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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Lebensstil
- Sprache: Englisch
Create an eye-catching outdoor oasis with this no-nonsense guide to landscaping As families spend more time at home, they're expanding their living space to their yards, decks, and patios. When you're ready to upgrade the look of your landscape, Landscaping For Dummies offers advice on installing fences and walkways, choosing hardy plants and trees, and enhancing natural habitats for the critters and creatures lurking in your neighborhood. You'll find out how to make your backyard a relaxing retreat space and discover the enjoyment and satisfaction that comes from working in your yard. Landscaping For Dummies includes: * Lists of recommended plants and varieties, including the best ones for privacy plantings, low-maintenance groundcovers, and small gardens * Advice on how to deal with special landscaping concerns, including fire-prone areas, bee and butterfly gardens, and drought-tolerant and native landscapes * Instructions on installing permanent features like decks, patios, fences, and more * Pointers on how to water more efficiently, including the latest tools and technologies that can save you time With a little bit of planning and some digging, trimming, or planting, you'll be set to enjoy your yard whenever the mood strikes. Let Landscaping For Dummies be your guide to making the most of your outdoor space.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Landscaping For Dummies®, 2nd Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021953439
ISBN: 978-1-119-85348-0; ISBN: 978-1-119-85349-7 (ebk); ISBN: 978-1-119-85350-3 (ebk)
Landscaping For Dummies®
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Landscaping For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond This Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Getting Started with Landscaping
Chapter 1: Designing Your Landscape: The Birth of Your Design
Starting with Dreams — Create Your Wish List
Drawing within the Lines: Living with Practical Issues
Site Analysis — Understanding What You Have
Designing a Low-Maintenance Landscape
Chapter 2: Thinking like a Designer
Achieving Unity, Blessed Unity, in Your Landscaping Design
Focusing on Repetition in Your Design
Playing with Color
Getting Some Rhythm
Adding Décor to Your Design: How Many Pink Flamingos Are Enough?
Paying Attention to Hardscape
Keeping an Eye on the Details
The Goldilocks Theory: Choosing Plants That Fit
Layering Plants to Add Interest
Chapter 3: Forming a Working Plan: Getting Serious about Your Design
Knowing What’s Already There — Making a Base Map
Overlaying Your Ideas
Putting Your Ideas on the Ground
Creating a Final Plan
Making a Shopping List
Getting Ready
Doing It Yourself or Calling in the Big Guns
Part 2: Building Hardscape into Your Yard
Chapter 4: Taming Your Site
Focusing on Construction Basics
Grading Your Property
Laying Out Straight Lines and Shapes
Working with Slopes
Chapter 5: Dealing with Water
Routing Water and Improving Drainage
Recognizing the Different Options of Watering Systems
Chapter 6: All Things Fences, Walls, and Gates
Fabricating Fences
Working with Walls
Going for Gates
Chapter 7: Creating Paths and Walkways
Getting Started
Building Paths
Stepping in Style
Chapter 8: Constructing Decks
Understanding a Deck’s Components
Starting with Building a Deck
Getting the Site Ready
Finishing Your Deck
Chapter 9: Building Patios
Selecting Materials
Building the Base
Installing the Surface
Chapter 10: Enhancing Your Landscape
Adding a Raised Bed to Your Landscape
Making a Built-in Bench
Building (or Buying) a Planter
Considering Hot Ideas
Installing Lighting
Adding Wooden Support Structures
Utilizing a Shed
Pondering Water Features
Part 3: The Planting o’ the Green
Chapter 11: Barking Up the Right Tree
Choosing the Perfect Tree
Discovering Some Favorite Trees
Demystifying Tree Planting
Chapter 12: Bulking Up with Shrubs and Vines
Finding Out about Shrubs
Discovering Some Favorite Shrubs
Considering Characteristics
Shopping: Finding High-Quality Shrubs
Planting Shrubs and Hedges
Using Vines in Your Landscape
Shopping for Vines
Planting Vines
Chapter 13: Adding Color and Texture This Season with Annuals
Knowing What An Annual Is
Understanding Your Options When Buying and Planting Annuals
Chapter 14: Striving For Long-Lasting Beauty with Perennials and Bulbs
Creating a Perennial Border
Listing Perennials by Season
Shopping For Perennials
Planting and Pampering Your Perennials
Packing Beauty into Bulbs
Discovering Some Great Bulbs
Buying and Taking Care of Your Bulbs
Chapter 15: Including Succulents and Containers for More Color and Texture
Including Super Succulents
Examining the Containerized Landscape
Chapter 16: Covering Lots of Ground
Getting a Fresh Start: Clearing the Way
Calling Groundcovers to the Rescue
Considering How Much Lawn You Need
Putting In a New Lawn
Part 4: Outside Factors You Can and Can’t Control
Chapter 17: Maintaining Your Landscape
Bettering Your Soil
Composting 101: Making Black Gold
Feeding Your Plants — Which Type of Fertilizer to Use?
