Larval Fish Nutrition E-Book

G. Joan Holt

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1096

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Nutrition is particularly important in the healthy development of fish during their early-life stages. Understanding the unique nutritional needs of larval fish can improve the efficiency and quality of fish reared in a culture setting. Larval Fish Nutrition comprehensively explores the nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies that will allow aquaculture researchers and professionals to develop and implement improved culture practices. Larval Fish Nutrition is logically divided into three sections. The first section looks at the role of specific nutrient requirements in the healthy digestive development of fish. The second section looks at the impacts if nutritional physiology on fish through several early-life stages. The final section looks at feeding behaviors and the benefits and drawbacks to both live feed and microparticulate diets in developing fish. Written by a team of leading global researchers, Larval Fish Nutrition will be an indispensible resource for aquaculture researchers, professionals, and advanced students. Key Features: * Reviews the latest research on larval fish nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies * Extensively covers nutritional needs of various early-life stages in fish development * Weighs the benefits and drawbacks to both live feeds and microparticulate diets * Written by a global team of experts in fish nutrition and physiology

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

Section 1: Digestive Development and Nutrient Requirements

Chapter 1 Ontogeny of the digestive tract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Organogenesis of the digestive system

1.3 Histological structure of the digestive tract and accessory glands

1.4 Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes

1.5 Expression of digestive enzyme genes

1.6 Assessing the nutritional condition of fish larvae: histological biomarkers and digestive enzymes

Chapter 2 Lipids

2.1 Physiological role of essential fatty acids (EFAs)

2.2 Requirements for EFAs

2.3 Utilization of dietary lipids

2.4 Summary

Chapter 3 Proteins

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Protein digestion

3.3 Protein metabolism

3.4 AA requirements

3.5 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Micronutrients

4.1 General introduction to fish micronutrient history

4.2 Micronutrients in larval feeds

4.3 Requirements versus recommendations

4.4 Vitamins

4.5 Minerals

4.6 Future challenges

Section 2: Nutritional Physiology

Chapter 5 Effects of broodstock diet on eggs and larvae

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Reproductive biology and ovarian development

5.3 Criteria for egg and larval quality

5.4 Effective feeding periods for optimum broodstock performance

5.5 Importance of adequate feed intake on spawning performance

5.6 Nutrient requirements and their effects on reproductive physiology and egg quality

5.7 Specific feed ingredients

5.8 Summary and conclusions

Chapter 6 Utilization of yolk: transition from endogenous to exogenous nutrition in fish

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Origin and yolk formation in teleosts

6.3 Yolk morphology

6.4 Yolk composition

6.5 Mechanism of yolk utilization

6.6 Rate and efficiency of yolk absorption

6.7 Nonyolk nutrient sources

6.8 Mixed feeding stage

Acknowledgments

Chapter 7 Effects of larval nutrition on development

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Nutritional indicators of the digestive system

7.3 Skeletal development

7.4 Swimming musculature

7.5 Pigmentation

7.6 Conclusions and recommendations

Chapter 8 Bioenergetics of growth in commercially important developing fishes

8.1 Background and overview of problems

8.2 Suboptimal growth and development: limiting factors for productivity

8.3 Bioenergetics: mechanisms of growth and development

8.4 Energetics of growth through development

8.5 Growth, bioenergetics, and stress: why fish do not grow at maximal rates

8.6 Concluding remarks

Chapter 9 Regulation of digestive processes

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Digestion in fish

9.3 Regulatory systems

9.4 Future research

Section 3: Feeds and Feeding

Chapter 10 Feeding behavior in larval fish

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Searching for and detecting food

10.3 Locomotor capacity and searching strategies

10.4 Capture and ingestion

10.5 Effect of feeding and nutrition limitation on foraging ability

10.6 Concluding remarks: applying feeding behavior knowledge to larval rearing technology

Acknowledgments

Chapter 11 Live feeds

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Application of microalgae in marine aquaculture

11.3 Rotifers in aquaculture

11.4 Artemia in aquaculture

11.5 Copepods in aquaculture

Chapter 12 Microparticulate diets: technology

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Delivery of high-molecular-weight proteins, carbohydrates, and water-insoluble nutrients

12.3 Delivery of lipids

12.4 Delivery of low-molecular-weight, water-soluble nutrients

12.5 Conclusions

Chapter 13 Microparticulate diets: testing and evaluating success

13.1 Introduction

13.2 The need for microparticulate diets

13.3 Live versus microparticulate feeds

13.4 Quantifying larval responses to live and microparticulate diets

13.5 Measuring success

13.6 Future needs

Chapter 14 Methods for assessing embryonic and larval growth in fish

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Direct growth assessment

14.3 Indirect growth assessment: condition analysis

14.4 The zebrafish: a model organism to study fish nutrition

Acknowledgments

Index

This edition first published 2011 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapters 12 and 13 remain with the U.S. Government.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Larval fish nutrition / editor, G. Joan Holt.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-8138-1792-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Fishes--Larvae--Feeding and feeds. I. Holt, J. (Joan)

 SH156.L37 2011

 639.3--dc22

2010052427

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9780470959831; Wiley Online Library 9780470959862; ePub 9780470959848, and Mobi 9780470959855.

