS OF NUTRIENT...

TABLE 6.19.

APPROXIMATE RATES OF MATERIALS TO PROVIDE CERTAIN QUANTITIES OF

...

TABLE 6.20.

RATES OF APPLICATION FOR SOME NITROGEN SOLUTIONS

Chapter 62

TABLE 6.21.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR FERTILIZER MATERIALS

Chapter 63

TABLE 6.22.

APPROXIMATE ACCUMULATION OF NUTRIENTS BY SOME VEGETABLE CROPS

Chapter 64

TABLE 6.23.

PLANT ANALYSIS GUIDE FOR SAMPLING TIME, PLANT PART, AND NUTRIEN

...

TABLE 6.24.

TOTAL NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION FOR DIAGNOSIS OF THE NUTRIENT LEVEL...

TABLE 6.25.

CRITICAL (DEFICIENCY) VALUES, ADEQUATE RANGES, HIGH VALUES, AND ...

TABLE 6.26.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GUIDELINES FOR LEAF PETIOLE FRESH SAP NIT

...

Chapter 65

TABLE 6.27.

PREDICTED RESPONSES OF CROPS TO RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF EXTRACTED P

...

TABLE 6.28.

INTERPRETATION OF SOIL TEST RESULTS FOR PHOSPHORUS BY THE OLSEN ...

TABLE 6.29.

INTERPRETATION OF SOIL TEST RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE MEHLICH‐1 DO...

TABLE 6.30.

INTERPRETDATION OF THE MEHLICH‐III EXTRACTANT USED BY THE UNIVER...

TABLE 6.31.

GUIDE FOR DIAGNOSING NUTRIENT STATUS OF CALIFORNIA SOILS FOR VE

...

TABLE 6.32.

PSNT SWEET CORN NITROGEN TEST

TABLE 6.33a.

CONVERSION OF FERTILIZER RATES FROM APPLICATION ON A PER‐ACRE

...

TABLE 6.33b.

CONVERSION OF FERTILIZER RATES FROM APPLICATION ON A PER‐ACRE

...

TABLE 6.34.

RATES OF FERTILIZERS RECOMMENDED FOR VEGETABLE CROPS IN MID‐ATL

...

TABLE 6.35.

RATES OF FERTILIZERS RECOMMENDED FOR VEGETABLE CROPS IN FLORIDA ...

TABLE 6.36.

FERTILIZATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW ENGLAND VEGETABLES

Chapter 66

TABLE 6.37.

A KEY TO NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Chapter 67

TABLE 6.38.

INTERPRETATION OF MICRONUTRIENT SOIL TESTS

TABLE 6.39.

CRITICAL MEHLICH‐3 SOIL TEST LEVELS FOR MICRONUTRIENTS IN NEW J

...

TABLE 6.40.

BORON REQUIREMENTS OF VEGETABLES ARRANGED IN APPROXIMATE ORDER

...

TABLE 6.41.

RELATIVE TOLERANCE OF VEGETABLES TO BORON, ARRANGED IN ORDER OF ...

TABLE 6.42.

SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF SECONDARY AND TRACE ELEMENTS

TABLE 6.43.

BORON RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON SOIL TESTS FOR VEGETABLE CROPS

...

TABLE 6.44.

TOLERANCE OF VEGETABLES TO A DEFICIENCY OF SOIL MAGNESIUM

Chapter 68

TABLE 6.45.

ADJUSTMENT OF ROW CROP SPREADER

TABLE 6.46.

ADJUSTMENT OF GRAIN‐DRILL‐TYPE SPREADER

TABLE 6.47.

CALIBRATION OF FERTILIZER DRILLS

Chapter 69

TABLE 7.1. IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IS RELATED CLOSELY TO THE SOIL, PLANT CHARA...

Chapter 70

TABLE 7.2. CHARACTERISTIC MAXIMUM ROOTING DEPTHS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLES

Chapter 71

TABLE 7.3. PRACTICAL SOIL‐MOISTURE INTERPRETATION CHART

TABLE 7.4.

FIELD DEVICES FOR MONITORING SOIL MOISTURE

TABLE 7.5.

PERCENT OF AVAILABLE WATER DEPLETED FROM SOILS AT VARIOUS TENSION...

TABLE 7.6. APPROXIMATE SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTICS FOR TYPICAL SOIL CLASSES

Chapter 72

TABLE 7.7. APPROXIMATE TIME REQUIRED TO APPLY VARIOUS DEPTHS OF WATER PER AC...

TABLE 7.8. APPROXIMATE FLOW OF WATER PER FURROW AFTER WATER REACHES THE END ...

TABLE 7.9.

APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM WATER INFILTRATION RATES FOR VARIOUS SOIL TYP...

TABLE 7.10.

BASIN IRRIGATION: APPROXIMATE AREA

TABLE 7.11. VOLUME OF WATER APPLIED FOR VARIOUS FLOW RATES AND TIME PERIODS...

TABLE 7.12. RATE OF FLOW OF FERTILIZER SOLUTIONS

Chapter 73

TABLE 7.13. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION: APPROXIMATE APPLICATION RATE OF WATER

TABLE 7.14.

ACREAGE COVERED BY MOVES OF PIPE OF VARIOUS LENGTHS

TABLE 7.15.

PRECIPITATION RATES FOR VARIOUS NOZZLE SIZES, PRESSURE, AND SPAC...

TABLE 7.16.

GUIDE FOR SELECTING SIZE OF ALUMINUM PIPE FOR SPRINKLER LATERAL ...

TABLE 7.17.

GUIDE TO MAIN‐LINE PIPE SIZES

1

TABLE 7.18.

CONTINUOUS POWER OUTPUT REQUIRED AT TRACTOR POWER TAKEOFF TO PUM...

TABLE 7.19.

FLOW OF WATER REQUIRED TO OPERATE SOLID SET SPRINKLER SYSTEMS...

TABLE 7.20.

AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER TO USE FOR EACH SETTING OF THE SPRINKLER L

...

TABLE 7.21. APPLICATION RATE RECOMMENDED FOR COLD PROTECTION UNDER DIFFERENT...

Chapter 74

TABLE 7.22. VOLUME OF WATER TO APPLY (GAL) BY DRIP IRRIGATION PER 100 LINEAR...

TABLE 7.23.

DISCHARGE PER GROSS ACRE (GPM/ACRE) FOR DRIP IRRIGATION BASED ON...

TABLE 7.24.

VOLUME OF WATER (GAL WATER PER ACRE PER MINUTE) DELIVERED UNDER ...