Giving Your Plants a Trim — Pruning 101
Editing Your Landscape
Chapter 18: Dealing with Critters, Weeds, and Other Common Problems
Discovering Natural Pest Control
Coping with Small Rodents
Dealing with Doe, a Deer
Grappling with Weeds
Handling Disease Problems
Chapter 19: Coping with Mother Nature and Weather
Peeking at Zone Maps
Surviving Hot Summers
Surviving Cold Winters
Gardening in a Warmer World
Part 5: Time to Add Flair to Your Landscape
Chapter 20: Contemplating Plans for Special Situations
Planting for Privacy
Adding a Low-Water Garden
Getting Ready for a Dip — around a Pool
Designing a Hillside Rock Garden
Considering Shade When Gardening
Chapter 21: Considering Theme Landscapes
Attracting and Nurturing Wild Creatures
Providing a Garden Space for Kids
Putting in a Kitchen Garden
Incorporating an Herb Garden
Establishing a Meadow Garden
Composing a Cottage Garden
Finding Your Meditation Area with a Retreat Garden
Making an Enchanting Evening Garden
Part 6: The Part of Tens
Chapter 22: Ten Ways to Make Your Surroundings Unique
Work on Your Front Yard
Reflect the Architecture of Your Home
Go Native
Coordinate with Neighbors
Design a Secret Garden
Bring the Inside Out
Have Fun with Accessories
Pick a Color Theme and Go For It!
Mix Ornamentals and Edibles
Add the Element of Sound
Chapter 23: Tens Ways to a Greener Landscape
Plant Trees for Shade
Compost
Wean from Garden Pesticides and Herbicides
Use Solar Lighting
Conserve Water
Match Plant Choices to Climate and Soil
Welcome/Tolerate Wildlife
Reduce or Eliminate Your Lawn
Use Tools That Don’t Require Fossil Fuel
Stay Away from Sphagnum Moss
Appendix A: Landscaping Resources
Reading for Ideas and Knowledge
Finding Specific Help
Exploring Learning Opportunities
Viewing Other Gardens and Landscapes
Appendix B: English-Metric Conversion Tables
Index
About the Authors
Supplemental Images
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
TABLE 3-1: Your Shopping List
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1-1: A completed site analysis notes significant features of the propert...
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3-1: Basic drafting tools help you draw your plan.
FIGURE 3-2: Using tracing paper over your base plan, draw shapes to identify wh...
FIGURE 3-3: The final site plan incorporates needs and features into a function...
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4-1: Pound stakes into the ground every 10 feet (3 m) or so along a grad...
FIGURE 4-2: Lay out a line.
FIGURE 4-3: Give a low retaining wall deadmen for stability.
FIGURE 4-4: Building a stacked concrete or stone wall, without mortar, requires...
Chapter 5
FIGURE 5-1: Use underground drainpipe and #1 stone to provide subsurface draina...
FIGURE 5-2: A rain garden routes gutter water to a small garden area.
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6-1: Using stringlines to align fence posts and mark them for trimming w...
FIGURE 6-2: Attaching the fence rails to the posts; note bevel cuts at joints.
FIGURE 6-3: Installing pickets is less tedious if you use a spacer to align eac...
FIGURE 6-4: For a simple board fence (not pickets), trim the top of the fence a...
FIGURE 6-5: A wall of mortared stone, block, or brick requires a reinforced con...
FIGURE 6-6: Installing a brick wall requires double-checking levels at interval...
FIGURE 6-7: Measure the opening at several points when planning the gate frame....
FIGURE 6-8: Attach hinges to the gate first, and then hang the gate.
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7-1: A well-compacted base and firm edgings are the keys to installing b...
FIGURE 7-2: The most critical steps in building a concrete walk are setting the...
FIGURE 7-3: Set the flagstones atop the base and experiment with the path’s des...
FIGURE 7-4: Stairs and garden steps must maintain uniform, safe dimensions.
FIGURE 7-5: You can use landscape timbers to build garden steps.
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8-1: The basic structural system of a deck.
FIGURE 8-2: For a deck layout, attach stringlines directly to the ledger board....
FIGURE 8-3: Components of simple deck stairs.
FIGURE 8-4: Building stairs requires precise measurements and careful carpentry...
FIGURE 8-5: Bolting a railing post to the deck.
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9-1: You have several options for creating a border around your patio.
FIGURE 9-2: A brick or paver patio installed over a sand bed requires a firmly ...
FIGURE 9-3: These brick patterns are designs that any do-it-yourselfer can dupl...
FIGURE 9-4: Save money by preparing the base and forms, but unless your concret...
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10-1: Three types of raised beds.
FIGURE 10-2: The basic garden bench is easy to build.
FIGURE 10-3: Enhance a bench with planter boxes.
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12-1: For bareroot shrubs, set the plant on a cone of soil in the middle...
FIGURE 12-2: Soil basin directs water to roots.
FIGURE 12-3: Keep formal hedges full-foliaged by lightly tapering the sides so ...
Chapter 13
FIGURE 13-1: Gently turn the pot upside down to remove the seedling.
FIGURE 13-2: Breaking a few roots won’t hurt the plant, as long as the mass of ...
FIGURE 13-3: Set the seedling so that the top of the rootball is level with the...
FIGURE 13-4: Firm the soil around the plant just enough so it can remain uprigh...
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14-1: Use this bulb-planting depth chart as a guide when you plant your ...
Chapter 15
FIGURE 15-1: Scoop out holes for each plant.
FIGURE 15-2: Put the plant in the hole and firm it into place.
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16-1: One of several types of lawn spreaders (left) and a lawn roller (r...
FIGURE 16-2: Stagger the ends of the sod, as if you're laying brick.
Chapter 19
FIGURE 19-1: A sample firescaping landscape plan.
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
About the Authors
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Introduction
We figure that you can find two kinds of people in the world — those who have waited and waited until they have a home or some property that they can landscape and those who never gave landscaping a second thought and suddenly find themselves having to do just that. Whichever camp you belong to, welcome — this book is for you.