Contributors

Cláudia Aragão

Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)

University of Algarve

Faro, Portugal

Rick Barrows

USDA—Agricultural Research Service

Fish Technology Center

Bozeman, MT

Luis Conceição

Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)

University of Algarve

Faro, Portugal

Konrad Dabrowski

School of Environment and Natural Resources

Ohio State University

Columbus, OH

Maria J. Darias

Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA)

Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain

Ralf Dahm

Department of Biology

University of Padua

Padua, Italy

Alicia Estevez

Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA)

Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain

Jan Ove Evjemo

Marine Resources Technology

SINTEF

Trondheim, Norway

Hipólito Fernández-Palacios

Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (ICCM and ULPGC)

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Trina F. Galloway

SINTEF

Trondheim, Norway

Enric Gisbert

Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA)

Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain

Kristin Hamre

Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)

Bergen, Norway

G. Joan Holt

Department of Marine Science

University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute

Port Aransas, TX

Ione Hunt von Herbing

Department of Biology

University of North Texas

Denton, TX

Marisol Izquierdo

Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (ICCM and ULPGC)

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Marta Jaroszewska (Deceased)

Department of Biology and Earth Science

Nicolaus Copernicus University

Torun, Poland

Elin Kjørsvik

Department of Biology

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Center of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Trondheim, Norway

William Koven

Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research

The National Center for Mariculture

Eilat, Israel

Chris Langdon

Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station

Hatfield Marine Science Center

Oregon State University

Newport, OR

Juan Pablo Lazo

Centro de Investigación Cientifica y

de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE)

Ensenada, Mexico

Mari Moren

Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)

Bergen, Norway

Birgitta Norberg

Institute of Marine Research

Austevoll, Norway

Gunvor Øie

Marine Resources Technology

SINTEF

Trondheim, Norway

Yngvar Olsen

Department of Biology

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Trondheim, Norway

Rafael Perez-Dominguez

Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)

University of Hull

Hull, UK

Kjell Inge Reitan

Marine Resources Technology

SINTEF

Trondheim, Norway

Ivar Rønnestad

Department of Biology

University of Bergen

Bergen, Norway

Michael B. Rust

NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center

Seattle, WA

Øystein Sæle

Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)

Bergen, Norway

Josianne Støttrup

National Institute of Aquatic Resources

Technical University of Denmark

Charlottenlund, Denmark

Meredith Turnbough

University of North Texas

Denton, TX

Rune Waagbø

Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES)

Bergen, Norway

Ken A. Webb

NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center

Seattle, WA

Manuel Yúfera

Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia (CSIC)

Cadiz, Spain

Preface

Addressing the challenges of larval fish nutrition is complex but necessary in order to make progress in developing diets for optimum growth and development of the early life stages of fish. There are two main approaches to feeding larvae in captivity: the first utilizes live food organisms such as rotifers and brine shrimp, while the second focuses on the development of microparticulate diets. Live foods are difficult to sustain, require considerable space and expense, and may not provide adequate nutrition, while microparticulate diets are easier to maintain and have lower production costs, but have not proven to be successful for raising marine fish larvae. Ingestion, digestion, and assimilation are all critical steps in the utilization of larval diets, and each or all may contribute to the lack of success thus far. Fish larvae reared on microparticulate diets generally have lower growth and survival rates that may be the result of inadequate nutritional quality of the diets, low ingestion rates, or poorly developed digestive systems in the larvae. The lack of nutritional information for fish larvae, and the dependence on live food, has hindered progress in developing larval diets. Since larviculture is a bottleneck to successful production of many preferred, high-quality marine species, it is important to know where we should be headed to successfully develop diets for fish larvae. Development of artificial feeds for fish larvae capable of supporting good survival and growth would be a tremendous benefit to hatcheries that depend on the supply of live feed. This book on larval fish nutrition was developed to address these challenges and support the development of feeding and weaning strategies that will optimize growth and survival of fish for production.

The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive reference text on larval fish nutrition. It includes sections on digestive development and nutrient requirements, nutrient physiology, and feeds and feeding. Each of these three sections details crucial topics, including ontogeny of the digestive system; current state of knowledge on the requirements for lipids, proteins, and micronutrients; effects of broodstock diet on eggs and larvae; utilization of yolk during endogenous feeding; effects of nutrition on development; metabolism and bioenergetics; regulation of digestion; feeding behavior and live feeds; microparticulate diet technology, testing, and evaluation; and methods for assessing growth, and the potential of the zebrafish as a model organism to study fish nutrition. Reference tables of development events, micronutrients in live prey, fatty acid requirements, vitamin requirements for broodstock, and so on are included. A list of challenges and solutions is provided, along with suggestions for evaluating their success. A strong team of international experts in each of the important areas of larval fish nutrition was assembled to summarize current knowledge and to suggest essential future directions. A total of 34 contributors from Denmark, Europe, Israel, Norway, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States provided summaries of critical information needed to promote rapid progress in this field. It is hoped that this book will be a beneficial reference for researchers advancing knowledge of larval fish nutrition and aquaculture production, as well as a valuable supplementary textbook for advanced courses in nutrition, aquaculture, and larval fish studies.

G. Joan Holt