TABLE 7.25.

VOLUME OF AVAILABLE WATER IN THE WETTED CYLINDRICAL DISTRIBUTION...

TABLE 7.26. MAXIMUM APPLICATION TIMES FOR DRIP‐IRRIGATED VEGETABLE PRODUCTIO...

TABLE 7.27. LIQUID CHLORINE (SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE) INJECTION

TABLE 7.28. REQUIRED VOLUME (GAL) OF CHEMICAL MIXTURE TO PROVIDE A DESIRED L...

TABLE 7.29.

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL INJECTION METHODS

Chapter 75

TABLE 7.30.

WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATION

1

TABLE 7.31.

MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN IRRIGATION WATERS...

TABLE 7.32.

ESTIMATED YIELD LOSS TO SALINITY OF IRRIGATION WATER

TABLE 7.33.

RELATIVE TOLERANCE OF VEGETABLE CROPS TO BORON IN IRRIGATION WAT...

Chapter 79

TABLE 8.1. CATEGORIES OF PESTICIDE TOXICITY

l

Chapter 80

TABLE 8.2.

FACTORS USED IN CALCULATING TREATED CROP AREA

TABLE 8.3.

DISTANCE TRAVELED AT VARIOUS TRACTOR SPEEDS

TABLE 8.4.

APPROXIMATE TIME REQUIRED TO WORK AN ACRE

1

TABLE 8.5.

COURSE LENGTH SELECTED BASED ON NOZZLE SPACING

TABLE 8.6.

SOLID EQUIVALENT TABLE

TABLE 8.7.

LIQUID EQUIVALENT TABLE

TABLE 8.8.

DILUTION OF LIQUID PESTICIDES TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS

TABLE 8.9.

PESTICIDE DILUTION CHART

TABLE 8.10.

PESTICIDE APPLICATION RATES FOR SMALL CROP PLANTINGS

Chapter 82

TABLE 8.11.

COMMONLY OBSERVED NEMATODES IN VEGETABLE CROPS

TABLE 8.12.

PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES KNOWN TO BE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE TO ...

Chapter 83

TABLE 8.13. DISEASE CONTROL FOR VEGETABLES

Chapter 84

TABLE 8.14. INSECTS THAT ATTACK VEGETABLES

Chapter 85

TABLE 8.15. ABIOTIC DISORDERS OF VEGETABLE CROPS

Chapter 86

TABLE 8.16. SENSITIVITY OF VEGETABLES TO SELECTED AIR POLLUTANTS

Chapter 93

TABLE 9.1. HERBICIDE DILUTION TABLE: QUANTITY OF LIQUID CONCENTRATES TO USE...

Chapter 95

TABLE 11.1. SANITIZING CHEMICALS FOR PACKINGHOUSES

Chapter 96

TABLE 11.2. LEAFY, FLORAL, AND SUCCULENT VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.3. UNDERGROUND STORAGE ORGAN VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.4. IMMATURE FRUIT VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.5. MATURE FRUIT VEGETABLES

Chapter 97

TABLE 11.6.

APPROXIMATE TIME FROM VEGETABLE PLANTING TO MARKET MATURITY UNDE...

TABLE 11.7.

APPROXIMATE TIME FROM POLLINATION OF FRUITING VEGETABLES TO MARK...

TABLE 11.8.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ESTIMATING YIELDS

TABLE 11.9.

YIELDS OF VEGETABLE CROPS

Chapter 98

TABLE 11.10.

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL PRODUCT EFFECTS AND COST FOR COMMON COOLI...

TABLE 11.11.

GENERAL COOLING METHODS FOR VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.12.

SPECIFIC COOLING METHODS FOR VEGETABLES

Chapter 99

TABLE 11.13.

RELATIVE PERISHABILITY AND POTENTIAL STORAGE LIFE OF FRESH VEGE...

TABLE 11.14.

RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONDITIONS AND AP...

TABLE 11.15.

POSTHARVEST HANDLING OF FRESH CULINARY HERBS

TABLE 11.16.

RESPIRATION RATES OF FRESH CULINARY HERBS

TABLE 11.17.

AVERAGE RESPIRATION RATES OF VEGETABLES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES...

TABLE 11.18.

RECOMMENDED CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE OR MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE CONDIT...

TABLE 11.19.

OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR CURING ROOT, TUBER, AND BULB VEGETABLES ...

TABLE 11.20.

MOISTURE LOSS FROM VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.21.

STORAGE SPROUT INHIBITORS

Chapter 100

TABLE 11.22.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VEGETABLES TO CHILLING INJURY

TABLE 11.23.

RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VEGETABLES TO FREEZING INJURY

TABLE 11.24.

CHILLING THRESHOLD TEMPERATURES AND VISUAL SYMPTOMS OF CHILLING...

TABLE 11.25.

SYMPTOMS OF FREEZING INJURY ON SOME VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.26.

SOME POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF VEGETABLES, ATTRIBU...

TABLE 11.27.

SYMPTOMS OF SOLAR INJURY ON SOME VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.28.

CLASSIFICATION OF HORTICULTURAL COMMODITIES ACCORDING TO ETHYLE...

TABLE 11.29.

COMPATIBLE PRODUCE FOR LONG‐DISTANCE TRANSPORT

Chapter 101

TABLE 11.30.

IMPORTANT POSTHARVEST DISEASES OF VEGETABLES

Chapter 102

TABLE 11.31. QUALITY ASSURANCE RECORDS FOR VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.32. QUALITY COMPONENTS OF FRESH VEGETABLES

Chapter 103

TABLE 11.33. QUALITY FACTORS FOR FRESH VEGETABLES IN THE U.S. STANDARDS FOR...

TABLE 11.34. QUALITY FACTORS FOR PROCESSING VEGETABLES IN THE U.S. STANDARD...

Chapter 104

TABLE 11.35. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARATION OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED VEGE...

TABLE 11.36. PHYSIOLOGY AND STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH‐CUT VEGETABLES...

Chapter 105

TABLE 11.37. SHIPPING CONTAINERS FOR FRESH VEGETABLES

TABLE 11.38.

STANDARDIZED SHIPPING CONTAINER DIMENSIONS DESIGNED FOR A STAND...

TABLE 11.39.

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT INSPECTION

Chapter 106

TABLE 11.40.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT MARKETING ALTERNATIVES FOR FRESH VEGE...

TABLE 11.41.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WHOLESALE MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR FRES...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 35

Figure 4.1. NFT culture system using polyethylene film to hold plants and su...