Good landscaping can do many things for you and your home. A well-planned landscape beautifies your house, wedding it with the surroundings and making it a part of a neighborhood or native terrain. And doing so increases the home’s value. Landscaping also makes your house and yard more useful and better able to complement your family’s lifestyle, whether you hardly ever step foot in your backyard or want to spend every possible moment outdoors.
Appropriate landscaping can also be functional. Trees can shade your home to increase your comfort and reduce energy use. Thorny shrubs can create an impenetrable barrier against possible intruders. Groundcovers and lawns reduce dust from bare ground and can be a play area. Entertain or eat outdoors on a patio or deck. And if you leave room for a garden, you can have fresh salads, veggies, and herbs to enjoy on that patio or deck.
A good landscape also solves problems, providing privacy from nearby neighbors, preventing erosion on steep ground, or channeling water out of soggy, low spots.
Last but not least, a yard you landscape yourself (or with a little help) roots you in place and becomes a place of beauty and sanctuary.
About This Book
Landscaping For Dummies provides you a mixture of ideas, step-by-step instructions, and answers to practical questions like:
“Do I have enough space for this?”
“Will this look right with the style of my house?”
“How much time will I need to spend taking care of this?”
“Can I really afford this?”
“What is the best choice for this spot?”
If all you really want is a shady, secluded spot to hang a hammock, this book can help you. If your plans are more ambitious and include a large brick patio, sweeping flowerbeds, and a potting shed, we can get you there, too.
You see, the steps to designing any landscape, whether simple or sophisticated, are the same. And there are no shortcuts here. This book takes you from the beginning to the end of the landscaping process — from dreaming up ideas, putting them on paper, and estimating costs to choosing plants and installing substantial structures like patios, decks, and walls. We also know you may not be able to do all the work yourself, so we also tell you when to get help and how to make sure the job is getting done properly.
The only thing we can’t do is come over next weekend and help.
This book is organized so that you can pick it up and start anywhere to get at the information you need — just thumb through or browse the Table of Contents in the front or the index in the back.
This is the second, revised, updated edition. A couple of decades have gone by since the first edition. The world has changed, and so have we. Although many of the basic landscaping and gardening principles and techniques remain about the same, we’ve made some key changes and updates, including the following:
New ideas to kick-start your landscape planning.
Useful advice and tips for taming your site so the nonplant additions or renovations, such as fences, walls, gates, paths, decks, patios, and so on, are not only long-lasting and attractive, but also sensitive to the way your landscape is already.
Tons of updated information and ideas for planting everything from trees to shrubs and vines to flowers, in sun or shade. We separate out and beef up the chapters on annuals, perennials and bulbs, succulents and container gardening, and groundcovers to help you access the information more easily.
Insight into lawns and the reality that they take space from actual gardens and consume a lot of resources and time, so you may consider alternative groundcovers.
New information about the current trends toward native plants and matching your plant choices more closely to your climate and soil.
Straight talk about dealing with critters, from deer to insect pests, and some sensible information and advice about weeds and weed control.
Revisions to how you can deal with and prepare for extreme weather and understand climate and climate change.
Foolish Assumptions
When writing this book, we’ve made a few assumptions about you, our dear reader. We assume the following:
You’re bored with or disappointed in the way your yard looks, but you need inspiration — and advice — on how to make it better.
Although you’ve greatly admired beautiful plantings or backyard designs, you haven’t a clue how to make something like that happen in your own yard.
You really want to spend more enjoyable time in your yard but need help figuring out how to block out neighboring properties or views and make yours into a true sanctuary.
Buying trips you’ve made to the garden center have left you overwhelmed and confused. Plants you chose in the past just haven’t lasted or done well.
Landscaping in an ecologically wise way is important to you, but you don’t know how or where to begin.
You’ve experienced success with DIY indoor projects and feel ready, willing, and able to tackle your outdoor spaces, but need guidance and information.
Icons Used in This Book
Throughout this book, you can find icons — small pictures next to the text that point out extra-important information. Here’s what they all mean:
For gems of accumulated wisdom — quite often the kind learned by painful experience! — follow this icon.
Consider this icon like a stop sign — when you see it, stop and pay extra attention, because we only use it to help you avoid serious mistakes or bodily harm.
You’re trying to work correctly and efficiently and to be sensitive to the environment. Problem is, you may not always know what’s right and what isn’t. When you see this icon, we’re pretty certain that we’re steering you in the proper direction.
This icon highlights the jargon and concepts that you need to know, either to communicate with your contractor or to understand and buy materials and plants for yourself.
Beyond This Book
This book is chock-full of tips and other pieces of helpful advice you can use as you landscape your yard. If you want some additional tidbits of wisdom, check out the book’s Cheat Sheet at www.dummies.com. Just search for “Landscaping For Dummies Cheat Sheet.”
Where to Go from Here
We hope you’re starting to feel excited about your new landscape and the creative juices are starting to flow. So, now what? You can flip through the index or Table of Contents to find a subject that interests you.
Or you can turn to whatever section looks to have the answers and information you’re wanting most, whether it’s Part 2’s chapter on paths, Part 3’s chapter on using containers in your landscape, or Part 5’s “theme” gardens. You can backtrack to drawing a plan or taming a slope later; it’s all here.
