Lubricants E-Book

Marika Torbacke

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 314

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Those working with tribology often have a background in mechanical engineering, while people working with lubricant development have a chemistry/chemical engineering background. This means they have a tradition of approaching problems in different ways. Today’s product development puts higher demands on timing and quality, requiring collaboration between people with different backgrounds. However, they can lack understanding of each other’s challenges as well as a common language, and so this book aims to bridge the gap between these two areas.

Lubricants: Introduction to Properties and Performance provides an easy to understand overview of tribology and lubricant chemistry. The first part of the book is theoretical and provides an introduction to tribological contact, friction, wear and lubrication, as well as the basic concepts regarding properties and the most commonly made analyses on lubricants. Base fluids and their properties and common additives used in lubricants are also covered. The second part of the book is hands-on and introduces the reader to the actual formulations and the evaluation of their performance. Different applications and their corresponding lubricant formulations are considered and tribological test methods are discussed. Finally used oil characterisation and surface characterisation are covered which give the reader an introduction to different methods of characterising used oils and surfaces, respectively.

Key features:

• Combines chemistry and tribology of lubricants into one unified approach
• Covers the fundamental theory, describing lubricant properties as well as base fluids and additives
• Contains practical information on the formulations of lubricants and evaluates their performance
• Considers applications of lubricants in hydraulics, gears and combustion engines

Lubricants: Introduction to Properties and Performance is a comprehensive reference for industry practitioners (tribologists, lubricant technicians, and lubricant chemists, etc) and is also an excellent source of information for graduate and undergraduate students.

Leseprobe

Lubricants

Introduction to Properties and Performance

Marika Torbacke

Statoil Lubricants, Sweden

Åsa Kassman Rudolphi

Uppsala University, Sweden

Elisabet Kassfeldt

Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

This edition first published 2014

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.

ISBN 9781118799741

CONTENTS

Preface

List of Symbols

Part One Lubricant Properties

Chapter 1 Introduction to Tribology

1.1 Tribological Contacts

1.2 Friction

1.3 Wear

1.4 Lubrication of the Tribological System

References

Chapter 2 Lubricant Properties

2.1 Performance Properties

2.2 Long Life Properties

2.3 Environmental Properties

2.4 Summary of Analyses

References

Chapter 3 Base Fluids

3.1 General Hydrocarbon Chemistry

3.2 Base Fluid Categorization

3.3 The Refining Process of Crude Oils

3.4 Base Fluids Originating from Crude Oil

3.5 Base Fluids Originating from Renewable Raw Materials

3.6 Nonconventional Synthetic Base Fluids

3.7 Properties of Base Fluids

References

Chapter 4 Additives

4.1 Fundamental Concepts and Processes

4.2 Additive Exploration

4.3 Surface Active Adsorbing Additives

4.4 Interfacial Surface Active Additives

4.5 Physically Bulk Active Additives

4.6 Chemically Bulk Active Additives

4.7 Additive Summary

References

Part Two Lubricant Performance

Chapter 5 Formulating Lubricants

5.1 General Aspects of Development

5.2 Quality of the Lubricated Tribological Contact

5.3 Hydraulics

5.4 Gears

5.5 Combustion Engines

References

Chapter 6 Tribological Test Methods

6.1 Field, Bench and Component Tests

6.2 Model Tests

6.3 Lubricant Film Thickness Measurements

6.4 Tribological Evaluation in Mixed and Boundary Lubrication

6.5 Selection of Model Tests to Simulate Real Contacts

6.6 Summary of Tribotest Methods

References

Chapter 7 Lubricant Characterization

7.1 General Characterization Concepts

7.2 Condition Analyses of Lubricants

7.3 Nonused Oil Characterization

7.4 Used Oil Characterization

7.5 Summary of Used Oil Analyses

References

Chapter 8 Surface Characterization

8.1 Surface Characterization of Real Components

8.2 Microscopy Techniques

8.3 Surface Measurement

8.4 Hardness Measurement

8.5 Surface Analysis Techniques

8.6 Summary of Surface Characterization Methods

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Baldos – a machine with low energy losses

Figure 1.2

The different areas of tribology: friction, wear and lubrication

Figure 1.3

Tribological contacts are affected by different conditions

Figure 1.4

The tribological contact can be observed at macroscale (left) or at microscale (right). Surfaces appearing smooth at macroscale still show roughness at microscale

Figure 1.5

Examples of conformal and nonconformal tribological contacts

Figure 1.6

Examples of tribological contacts at macroscale are shown according to the type of contact area

Figure 1.7

The running-in process smoothens rough surfaces

Figure 1.8

Friction visualized as pulling a small box across a flat surface. The set-up (top) and a cross-section view (bottom). The forces at the interface also are shown

Figure 1.9

Illustration of shear forces between solid bodies and fluid in a lubricated contact

Figure 1.10

Coefficient of friction μ versus film parameter

Λ

in lubricated sliding contacts

Figure 1.11

Boundary lubrication, where there are always some asperities in contact

Figure 1.12

Mixed lubrication, where the surface roughness is in the same order of magnitude as the film thickness