Figure 4.2. Arranged mats are covered with white/black polyethylene

Figure 4.3. Irrigation system and drainage holes for rockwool mats enclosed ...

Figure 4.4. Cross‐slits are made to accommodate transplants in propagation b...

Figure 4.5. Ordinarily, two plants are placed in each 30‐in.‐long mat

Figure 4.6. Fertigation supplied by spaghetti tubing to each plant

Figure 4.7. Fertigation supplied by drip irrigation tubing

Figure 4.8. Removal of sample from rockwool mat with a syringe for conductiv...

Chapter 49

Figure 5.1. Air temperature, evaporation rate, and wind speed changes with d...

Chapter 57

Figure 6.1. Soil textural triangle.

Chapter 58

Figure 6.2. Relation between pH, alkalinity, acidity, and plant growth.

Figure 6.3. Influence of pH on the availability of plant nutrients in organi...

Figure 6.4. Influence of pH on the availability of plant nutrients in minera...

Chapter 69

Figure 7.1. Generalized figure for crop growth and water use in the growing ...

Chapter 71

Figure 7.2. Chart for determining the amount of water needed to wet various ...

Chapter 72

Figure 7.3. Arrangement of beds for furrow irrigation.

Figure 7.4. Method of measuring the head for water carried from a supply dit...

Figure 7.5 Chart for determining the flow of water through small siphons....

Chapter 73

Figure 7.6. The diagram shows the approximate depth of penetration of availa...

Chapter 74

Figure 7.7. Drip or trickle irrigation system components.

Figure 7.8. Classification of chemical injection methods for irrigation syst...

Figure 7.9. Single anti siphon device assembly. (Florida Cooperative Extensi...

Figure 7.10. Double anti siphon device assembly.

Figure 7.11. Centrifugal pump chemical injector.

Figure 7.12. Diaphragm pump—suction stroke. (Florida Cooperative Extension S...

Figure 7.13. Diaphragm pump—discharge stroke.

Figure 7.14. Venturi injector (Florida Cooperative Extension Service Circula...

Figure 7.15. Proportional mixer/venturi.

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

01 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

02 SOME PERIODICALS FOR VEGETABLE GROWERS

03 U.S. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

04 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR U.S. UNITS

5 METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

06 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SI AND NON‐SI UNITS

07 CONVERSIONS FOR RATES OF APPLICATION

08 WATER AND SOIL SOLUTION CONVERSION FACTORS

09 HEAT AND ENERGY EQUIVALENTS AND DEFINITIONS

10 USEFUL WEBSITES FOR UNITS AND CONVERSIONS

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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KNOTT'S HANDBOOK FOR VEGETABLE GROWERS

SIXTH EDITION

GEORGE J. HOCHMUTH

Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences

University of Florida

Gainesville

USA

REBECCA G. SIDEMAN

Department of Agriculture, Nutrition & Food Systems

University of New Hampshire

Durham

USA

This edition first published 2023© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Edition HistoryJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. (5e, 2007); Wiley (4e, 1997); Wiley (3e, 1988); Wiley (2e, 1980); Wiley (1e, 1957)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of George J. Hochmuth and Rebecca G. Sideman to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered OfficesJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USAJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data has been applied forISBN 9781119811077 (Paperback); ISBN 9781119811176 (Adobe PDF); ISBN 9781119735977 (e‐Pub)

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Picadilly Farm, Winchester NH, USA, courtesy of Rebecca Sideman

Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, sixth edition dedicated to Dr. Donald N. Maynard

The Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers has been in production since 1956 when Dr. James E. Knott envisioned the need for a handy source of useful vegetable production information. This current edition is the sixth edition over the 65 years since Dr. Knott’s first book. Dr. Don Maynard has been instrumental in the creation of three of those editions over the years, the most recent being the fifth edition. Unfortunately, Dr. Maynard passed away on 27 November 2016.

Dr. Maynard was born on 22 June 1932, in Hartford, CT, and grew up on a small family farm on the Connecticut River in Connecticut. He obtained his bachelor’s degree in Plant Science in 1954 and a master’s degree in Horticulture from North Carolina State University. He began his career as an instructor of Olericulture at the University of Massachusetts, where he completed his doctorate in Botany in 1963. He rose through the professorial ranks at The University of Massachusetts and, after 23 years, moved to the University of Florida, in Gainesville, FL, as Chair of the Vegetable Crops Department. He was a tireless supporter of research, teaching, and extension work in support of the vegetable industry in Florida. He completed his distinguished career as a vegetable extension specialist at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Bradenton, Florida, retiring 2003.

Dr. Maynard received many awards and honors over his career, from every organization he worked with. He was a Fellow of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS). He received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Connecticut and the Outstanding Alumnus Award from North Carolina State University. Honors for his writing, research, and extension successes include the ASHS Marion Meadows Award, the ASHS Environmental Quality Research Award, and the ASHS Outstanding Extension Publication Award. He also was a two‐time recipient of the ASHS Outstanding Extension Education Award. Other awards in recognition of his contributions to research and extension include the Southern Region Extension Publication Award, six times. He received the Wilson Popenoe Award for Vegetable Crops from the Interamerican Society. At a Cucurbitaceae Conference, he received the Lifetime‐Achievement Award for Crop Production. In 2021, Dr. Maynard was elected to the American Society for Horticultural Science Hall of Fame, which recognizes horticulturists who have distinguished themselves professionally to an outstanding level.

Dr. Maynard was an inspiration to countless horticulturists around the world, and this sixth edition of the Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers is being dedicated to Dr. Maynard for his tireless work on behalf of vegetable growers and specifically for his support of the Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers.

George J. Hochmuth and Rebecca G. Sideman

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION

The availability of information and the speed with which we can access it have changed radically in recent decades, and technological advances in all aspects of our lives are accelerating at a pace that is hard to comprehend. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to find relevant, accurate information in a digestible format, when it is needed.

Our goal in this sixth revision of the Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers is to provide up‐to‐date information on vegetable crop production in handy format for growers, as a textbook for students, and as a reference book for extension personnel, crop consultants, and all those concerned with commercial production, handling, and marketing of vegetables.

New technical information has been included on the status of the vegetable industry, water management with drip irrigation and soil moisture sensors, fertigation scheduling, petiole sap testing, plant tissue testing, fertilizer recommendations from several regions in the United States, worker protection and food safety standards, post‐harvest and handling topics, new computer‐based technologies to improve farm efficiencies, and protected agriculture production systems. We have added and updated many references that provide additional information on vegetable production.