When you’re ready, roll up your sleeves and let us empower and guide into making the home landscape you’ve always wanted. It’s easier than you think and more fun than you can imagine.
Part 1
Getting Started with Landscaping
IN THIS PART …
Figure out what you want to do by knowing what you want. Know what you already have and what you need.
Familiarize yourself with words and concepts that designers use so that you can analyze your plans the same way that a professional does.
Get creative with your landscape ideas and put those plans on paper.
Chapter 1
Designing Your Landscape: The Birth of Your Design
IN THIS CHAPTER
Dreaming up your perfect landscape
Assessing your current landscape’s needs and potential
Thinking about your property differently
Just envision it: You walk out your back door to a beautiful, comfortable oasis. Transforming your yard isn’t only totally doable, but the process is also rewarding and yes, fun. The new look begins with new thinking: figuring out what you want most, finding inspiring ideas, and dovetailing those dreams with practical considerations.
Your new, improved landscape should be a place you and those you live with genuinely enjoy and use. The hardscape (the parts of your landscape that are physically hard, like a deck or fence) can create an outdoor room for relaxing as well as for entertaining from time to time. The plants can provide bright color, privacy, sunblock, or minimal maintenance — whatever you’re looking for. The idea is to make it yours, personalized the way you like it. It will become your outdoor home, practical and pretty.
Here we encourage you to think what’s possible. You can cross the bridge between dreaming and reality. We show you how in this chapter.
Starting with Dreams — Create Your Wish List
A landscape can be whatever suits you. Experienced landscape designers often say something like “Form follows function,” which simply means that a landscape should meet the needs of the people who use it. In other words, you can design the most elaborate landscape with thousands of dollars’ worth of beautiful plants and expensive paving, but if you can’t find a comfortable place to set up the barbeque and you love to grill, what good is such a yard to you?
The place to start, really, is with a wish list. Here are some possibilities to jog your thinking. Do make your own list and tinker with it. This process is your time to be creative, so have fun:
Create a sanctuary for pollinators, butterflies, and/or birds.
Grow and harvest fresh herbs for cooking.
Create low-maintenance flowerbeds.
Raise food for your family.
Make a space that’s private and shielded from noise and distractions.
Work with color ideas to make some really beautiful displays.
Play catch (or fetch) on the lawn (with your kids or dog).
Cut fresh flower bouquets.
Reduce water bills and maintenance costs.
Entertain guests in comfort and style.
Sip adult beverages while lounging around a firepit.
Create a shady retreat.
Garden in harmony with nature.
Enclose your yard in living plants rather than fencing.
Grow vegetables and fruit for canning.
Swing in a hammock with a good book (or take a nap).
Replace dull foundation plantings.
Play sports such as volleyball, badminton, croquet, or flag football.
Add a lot more color, especially in nonpeak times.
Enjoy the garden after the sun goes down.
Erect a buffer between you and neighboring properties.
Swim in a pool or soak in a spa.
Admire fish and waterlilies in a small pond.
Supervise kids in a sand box, play structure, or fort.
Make a small garden seem bigger or more interesting.
Compost lawn clippings, raked leaves, and kitchen scraps.
View colorful flowers or container plants.
Grow gorgeous roses.
Grow scented flowers and fragrant herbs.
Make an attractive yard that stands out in your neighborhood.
Create a meadow of wildflowers.
Cook and serve meals outdoors.
Relax in the shade created by a vine-covered pergola.
Install a gazebo and make a path out to it.
Make a resilient landscape, one that can tolerate challenging weather.
Hold barbecue parties or potluck dinners.
After the brainstorming and wish-listing, an important part of this process is looking at what you have with new eyes. Sure, you may have some limitations and parameters, but even you can rethink or work them to your advantage. New possibilities will emerge. As you proceed, your dreams and goals will come into clearer focus.
Gathering good ideas
Collecting new-to-you and fresh, inspirational ideas for your landscape design is in many ways a treasure hunt. The following sections can spur your inspiration.
Plan weekend outings to nurseries
Plants are often displayed at nurseries according to their needs for sun or shade. For example, ferns are displayed in a shade house, whereas daylilies are displayed in full sun. After a visit or two, you can figure out which plants you like and start imagining where to plant them.
Some nurseries offer lectures or demos on weekends, which are usually free and are valuable for gathering information on plants and gardening.
Visit local botanical gardens and arboretums
Check out the labels and interpretative signage. Some of the plants may be unusual, but more than likely they’re proven in your climate. Find out, too, if the venue is hosting speakers or holding workshops. If so, sign up and attend. Such events are often free or inexpensive, giving you the opportunity to learn while meeting other gardeners.
Join a garden club or plant society
These groups frequently have informative speakers at their meetings and periodically offer garden tours. Garden tours are great because they offer you the opportunity to observe the use of various landscape elements, both hardscape and plants. Your local nursery should be able to hook you up with garden clubs or societies dedicated to specific plants, like the Rose Society or Rhododendron Society.
Tour your neighbors’ yards
Ask people how they did what they did. You may find that even normally reserved or private people love to talk about their yard. Also, seeing the level of landscaping in your neighborhood gives you a benchmark on the level and quality of landscaping that the neighborhood warrants.
Go online
Start with social media, such as Pinterest, Instagram, and Facebook. Search for “landscaping design ideas” and specific wishes to find many sites, blogs, and images.
In particular, pause at the websites of landscape designers, which tend to tout dreamy completed jobs, often with before-and-after images or progress shots. They can give you clues as to how planning and building can proceed. You’ll also pick up on philosophies and techniques you can use.