The authors are grateful for the splendid assistance of the editors at Wiley: Rosie Hayden, Kerry Powell, and Rebecca Ralf. The authors are also grateful to Drs. Oscar A. Lorenz and Donald N. Maynard, whose leadership was critical to the second through fifth editions.

We hope our sixth edition of The Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers will continue to be a timely and useful reference as Dr. J. E. Knott envisioned when the Handbook was first published in 1956.

GEORGE HOCHMUTH,University of Florida, USA

REBECCA SIDEMAN,University of New Hampshire, USA

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

This book is accompanied by a companion website.

https://www.wiley.com/go/hochmuth/vegetablegrowers6e

Resources on the website include:

Figures from the book, in Powerpoint slides

Tables from the book, in PDF format

PART 1VEGETABLES AND THE VEGETABLE INDUSTRY

01 BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES AND COMMON NAMES OF VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES

TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS VEGETABLES

TABLE 1.2. COMMON NAMES OF COMMON VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES

02 EDIBLE FLOWERS

TABLE 1.3. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, FLOWER COLOR, AND TASTE OF SOME EDIBLE FLOWERS

03 U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

TABLE 1.4. U.S. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION STATISTICS: LEADING FRESH MARKET AND PROCESSING VEGETABLE STATES, 2017

TABLE 1.5. HARVESTED ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE OF U.S. VEGETABLES FOR FRESH MARKET AND PROCESSING, 2017‐2019 AVERAGE

TABLE 1.6. HARVESTED ACREAGE AND VALUE FOR U.S. VEGETABLES, HERBS AND VEGETABLE TRANSPLANTS GROWN IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION, 2017

TABLE 1.7. HARVESTED ACREAGE AND VALUE OF U.S. VEGETABLES GROWN IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION, 2019

TABLE 1.8. IMPORTANT STATES IN THE PRODUCTION OF U.S. FRESH MARKET AND PROCESSING VEGETABLES BY ACRES GROWN, 2017

TABLE 1.9. UTILIZATION OF THE U.S. POTATO CROP, 2017‐2019 AVERAGE

04 CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES IN THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 1.10. TRENDS IN U.S. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES

TABLE 1.11. U.S. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES, 2019

05 WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

TABLE 1.12. IMPORTANT VEGETABLE PRODUCING COUNTRIES, 2017‐2019

TABLE 1.13. WORLD VEGETABLE PRODUCTION, 2019

06 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF VEGETABLES

01BOTANICAL NAMES OF VEGETABLES AND COMMON NAMES OF VEGETABLES IN NINE LANGUAGES

TABLE 1.1. BOTANICAL NAMES, COMMON NAMES, AND EDIBLE PARTS OF PLANTS USED AS VEGETABLES

Adapted from S.J. Kays and J.C. Silva Dias, Cultivated Vegetables of the World (Athens, GA: Exon Press, 1996).

Botanical Name

Common Name

Edible Plant Part

Class Polypodiopsida

Equisetaceae

HORSETAIL FAMILY

Equisetum arvense

L.

Horsetail

Young strobili

Dennstaedtiaceae

BRACKEN FERN FAMILY

Pteridium aquilinum

(L.) Kuhn.

Bracken fern

Immature frond

Osmundaceae

ROYAL FERN FAMILY

Osmunda cinnamomea

L.

Cinnamon fern

Immature frond

Osmunda japonica

Th.

Japanese flowering fern

Immature frond

Parkeriaceae

WATER FERN FAMILY

Ceratopteris thalictroides

(L.) Brongn.

Water fern

Young leaf

Polypodiaceae

COMMON FERN FAMILY

Diplazium esculentum

(Retz.) Swartz.

Vegetable fern

Young leaf

Class Liliopsida

Alismataceae

WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY

Limnocharis flava

(L.) Buchenau

Yellow velvetleaf, Sawah‐lettuce

Young leaf, petiole, floral shoot

Sagittaria sagittifolia

L.

Hawaii arrowhead

Corm

Sagittaria trifolia

L. (Sieb.) Ohwi

Chinese arrowhead

Corm

Amaryllidaceae

ONION FAMILY

Allium ampeloprasum

L.

Leek, kurrat, elephant garlic

Bulb and leaf

Allium cepa

L. Aggregatum group

Shallot

Pseudostem and leaf

Allium cepa

L. Cepa group

Onion

Bulb

Allium chinense

G. Don.

Chinese onion, Rakkyo

Bulb

Allium fistulosum

L.

Welsh onion, Japanese bunching onion

Pseudostem and leaf

Allium macrostemon

Bunge

Chinese garlic, Japanese garlic

Leaf

Allium proliferum

Schrad. Ex Willd.

Tree onion, Egyptian onion

Allium sativum

L.

Garlic

Bulb and leaf

Allium schoenoprasum

L.

Chive

Leaf

Allium scorodoprasum

L.

Spanish garlic

Leaf and bulb

Allium tuberosum

Rottl. ex Spreng.

Chinese chive

Leaf, immature flower

Allium victorialis

L.

Alpine leek

Bulb, leaf

Araceae

ARUM FAMILY

Alocasia macrorrhizos

(L.) G. Don.

Giant taro, alocasia, ape

Corm, immature leaf, petiole

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius

(Dennst.) Nicolson

Elephant yam

Corm

Colocasia esculenta

(L.) Schott

Taro, dasheen, cocoyam

Corm, immature leaf

Cyrtosperma merkusii

Schott.

Gallan, giant swamp taro

Corm

Xanthosoma brasiliense

Engl.

Tahitian spinach

Immature leaf

Xanthosoma sagittifolium

(L.) Schott

Tania, arrowleaf elephant’s ear

Corm and young leaf

Asparagaceae

LILY FAMILY

Asparagus acutifolius

L.

Wild asparagus

Shoot

Asparagus officinalis

L.

Asparagus

Shoot

Asphodelaceae

Hemerocallis

spp.

Daylily

Flower

Cannaceae

CANNA FAMILY

Canna indica

L.

Indian canna, arrowroot, edible canna

Rhizome

Cyperaceae

SEDGE FAMILY

Cyperus esculentus

L.

Rushnut, chufa, nutsedge

Tuber

Eleocharis dulcis

Hensch.

Water chestnut, Chinese water chestnut

Corm

Dioscoreaceae

YAM FAMILY

Dioscorea alata

L.

White yam, water yam

Tuber

Dioscorea bulbifera

L.

Potato yam, aerial yam

Tuber

Dioscorea cayenensis

Lam.

Yellow yam

Tuber

Dioscorea dumetorum

Pax.

African bitter yam

Tuber

Dioscorea esculenta

(Lour.) Burk.

Lesser yam

Tuber

Dioscorea polystachya

Turcz.

Chinese yam

Dioscorea rotundata

Poir.

White Guinea yam

Tuber

Dioscorea trifida

L.f.

Indian yam

Tuber

Iridaceae

IRIS FAMILY

Tigridia pavonia

(L.f.) Redouté

Common tiger flower

Bulb

Liliaceae

Lilium

spp.

Lily

Bulb

Marantaceae

ARROWROOT FAMILY

Goeppertia allouia

(Aubl.) Borchs. & S. Suárez

Sweet corn root, Guinea arrowroot

Tuber

Maranta arundinacea

L.

West Indian arrowroot

Rhizome

Musaceae

BANANA FAMILY

Musa paradisiaca

L.

Plaintain

Fruit, flower bud

Poaceae

GRASS FAMILY

Bambusa

spp.

Bamboo shoots

Young shoot

Dendrocalamus latiflorus

Munro

Bamboo shoots

Young shoot

Pennisetum purpureum

Schum.

Elephant grass, napier grass

Young spear

Phyllostachys

spp.

Bamboo shoots

Young shoot

Saccharum edule

Hassk.

Sugarcane inflorescence

Immature inflorescence

Setaria palmifolia

Stapf.

Palm grass

Young plant

Zea mays

subsp. mays

Sweet corn

Immature kernels and immature cob with kernel

Zizania latifolia

(Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf.

Water bamboo, cobo

Swollen shoot/stem

Pontederiaceae

PICKERELWEED FAMILY

Monochoria hastata

(L.) Solms.

Hastate‐leaved pondweed

Young leaf

Monochoria vaginalis

(Burm.f.) C. Presl

Pickerel

Young leaf

Taccaceae

TACCA FAMILY

Tacca leontopetaloides

(L.) Kuntze

East Indian arrowroot

Rhizome

Zingiberaceae

GINGER FAMILY

Alpinia galanga

(L.) Willd.

Greater galangal

Floral sprout and flower; tender shoot, rhizome

Curcuma longa

L.

Turmeric

Rhizome

Curcuma zedoaria

(Christm.) Roscoe

Long zedoary

Rhizome

Zingiber mioga

(Thunb.) Roscoe

Japanese wild ginger

Rhizome, tender shoot, leaf, flower

Zingiber officinale

Roscoe

Ginger

Rhizome and tender shoot

Class Magnoliopsida

Acanthaceae

ACANTHUS FAMILY

Justicia insularis

T. And.

Tettu

Young shoot, leaf, root

Rungia klossii

S. Moore

Rungia

Leaf

Aizoaceae

CARPETWEED FAMILY

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

L.

Ice plant

Leaf

Tetragonia tetragoniodes

(Pall.) O. Kuntze

New Zealand spinach

Tender shoot and leaf

Amaranthaceae

AMARANTH FAMILY

Alternanthera philoxeroides

(Martius) Griseb.

Alligator weed, Joseph’s coat

Young top

Alternanthera sessilis

(L.) DC.

Sessile alternanthera, Rabbit‐meat

Young top

Amaranthus

spp.

Amaranthus, pigweed

Tender shoot, leaf, sprouted seed

Atriplex hortensis

L.

Orach

Leaf

Beta vulgaris

L. ssp.

cicla

(L.) W.D.J. Koch

Chard, Swiss chard

Leaf

Beta vulgaris

L. ssp.

macrocarpa

(Guss.) Thell.

Garden beet

Root and leaf

Blitum bonus‐henricus

(L.) Richb.

Good King Henry

Leaf

Celosia

spp.

Cockscomb

Leaf and tender shoot

Chenopodium quinoa

Willd.

Quinoa

Leaf, seed

Bassia scoparia

subsp. scoparia

Mock cypress, burning bush

Tender shoot

Kali komarovii

(Iljin.) Akhani & Roalson

Komarov Russian thistle

Leaf and young shoot

Salsola soda

L.

Salsola, soda saltwort

Leaf and young shoot

Spinacia oleracea

L.

Spinach

Leaf

Suaeda glauca

Bunge

Common seepweed

Young stem, leaf, plant

Apiaceae

CARROT FAMILY

Angelica archangelica

L.

Garden angelica

Tender shoot and leaf

Angelica keiskei

(Miq.) Koidz.

Japanese angelica

Tender shoot and leaf

Anthriscus cerefolium

(L.) Hoffm.

Chervil

Leaf

Apium graveolens

L.

Celery, celeriac

Petiole, leaf, root, seed

Arracacia xanthorrhiza

Bancroft

Arracacha, Peruvian carrot

Root

Centella asiatica

(L.) Urban

Asiatic pennywort

Leaf and stolon

Chaerophyllum bulbosum

L.

Tuberous chervil

Root

Coriandrum sativum

L.

Coriander, Chinese parsley

Leaf and seed

Cryptotaenia japonica

Hassk.

Japanese honewort

Leaf

Daucus carota

L. subsp.

sativus

(Hoffm.) Schübl. & Martens

Carrot

Root and leaf

Foeniculum vulgare

var.

azoricum

(Miller) Thell.

Fennel

Leaf

Foeniculum vulgare

var.

dulce

Fiori

Florence fennel

Leaf base

Glehnia littoralis

F. Schm.

Coastal glehnia

Leaf, stem, root

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides

Lam.

Hydrocotyle, lawn marsh pennywort

Young shoot and leaf

Myrrhis odorata

(L.) Scop.

Garden myrrh, sweet cicely

Leaf, root, and seed

Oenanthe javanica (Blume)

DC. subsp.

javanica

Chinese celery, water dropwort

Leaf and tender shoot

Pastinaca sativa

L.

Parsnip

Root and leaf

Petroselinum crispum

subsp.

crispum

Parsley

Leaf

Petroselinum crispum

var.

tuberosum

Turnip‐rooted parsley, Hamburg parsley

Root and leaf

Petroselinum crispum

(Mill.) Fuss

Italian parsley

Leaf

Sium sisarum

L.

Skirret

Root

Araliaceae

ARALIA FAMILY

Aralia cordata

Thunb.

Spikenard, Japanese asparagus

Tender shoot

Aralia elata

(Miq.) Seeman

Japanese aralia

Young leaf

Asteraceae

SUNFLOWER FAMILY

Arctium lappa

L.