Subscribe to garden magazines or trawl their websites
They can increase your warehouse of knowledge on plants and their uses.
Of course, after you subscribe or provide your email address, you soon receive every mail-order plant catalog in the country or are added to those email lists, which is great for you.
Create idea caches on your computer’s desktop, or manually clip articles or images that interest you and make idea-board collages. Or make folders organized by plant type. Here are labels on some of the folders we keep: bulbs, perennials, annuals, evergreen trees and shrubs, deciduous trees and shrubs, vines, tools, lawns and groundcovers, bugs (both good and bad), plant diseases, decks and patios, garden paths, and garden furniture.
Magazines and catalogs can also alert you to problems in the care and maintenance of plants in the landscape. Magazines including Garden Design, The English Garden, Gardens Illustrated, and Gardenista are sources of inspiration geared more to design ideas, whereas Fine Gardening, Horticulture, Garden Gate, Birds & Blooms, Better Homes & Gardens, and Sunset offer lots of practical information on plants and planting.
Chat with a Master Gardener
Your closest Cooperative Extension office can put you in touch with a Master Gardener, or alert you to any event or gathering a group of them may be planning. Master Gardeners are knowledgeable about plants and gardening. They can answer your questions and point you to good resources, including their favorite suppliers in your area.
THINKING LONG TERM
How long you plan to live in your house influences your landscape planning. If you’re only planning to live in your house a couple of years, concentrate on fast-growing trees and shrubs to give you a more powerful effect sooner. Expensive projects like a deck or gazebo may add to the value of your home, but you may not recoup those costs before you’re ready to move.
In general, the shorter your stay, the less complex your landscape plans should be. If you plan to stay in your house for a long time, go ahead and tackle more difficult projects, such as adding a deck, fence, pool, or patio (see Part 2).
Are you or someone else in your home aging, or planning to stay and garden at this address until older? Is anyone, of any age, handicapped or mobility-challenged (regular visitors or residents)? Sooner or later, you and your landscape design may need to accommodate these specialized needs. Among the design ideas that facilitate such folks are: wider, flatter smoother paths providing access to different spots, elevated gardening beds, comfortable (shady) places to sit, and specialized maintenance tools. Among many great resources for ideas and advice is www.accessiblegardens.com.
Use this book
Flip to Part 2 of this book for information on building hardscape and Part 3 for ideas on plants. You can also check out the latest edition of Gardening Basics For Dummies by Steven Frowine and the Editors of the National Gardening Association (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
Drawing within the Lines: Living with Practical Issues
Some parts — only a few, don’t fret — of working with your landscape are nonnegotiable. Here we discuss them in greater detail, in case one or more applies to your situation. Although they may be necessary considerations, they don’t need to derail your dreams. Just find ways to address them.
Making sure you know where your property lines are
Our advice here is quite blunt: Don’t work near or on the bounds unless you know where the bounds are. By that, we mean, don’t plan a change, or don’t start up a new fence, hedge, or any landscaping project close to the edges of your property unless you know for certain where the legal lines are.
You won’t find your property lines drawn on the ground. If you’re lucky, though, you may find monuments, or markers, at one or more property corners. These markers may be conspicuous posts driven into the ground, but more likely, they’re small pipes, rebar, or brass medallions, often buried over time under soil. Property corners at the street are usually marked by small crosses inscribed in the concrete curb or gutter. If you can’t find your markers easily, ask your immediate neighbors or long-time residents living nearby. As a good-neighbor policy, you may want to conduct the search with your immediate neighbors anyway, especially to clarify the ownership of fences.
Keep in mind that your actual property line may be set back several feet/a meter or so from its markers. Also check your deed to see whether the street occupies an easement along the front of your property (an easement essentially means that your city, county, or neighbors may use the space if ever needed).
When you can’t verify your property lines, you need to hire a professional land surveyor (PLS); they can also provide seasoned advice about any disputes or ambiguities.
Tax maps, sorry to report, are estimations and won’t hold up in a legal dispute. Deeds have written descriptions, not so useful to you in this situation. If your deed references a recent survey map, that can be useful … you can trace it.
Verifying whether you need permits
If you’re contemplating some new and substantial features or dramatic changes (a grade change or rerouting where water flows, for example), make sure you call your municipality permitting office to find out if a permit is required. New decks, patios, and water features are among the items that some municipalities regulate.
Don’t find out the hard way that you’ve planned, or worse, completed something that isn’t allowed or doesn’t meet codes. The penalty can be anything from a citation and fine, to an order to dismantle what you installed, or both.
Lawns remain popular in front yards, at least, in some areas. You may have read about homeowners who turned their front yard into a food garden or a wildflower meadow, only to get in trouble. (This stance is changing in some areas, though. For more on lawns and lawn alternatives, see Chapter 16.)
If you live in a development, make sure to check the covenants of your HOA (homeowner’s association) to see if there are any restrictions on hardscapes and plantings.
Considering children and pets’ safety
If you have children or pets living with you or visiting now and then, their safety isn’t just a matter of showing you care. Their safety can be or become a legal issue. When you have concerns or questions, check with your local municipality or homeowners association.
Here are a few basic principles to bear in mind:
Incorporate raised beds or elevated planter boxes (for flowers as well as vegetables or herbs).
Kids and pets tend to prefer flat, easily accessible areas.
Take out, and don’t plant, any plants known to have poisonous leaves or berries.