Edible burdock

Root, petiole

Artemisia dracunculus

L.

French tarragon

Leaf

Artemisia vulgaris

L.

Mugwort

Leaf

Aster scaber

Thunb.

Aster

Leaf

Bidens pilosa

L.

Bur marigold, Black‐jack

Young shoot and leaf

Chrysanthemum

spp.

Edible chrysanthemum

Leaf and tender shoot

Cichorium endivia

L.

Endive, escarole

Leaf

Cichorium intybus

L.

Chicory, witloof chicory, Belgium endive

Leaf

Cirsium dipsacolepis

(Maxim.) Matsum.

Gobouazami

Root

Cosmos caudatus

Kunth

Cosmos

Leaf and young shoot

Solanecio biafrae

(Oliv. et Hiern) C. Jeffrey

Sierra Leone bologni

Young shoot and leaf

Crassocephalum crepidiodes

(Benth.) S. Moore

Hawksbeard velvetplant

Young shoot and leaf

Cynara cardunculus

subsp.

cardunculus

Cardoon

Petiole

Cynara scolymus

L.

Globe artichoke

Immature flower bud

Emilia sonchifolia

(L.) DC.

Emilia, false sow thistle

Young shoot and leaf

Enydra fluctuans

Lour.

Buffalo spinach

Young shoot and leaf

Farfugium japonicum

(L.) Kitamura

Japanese farfugium, Leopardplant

Petiole

Fedia cornucopiae

(L.) Gaertn.

Horn of plenty, African valerian

Leaf

Galinsoga parviflora

Cav.

Galinsoga, gallant soldier

Young shoot

Gynura bicolor

(Roxb. Ex Willd.) DC.

Gynura, red‐vegetable

Young leaf

Helianthus tuberosus

L.

Jerusalem artichoke

Tuber

Lactuca indica

L.

Indian lettuce

Leaf

Lactuca sativa

L. var.

asparagina

Bailey

Asparagus lettuce, celtuce

Stem

Lactuca sativa

L. var.

capitata

L.

Head lettuce, butterhead lettuce

Leaf

Lactuca sativa

L. var.

longifolia

Lam.

Romaine lettuce, leaf lettuce

Leaf

Launaea taraxacifolia

(Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey

Wild lettuce, African lettuce

Leaf

Petasites japonicus

(Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.

Butterbur

Petiole

Smallanthus sonchifolius

(Poepp. & Endl.) H. Rob

Yacon strawberry

Root

Scolymus hispanicus

L.

Golden thistle

Root and leaf

Scolymus maculatus

L.

Spotted golden thistle

Leaf

Pseudopodospermum hispanicum

subsp.

hispanicum

Black salsify

Root and leaf

Sonchus oleraceus

L.

Milk thistle, sow thistle

Leaf

Blainvillea acmella

(L.) Philipson

Brazil cress

Young leaf

Acmella ciliata

Kunth

Guasca

Young leaf

Acmella uliginosa

(Sw.) Cass.

Getang

Young leaf and flower shoot

Acmella paniculata

(Wall ex DC.) R.K. Jansen

Getang

Young leaf and flower shoot

Struchium sparganophora

(L.) Kuntze

Bitter leaf

Young shoot

Taraxacum officinale

Weber ex Wiggins

Dandelion

Leaf, root

Tragopogon porrifolius

L.

Salsify, vegetable oyster, Jerusalem star

Root and young leaf

Tragopogon pratensis

L.

Goatsbeard, meadow salisfy

Young root and shoot

Gymnanthemum amygdalin

um (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.)

Bitter leaf

Young shoot

Basellaceae

BASELLA FAMILY

Basella alba

L.

Indian spinach, Malabar spinach

Leaf and young shoot

Ullucus tuberosus

Caldas

Ulluco

Tuber

Boraginaceae

BORAGE FAMILY

Borago officinalis

L.

Borage

Petiole

Symphytum officinale

L.

Common comfrey, boneset

Leaf and tender shoot

Symphytum × uplandicum

Nyman

Russian comfrey

Young leaf and shoot

Brassicaceae

MUSTARD FAMILY

Armoracia rusticana

Gaertn., Mey., Scherb.

Horseradish

Root, leaf, sprouted seed

Barbarea verna

(Mill.) Aschers

Upland cress

Leaf

Brassica carinata

A. Braun

Abyssinian mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

capitata

Hort.

Capitata mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

crassicaulus

Chen and Yang

Bamboo shoot mustard

Stem

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

crispifolia

Bailey

Curled mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

foliosa

Bailey

Small‐leaf mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

gemmifera

Lee & Lin

Gemmiferous mustard

Stem and axillary bud

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

involuta

Yang & Chen

Involute mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

latipa

Li

Wide‐petiole mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

leucanthus

Chen & Yang

White‐flowered mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

linearifolia

Line mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

longepetiolata

Yang & Chen

Long‐petiole mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

megarrhiza

Tsen & Lee

Tuberous‐rooted mustard

Root

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

multiceps

Tsen & Lee

Tillered mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

multisecta

Bailey

Flower‐like leaf mustard

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

rugosa

Bailey

Brown mustard, mustard greens

Leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

strumata

Tsen & Lee

Strumous mustard

Stem

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

tumida

Tsen & Lee

Swollen‐stem mustard

Stem and leaf

Brassica juncea

(L.) Czernj. & Coss. var.

utilis

Li

Penduncled mustard

Young flower stalk

Brassica napus

L. subsp.

rapifera

Metzg. Ex Sinskaya

Rutabaga

Root and leaf

Brassica napus

L. subsp.

napus

Vegetable rape, canola, oilseed rape

Leaf and young flower stalk

Brassica napus

L. var.

pabularia

(DC.) Alef.

Siberian kale, Hanover salad

Leaf

Brassica nigra

L. Koch.

Black mustard

Leaf

Brassica oleracea

L.

Cabbage

Leaf

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

acephala

DC.

Kale, collards

Leaf

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

alboglabra

(L.H. Bailey) Sun

Chinese kale

Young flower stalk and leaf

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

botrytis

L.

Cauliflower

Immature floral stalk

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

costata

DC.

Portuguese cabbage, tronchuda cabbage

Leaf and inflorescence

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

gemmifera

DC.

Brussels sprouts

Axillary bud

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

gongylodes

L.

Kohlrabi

Enlarged stem

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

italica

Plenck.

Broccoli

Immature flower stalk

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

medullosa

Thell. Marrow

Marrow stem kale

Leaf

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

ramosa

Alef.

Thousand‐headed kale, perennial kale

Leaf

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

sabauda

L.

Savoy cabbage

Leaf

Brassica oleracea

L. var.

viridis

L.

Borecole, Portugese kale

Leaf

Brassica rapa

subsp.

oleifera

(DC.) Metzg.

Spinach mustard, tendergreen mustard

Leaf

Brassica rapa

L. subsp.

chinensis

(L.) Hanelt

Pak choi, Bok choy, Chinese mustard

Leaf

Brassica rapa

L. var.

narinosa

(Bailey) Olsson

Broad‐beaked mustard, Chinese savoy

Leaf

Brassica rapa

L. var.

pekinensis

(Lour.) Olsson

Chinese cabbage, Napa cabbage

Leaf

Brassica rapa

L.

Turnip, Turnip green

Enlarged root, leaf

Bunias orientalis

L.

Hill mustard

Leaf

Capsella bursa‐pastoris

(L.) Medikus

Shepherd’s purse

Young leaf

Cardamine pratensis

L.

Cuckoo flower

Leaf

Crambe maritima

L.

Sea kale

Petiole and young leaf

Crambe tatarica

Sebeók

Tartar bread plant

Petiole and young leaf, root

Diplotaxis muralis

(L.) DC.

Wallrocket

Leaf

Eruca vesicaria

subsp.

sativa

(Mill.) Thell.

Rocket salad, arugula, Italian cress

Leaf

Lepidium meyennii

Walp.

Maca, Peruvian ginseng

Root

Lepidium sativum

L.

Garden cress

Leaf

Nasturtium officinale

W.T. Aiton

Watercress

Leaf

Raphanus sativus

L.

Rat‐tail radish

Immature seed pod

Raphanus sativus

L.

Radish, Daikon

Root

Sinapis alba

L.

White mustard

Leaf and young flower stalk

Eutrema japonicum

(Miq.) Koidz.

Wasabi, Japanese horesradish

Rhizome, young shoot

Cabombaceae

WATER LILY FAMILY

Brasenia schreberi

Gmelin

Watershield

Young leaf

Cactaceae

CACTUS FAMILY

Opuntia ficus‐indica

(L.) Mill.

Prickly pear, Barbary fig

Pad, fruit

Campanulaceae

BELLFLOWER FAMILY

Campanula rapunculus

L.

Rampion

Root and first leaf

Capparaceae

CAPER FAMILY

Capparis spinosa

L.

Capper, Finders rose

Flower bud

Gynandropsis gynandra

L.

Cat’s whiskers, spiderwisp

Leaf, young shoot, fruit

Platycodon grandiflorus

(Jacq.) A. DC.

Chinese bellflower

Leaf

Convolvulaceae

BINDWEED FAMILY

Calystegia pubescens

Lindl.

Rose glorybind

Root

Ipomoea aquatica

Forssk.

Water spinach, kangkong

Tender shoot and leaf

Ipomoea batatas

(L.) Lam.

Sweet potato

Root and leaf

Crassulaceae

ORPINE FAMILY

Sedum sarmentosum

Bunge

Sedum

Leaf

Cucurbitaceae

GOURD FAMILY

Benincasa hispida

(Thunb.) Cogn.

Wax gourd

Immature/mature fruit

Citrullus lanatus

(Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai

Watermelon

Ripe fruit and seed

Citrullus amarus

Schrad.

Citron, preserving melon

Fruit

Coccinia grandis

(L.) Voigt

Ivy gourd, tindora

Fruit, tender shoot, leaf

Melothria sphaerocarpa

(Cogn.) Schaef. & Renner

White‐seeded melon

Fruit and seed

Cucumis anguria

L.

West Indian gherkin

Immature fruit

Cucumis melo

L. Cantalupensis group

Cantaloupe, muskmelon

Fruit

Cucumis melo

L. Cassaba group

Cassaba melon

Cucumis melo

L. Chito group

Mango

Fruit

Cucumis melo

L. Conomon group

Oriental pickling melon

Young fruit

Cucumis melo

L. Flexuosus group

Japanese cucumber, snake melon

Immature fruit

Cucumis melo

L. Ibericus group

Piel de sapo, amarillo, tendral

Fruit

Cucumis melo

L. Inodorus group

Honeydew melon

Fruit

Cucumis metuliferus

E. Meyer ex Scrhad.

African horned cucumber

Fruit

Cucumis sativus

L.

Cucumber

Immature fruit

Cucurbita argyrosperma

Huber

Pumpkin, Cushaw

Young/mature fruit and seed

Cucurbita ficifolia

Bouché

Fig‐leaf gourd, Malabar gourd

Fruit

Cucurbita maxima

Duchesne

Giant pumpkin, winter squash

Mature fruit and seed

Cucurbita moschata

Duchesne

Butternut squash, tropical pumpkin

Young and mature fruit

Cucurbita pepo

L.

Summer squash, zucchini

Young fruit

Cucurbita pepo

L.

Common field pumpkin, winter squash

Mature fruit and seed

Cyclanthera pedata

(L.) Schrader var.

pedata

Achocha, lady’s slipper

Immature fruit

Lagenaria siceraria

(Mol.) Standl.

Bottle gourd, calabash gourd

Immature fruit, tender shoot and leaf

Luffa acutangula

(L.) Roxb.

Angled loofah, Chinese okra

Immature fruit

Luffa aegyptiaca

Miller

Smooth loofah, sponge gourd

Immature fruit and leaf

Momordica charantia

L.

Bitter gourd, balsam pear

Immature fruit and young leaf

Benincasa fistulosa

(Stocks) Schaef. & Rennner

Squash melon

Fruit

Sechium edule

(Jacq.) Swartz.

Chayote, mirliton, vegetable pear

Fruit, tender shoot, leaf

Sicana odorifera

(Vell.) Naudin

Casabanana

Immature/mature fruit

Telfairia occidentalis

Hook. f.

Fluted gourd, fluted pumpkin

Seed, leaf, tender shoot

Telfairia pedata

(Sims) Hook.

Oyster nut

Seed

Trichosanthes cucumerina

subsp.

anguinea

(L.) Greb

Snake gourd

Immature fruit, leaf, and tender shoot

Trichosanthes cucumeroides

(Ser.) Maxim.

Japanese snake gourd

Immature fruit

Trichosanthes dioica

Roxb.

Pointed gourd

Immature fruit, tender shoot

Euphorbiaceae

SPURGE FAMILY

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius

(Miller) Johnston

Chaya, Cabbage star

Leaf

Codiaeum variegatum

(L.) Rumph. Ex A. Juss.