Look them up; the information is readily available online. Cross-check with the American Association of Poison Control Centers. When in doubt, err on the side of caution and remove/avoid.
Avoid planting thorny bushes or trees, especially in high-traffic areas.
These obstruct sightlines and access and also can snag or scratch skin and clothing.
Monitor children and pets when they are in the yard
. Doing so is especially important if you lack fences or have a water feature.
Never leave your tools, supplies, or sprays lying about … or even accessible.
Kids are curious, and these items are often hazards. Better safe than sorry — put stuff away, up high, out of reach. If you’ve decanted garden chemicals or sprays into other containers (jugs, jars, sprayers), be sure they’re both clearly labeled
and
stored out of reach.
Don’t set up a play structure or swing set close to trees, fences, or the property line/neighbor’s yards.
You don’t want to risk injury or damage, to people
or
property.
Consider creating areas especially for children and pets, so the rest of the landscape is (ideally) freed up for your many other ideas and plans. Kids need places to play, relax, hide, or make forts. Get them involved in designing their areas and helping you around the yard. (How about a bean-pole teepee? Or a sunflower house?) Perhaps have a storage area or bench for their toys (see the section, “Designating storage areas,” later in this chapter for ideas).
Dogs are creatures of habit and will mark, and lounge, in the same spots, especially if you train them that way. If you create a run or outdoor play yard for a dog, make sure it’s big enough for the breed, has shade/shelter from the hot sun, and is easy to clean. As for sandboxes, if cats are in the area, keep the box covered when not in use (because cats think they’re litter boxes)!
Addressing water issues
Whether you have too much or too little, anticipating water issues is a big part of landscape design. We’re not just talking about make sure you have a faucet for a hose hookup not too far from the flowerbed. There are two major areas of concern here, both related to climate/weather and both within your ability to exercise at least some measure of control:
Flood control:
Your property may need a retention area to hold runoff during a major storm event. This tends to be more likely and urgent if your property slopes. Some municipal codes require residential properties to be ready for a 6- to 8-inch (15.2 to 20.3 cm) rain event. Check with City Hall and your codes officer and/or call a professional landscaper in your area to clarify and get advice.
Collecting water:
In dry climates or areas with very long, hot summers, homeowners look for ways to gather and use what water they can for their yards and gardens. This can be anything from installing a so-called
rain garden
(a garden set up to deliberately receive and benefit from water running from your house’s gutters) to setting up a rain-collection barrel to using
gray water
(basically, used household water from sinks and drains). You may get necessary information and guidance from your municipality and/or a local professional. For more discussions on all these avenues, check
Chapter 5
.
Designating storage areas
Inevitably, you need designated areas in your home landscape for storing things when you aren’t using them and to avoid clutter. Vehicles may or may not go in the garage along with your gardening equipment, tools, and supplies.
When creating your landscape design, make sure you don’t forget your storage needs. Here are some ideas:
Storage shed:
You may need a shed dedicated to yard and garden maintenance if you don’t already have one. Having one for your tools and garden supplies can help alleviate any crowding in your garage. (Or if you don’t have a garage, a shed is a great place to keep all your yard gadgets and tools.) Think about how big it needs to be and where you want it. Don’t forget to figure out if will block access or sun. Last but not least, for security and safety, be sure it has a latching or locking door.
Potting shed:
These often look like playhouses, complete with shuttered windows and windowboxes, but they can be as practical as they are cute. Install shelves and hooks, a utility or dry sink, a potting bench, and hanging nesting wire baskets for storing gardening tools and supplies. You can also use a shed as a cool, dry place to dry freshly harvested bundles of herbs and to store stacked unused pots. (A
she-shed
is similar but may be less practical. It may look the same on the outside, but inside, harbors a comfy snoozing or reading nook, or art supplies.)
Storage bins:
These can be anything from weather-tough plastic bins with fitted lids that get stashed somewhere until needed to the outdoor equivalent of a parson’s bench — that is, a bench on your deck or patio whose seat lifts up to allow storage within.
Outdoor closet:
This can be tall and skinny and perhaps fit into a corner. It’s a place to store or hang long-handled tools such as rakes and shovels as well as perhaps a coiled hose and other useful items.
Make a list of items you expect to be storing; doing so helps clarify what you have and where you plan to put it. If you’re good with numbers, you can go ahead and calculate the amount of space (volume) your stored tool collection would require and then you’ll really know the size you need.
Site Analysis — Understanding What You Have
Here we come to grips with your property the way it is now:
What are its strengths and weaknesses?
What do you like or dislike about your yard?
What kind of problems does your landscape have that you need to find solutions for?
This process of assessing your yard is called site analysis. This is the time to make a rough drawing. To do some serious drawing — with dimensions — check out Chapter 3.
Figure 1-1 is a sample of what your initial site analysis can look like when you’re finished. You identify what you have to work with and imagine what improvements will be there soon.
The following sections help you analyze your site and include some common approaches to help you think fresh and creative thoughts about your landscape. The object here is to bring your unique landscape and its possibilities into sharper focus.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 1-1: A completed site analysis notes significant features of the property.
Drawing your site analysis
Stick to these steps as you draw your site analysis:
Get a sheet of paper and a pencil and sketch your existing property.
Include your house with windows and doors, existing plants, and general north/south directions. Although you should try to draw to scale, your rough drawing doesn’t have to be very precise.