Croton

Young leaf

Manihot esculenta

Crantz

Yuca, cassava, manioc

Root and leaf

Breynia androgyna

(L.) Chakrab. & N.P. Blakr.

Common sauropus, Katuk

Leaf

Fabaceae

PEA FAMILY

Arachis hypogaea

L.

Peanut, ground nut

Immature/mature seed

Tylosema esculentum

Burch. A. Schreib.

Marama bean

Immature pod and root

Cajanus cajan

(L.) Huth.

Congo pea, pigeon pea

Immature pod/leaf

Canavalia ensiformis

(L.) DC.

Jack bean, horse bean

Immature seed

Canavalia gladiata

(Jacq.) DC.

Sword bean, horse bean

Immature seed

Cicer arietinum

L.

Garbanzo, chick pea

Seed

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

(L.) Taub.

Cluster bean, guar

Immature pod and seed

Flemingia vestita

Benth. ex Bak.

Flemingia

Tuber

Glycine max

(L.) Merr.

Soybean

Immature and sprouted seed

Lablab purpureus

(L.) Sweet.

Hyacinth bean

Immature seed

Lathyrus sativus

L.

Chickling pea, blue vetchling

Immature pod/seed

Lathyrus tuberosus

L.

Groundnut

Tuber

Lens culinaris

Medikus

Lentil

Immature pod, sprouted seed

Lupinus

spp.

Lupin

Seed

Macrotyloma geocarpum

(Harms) Marechal & Baudet

Hausa groundnut

Seed

Macrotyloma uniflorum

(Lam.) Verdc.

Horse gram

Seed

Medicago sativa

L.

Alfalfa, lucerne

Leaf, young shoot, sprouted seed

Mucuna pruriens

(L.) DC.

Buffalo bean, velvet bean

Seed

Neptunia prostrata

(Lam.) Baill.

Water mimosa, garden puff

Leaf and tender shoot

Pachyrhizus ahipa

(Wedd.) Parodi

Yam bean

Root

Pachyrhizus erosus

(L.) Urban

Jicama, Mexican yam bean

Root, immature pod, and seed

Pachyrhizus tuberosus

(Lam.) Sprengel

Potato bean

Root and immature pod

Phaseolus acutifolius

A. Gray

Tepary bean

Seed, immature pod

Phaseolus coccineus

L.

Scarlet runner bean

Immature pod and seed

Phaseolus lunatus

L.

Lima bean, broad bean

Immature seed, mature seed

Phaseolus vulgaris

L.

Garden bean, snap bean

Immature pod and seed

Pisum sativum

var.

sativum

Pea, garden pea

Immature seed, tender shoot

Pisum sativum

var

. macrocarpon

Snow pea, edible‐podded pea

Immature pod

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

(L.) DC.

Goa bean, winged bean

Immature pod, seed, leaf, root

Pueraria montana

var.

lobata

Kudzu, Japanese arrowroot

Root, leaf, tender shoot

Sphenostylis stenocarpa

(Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Harms.

African yam bean

Tuber and seed

Lotus tetragonolobus

L.

Asparagus pea, winged pea

Immature pod

Trigonella foenum‐graecum

L.

Fenugreek

Leaf, tender shoot, immature pod

Vicia faba

L.

Fava bean, broad bean, horse bean

Immature seed

Vigna aconitifolia

(Jacq.) Maréchal

Moth bean, dew bean

Immature pod and seed

Vigna angularis

(Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi

Adzuki bean

Seed

Vigna mungo

(L.) Hepper

Black gram, urd

Immature pod and seed

Vigna radiata

(L.) Wilcz.

Mung bean, golden gram

Immature pod, sprouted seed, seed

Vigna subterranea

(L.) Verdc.

Bambarra groundnut, Hog peanut

Immature/mature seed

Vigna umbellata

(Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi

Rice bean, Oriental bean

Seed

Vigna unguiculata

subsp.

sesquipedalis

(L.) Verdc.

Asparagus bean, yard‐long bean

Immature pod and seed

Vigna unguiculata

subsp.

unguiculata

Southern pea, cowpea, black‐eyed pea

Immature pod and seed

Gnetaceae

GNETUM FAMILY

Gnetum gnemon

L.

Bucko, Spanish joint‐fir

Leaf, tender shoot, and fruit

Haloragaceae

WATER MILFOIL FAMILY

Myriophyllum aquaticum

(Vellozo) Verdc.

Parrot’s feather

Shoot tip

Icacinaceae

ICACINA FAMILY

Icacina oliviformis

(Poir) J. Raynal

False yam

Tuber

Lamiaceae

MINT FAMILY

Lycopus lucidus

Turcz.

Shiny bugleweed

Rhizome

Mentha pulegium

L.

Pennyroyal mint

Leaf

Mentha spicata

L.

Spearmint

Leaf and inflorescence

Ocimum basilicum

L.

Common basil, sweet basil

Leaf

Ocimum americanum

L.

American basil

Young leaves

Origanum vulgare

L.

Marjoram, oregano

Flowering plant and inflorescence

Perilla frutescens

(L.) Britt. var.

Crispa

(Thunb.) Deane

Perilla

Leaf and seed

Plectranthus esculentus

N.E. Br.

Kaffir potato

Tuber

Satureja hortensis

L.

Savory, summer savory

Leaf and young shoot

Plectranthus rotundifolius

(Poir.) Spreng.

Hausa potato

Tuber

Stachys affinis

Bunge

Japanese artichoke, Chinese artichoke

Tuber

Malvaceae

MALLOW FAMILY

Abelmoschus esculentus

(L.) Moench

Okra, gumbo

Immature fruit

Abelmoschus manihot

(L.) Medikus

Hibiscus root

Leaf and tender shoot

Hibiscus acetosella

Wel. ex Ficalho

False roselle

Young leaf and shoot

Hibiscus sabdariffa

L.

Jamaican sorrel, Indian sorrel

Calyx and leaf

Malva pusilla

L.

Mallow

Leaf and young shoot

Cannabaceae

HEMP FAMILY

Humulus lupulus

L.

Hops

Tender shoot

Nelumbonaceae

LOTUS FAMILY

Nelumbo nucifera

Gaertn.

Lotus root

Rhizome, leaf, seed

Nyctaginaceae

FOUR O’CLOCK FAMILY

Mirabilis expansa

(Ruiz & Paron) Standley

Mauka

Tuber

Nymphaeaceae

WATER LILY FAMILY

Euryale ferox

Salisb. ex K.D. Koenig & Sims