Go outside and put the drawing on a clipboard and walk around your yard, making notations of the following:
Sun and shade:
Mark areas that are sunny or shady, and at what times of the day.
Views: Note good and bad views — ones that you may want to preserve and ones you may want to block.
Good views — surrounding hills, the coast, maybe just the nearby skyline — are easy to recognize.
Bad views, on the other hand, take a little more eyeballing. For instance, determine whether the neighbors can see in your yard or you can see in theirs, or whether you feel the need to block your view of their garage or old-car collection. Determine whether you have things on your own property, like a utility or storage area, that you’d rather not see. Figure out what you’ll see if you put in a raised deck. Look to see whether utility poles are visible. Check how the view changes when deciduous trees lose their leaves.
Prevailing winds:
Note if you regularly feel winds that you may be able to block with fencing or plants.
Slope and drainage: Put in some arrows that give you a rough idea of the contours of your yard. Sloping ground or uneven terrain can be an interesting part of a landscape, especially if you accentuate it with walls or plants combined with stone to simulate a dry streambed. High points may also provide some views that you want to take advantage of.
On the other hand, sloping ground can also mean erosion or drainage problems that can threaten your house or yard. Be sure that water drains away from all the walls of your house. Mark down any areas that seem overly wet or where moss or algae is growing. If you can stand getting wet, go outside in a rainstorm and watch where excess water flows. Just don’t take your clipboard with you!
Chances are, your landscape isn’t isolated, which means that changes you make can adversely affect a neighbor’s property. Routing your drainage off your land and onto theirs isn’t the answer (and of course, not a recipe for neighborhood harmony — no holiday card!). So, too, can your alterations lead to erosion beyond your property lines. Therefore, you must work to avoid such scenarios and find solutions that work within your own property. If the situation is daunting, seek advice/help from a professional.
Existing plants:
Draw in large trees, shrubs, vines, and perennials that you may want to preserve. (Leave out or cross off ones that you mean to get rid of.)
Interesting natural features:
A small stream or handsome rocks protruding from the ground can become special landscape features.
Noise, smells, and lights:
Let your senses go and write down anything else that you notice — lights at night, noise from next door, and even unpleasant odors. You may be able to do something about them.
Winter sights and sounds:
Look to see whether your plants are getting crushed by snow under the eaves. Determine where you put the snow when shoveling or snowblowing, or where a snowplow shoves piles. Be sure to avoid planting or installing seating in those areas.
Do this over a period of several days, at different times of the day. Doing so will give you an opportunity to observe your landscape better or more completely than you perhaps ever have before. In particular, notice when the sun shines (or doesn’t) in different areas and for how long.
Does your yard have microclimates? Many do! This term refers to a spot that has different and unique conditions, compared to the rest of your landscape. Instead of struggling to alter its natural inclinations, we suggest you capitalize on them. To do so, for example, find moisture-loving plants for a soggy spot. Place a comfy chair in the perpetually shady corner, and put in ferns and other shade-loving plants around it.
Make notations of what you see from
inside
the house including:
Views:
Note the good views and the bad. Look out your windows; what do you see? A nice view of the yard or the neighbors’ back porch? Determine who can see in the windows from the street or next door.
Sunlight:
Note whether the sun blazes through your windows, heating the house in the afternoon. Or perhaps you get a pleasant light that’s cast on the kitchen table as you drink coffee in the morning.
Lights:
Observe whether car lights or signs shine through your window at night. (Ask yourself if a tree or even a vine-covered trellis could block that problem.)
Where applicable, consider the needs outlined in the section, “Drawing within the Lines: Living with Practical Issues,” earlier in this chapter.
Note whether you’re already accommodating these needs. Are you satisfied/happy? Can you reserve or even add space?
Knowing how much of your yard you can use
Most houses are plunked somewhere in the middle of the lot. Though the surrounding areas may vary in size, you almost always have a front yard, a backyard, and often two side yards — that’s called a four-sided landscape.
At first, you may have a tough time overcoming the tradition that backyards are where you actually live, front yards are for show, and side yards (if any) are mostly ignored. We suggest you think outside the box and break some of those old rules.
A DAY IN THE LIFE
An accurate sense of where light falls and when in your landscape is so important. Even if you’re not home when the sun is full-on a flowerbed, the plants will know — and you’ll have planted sun-lovers. So, observe at morning, noon, and evening, and make note. When you’re ready to purchase plants for your landscape (flip to Part 3), this information helps you match plants with appropriate light conditions.
Noting sunny and shady areas can also give you ideas about creating more comfortable outdoor living space. In midsummer, the south and western sides of the house are the sunniest and warmest. If you live in areas with cooler summers, place outdoor furniture in those same locations. If, however, you live in an area with hot summers, look into adding shade trees (see Chapter 11) or perhaps installing an arbor or pergola (see Chapter 10).
Multitask and be flexible. Using your entire yard allows you to take advantage of different times of the day when one part or another of your landscape is at its best. If your backyard is baked on summer afternoons, you can retreat to the cool respite out front. If the under-eight crowd swarms over the play structure, perhaps you can move around to a side yard where you can discreetly keep an eye on the goings-on. A shady nook way in the back of the backyard can allow you to tune out the drone of a weed-whacker a few houses away. These sections break down the parts of your entire yard and give you some ideas to utilize them as potential living spaces.
Your front yard
Shield the front yard with walls of greenery or a privacy fence (flip to Chapter 6), and on weekend afternoons when the rest of the neighborhood is carousing in their backyards, you’ll have the front all to yourself.
If you think that’s too bold of a step (and it may well be for your neighborhood — or, as we keep cautioning, if you have an HOA), at least you can move some of your ornamental garden beds to the front instead of having a resource-gobbling, boring lawn. Give your home more curb appeal.
You may be surprised at how quickly a beautification copycat campaign can start up after the neighbors see you puttering among the flowers and butterflies.
Be aware that you may need to keep your front yard neat to avoid neighborhood resentment — in fact, your local municipality may even have a word with you about the state of your yard. If you’re inspired to plant a prairie or a naturalistic woodland out front, talk to your neighbors first (and check with your local municipality) so that they know what you have in mind. Keep well-groomed paths so that the landscape looks guided instead of frighteningly wild. (The reaction that you’re trying to avoid is “Oh no! What if those weeds come into my yard?”)
Your backyard
Backyards are usually best for children’s play areas because you don’t want them to careen out or chase balls into the street. If you’re a veggie grower with kids, put your patch near the play area so you can keep one eye on them while you weed the zukes.
Vegetable patches don’t have to be relegated to the backyard — put them wherever the light and soil and convenience are best. Who could kvetch about a well-tended patch, planted in an interesting design of diagonals or squares with vegetables that are interspersed with flowers and herbs? Call it a “kitchen garden” if that helps elevate its reputation. (Keep in mind, though, that food gardens definitely have an off-season that is less attractive.)
Your side yard
Some properties, particularly in housing tracts, have side yards. They’re often narrow, sometimes shady, and they’re usually overlooked as nothing more than a way to get from the front yard to the back or a place to stash the trash and recycling bins. Give yourself reason to linger by setting up a hammock or moving a bistro table and chair to the area.
If it’s sunny, your side yard can be the perfect place for a strawberry patch or a row of raspberry bushes. It can host a whimsical garden ornament of some kind or another (here’s the place for your pink flamingo or garden gnome), a small garden pool or fountain, a little herb garden, maybe — and it will become a destination and a sanctuary of its own instead of a waystation.
Walking through the space
You may already have thought about what friends and family intend to do in the yard — picnicking, socializing, growing tomatoes, playing, and so on — but you may also want to think about how you and your family move through your yard.
Your list of outdoor wants and needs — eating, playing, sitting — is a lot simpler to divvy up when spaces are already separate, thanks to the geography of the yard and house. Chances are, you already know where the best patch of lawn is for that pitch-and-catch area you need. You also know the most discreet place to stash the compost pile. You know which neighbor will hate having to see your dog’s kennel or run from their bedroom window and which one will sneak your pup a treat when they’re outside. You know where the sun beats down on late summer afternoons — perfect for an herb garden — and where the neighbor’s oak tree casts a cool pool of shade for those patio cookouts that you can’t wait to indulge in.
As you begin to get an idea of where the best places are for all the things on your wish list, stroll around and figure out the routes that will get you and others from one area to the next. As you begin fiddling with potential pathways, you may discover that they can make your garden seem bigger. Obscured by shrubs, ornamental grasses, or other tall plants, paths can double back, twist and turn, and run along for much longer than you may think in a limited space. (Chapter 7 is chock-full of information on designing and building pathways.)
If you’re having trouble visualizing your paths, try this quick trick: sprinkle a biodegradable path of flour or oatmeal through your yard. You can see in a minute whether your path design works.
Focusing on privacy
Even if your neighbors aren’t the busybody type, you may still find relief in building in privacy as you create your landscape plan. (Chapters 12 and 20 have ideas, including plant suggestions, for creating privacy.)
Here are some good ways to enclose and protect your yard or parts of it:
Tall hedges (see
Chapter 12
), and arbors (flip to
Chapter 10
) work wonders at making your yard your own space.
Trees are a natural for providing privacy, though if you install new ones, you’ll either have to invest in bigger, more expensive specimens or be patient. See
Chapter 11
for all sorts of options and ideas.
Walls, fences, and even privacy screens help to keep your noise in and other noise out — so that you don’t have to keep shushing your kids or resenting the neighbor’s kid with his noisy car. (Turn to
Chapter 6
.)
Privacy structures define the boundaries of your landscape. Imagine decorating your living room if it had no walls. A little tricky to make it feel cozy, isn’t it? Outdoor living rooms work the same way. Walls make the furnishings — in this case, the plants and ornaments — look better by providing a backdrop. Put that dream fountain you invested in against a wall of lush greenery, and it becomes much more appealing than if the sidewalk, street, or a neighbor’s yard forms the backdrop.
Knowing when you’ll use your landscape
When dreaming up your ideal landscape, take into account the times of day and the times of year in which you plan to use your yard. For example:
If you plan to be outdoors in the late afternoon, figure out where you’ll be most comfortable at that time of day. Maybe the shady spot under the big tree out back. If the sun shines hot where a patio is or may be, consider installing an overhead structure for shade or planting shade trees.
If you want to use the garden (or view the garden) at night, investigate and install well-chosen lighting (see
Chapter 10
).
If you still want to be outdoors during the rainy season, investigate creating a covered patio.
If bugs populate the yard at the same time that you do (summer evenings), a screened-in porch or patio will keep them at bay.
If you want to get outdoors early in the spring or well into autumn, keep or plant trees and structures that don’t block the sun.
If you enjoy every minute of summer outdoors, choose trees, shrubs, and flowers that bloom throughout the season (refer to
Part 3
).
