Medical Image Analysis E-Book

Atam P. Dhawan

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Biomedical Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 605

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The expanded and revised edition will split Chapter 4 to include more details and examples in FMRI, DTI, and DWI for MR image modalities. The book will also expand ultrasound imaging to 3-D dynamic contrast ultrasound imaging in a separate chapter.

A new chapter on Optical Imaging Modalities elaborating microscopy, confocal microscopy, endoscopy, optical coherent tomography, fluorescence and molecular imaging will be added. Another new chapter on Simultaneous Multi-Modality Medical Imaging including CT-SPECT and CT-PET will also be added. In the image analysis part, chapters on image reconstructions and visualizations will be significantly enhanced to include, respectively, 3-D fast statistical estimation based reconstruction methods, and 3-D image fusion and visualization overlaying multi-modality imaging and information. A new chapter on Computer-Aided Diagnosis and image guided surgery, and surgical and therapeutic intervention will also be added.

A companion site containing power point slides, author biography, corrections to the first edition and images from the text can be found here: wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/medical_image/

Send an email to: [email protected] to obtain a solutions manual. Please include your affiliation in your email.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

DEDICATION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. MEDICAL IMAGING: A COLLABORATIVE PARADIGM

1.2. MEDICAL IMAGING MODALITIES

1.3. MEDICAL IMAGING: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO INFORMATION PROCESSING

1.4. GENERAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES

1.5. BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

1.6. MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOLBOX

1.7. IMAGEPRO INTERFACE IN MATLAB ENVIRONMENT AND IMAGE DATABASES

1.8. IMAGEJ AND OTHER IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE PACKAGES

CHAPTER 2 IMAGE FORMATION

2.1. IMAGE COORDINATE SYSTEM

2.2. LINEAR SYSTEMS

2.3. POINT SOURCE AND IMPULSE FUNCTIONS

2.4. PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLE FUNCTIONS

2.5. IMAGE FORMATION

2.6. PIN-HOLE IMAGING

2.7. FOURIER TRANSFORM

2.8. RADON TRANSFORM

2.9. SAMPLING

2.10. DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

2.11. WAVELET TRANSFORM

CHAPTER 3 INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH MATTER IN MEDICAL IMAGING

3.1. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

3.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FOR IMAGE FORMATION

3.3. RADIATION INTERACTION WITH MATTER

3.4. LINEAR ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT

3.5. RADIATION DETECTION

3.6. DETECTOR SUBSYSTEM OUTPUT VOLTAGE PULSE

CHAPTER 4 MEDICAL IMAGING MODALITIES: X-RAY IMAGING

4.1. X-RAY IMAGING

4.2. X-RAY GENERATION

4.3. X-RAY 2-D PROJECTION IMAGING

4.4. X-RAY MAMMOGRAPHY

4.5. X-RAY CT

4.6. SPIRAL X-RAY CT

4.7. CONTRAST AGENT, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, AND SNR

CHAPTER 5 MEDICAL IMAGING MODALITIES: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

5.1. MRI PRINCIPLES

5.2. MR INSTRUMENTATION

5.3. MRI PULSE SEQUENCES

5.4. FLOW IMAGING

5.5. FMRI

5.6. DIFFUSION IMAGING

5.7. CONTRAST, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, AND SNR

CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING MODALITIES

6.1. RADIOACTIVITY

6.2. SPECT

6.3. PET

6.4. DUAL-MODALITY SPECT–CT AND PET–CT SCANNERS

CHAPTER 7 MEDICAL IMAGING MODALITIES: ULTRASOUND IMAGING

7.1. PROPAGATION OF SOUND IN A MEDIUM

7.2. REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

7.3. TRANSMISSION OF ULTRASOUND WAVES IN A MULTILAYERED MEDIUM

7.4. ATTENUATION

7.5. ULTRASOUND REFLECTION IMAGING

7.6. ULTRASOUND IMAGING INSTRUMENTATION

7.7. IMAGING WITH ULTRASOUND: A-MODE

7.8. IMAGING WITH ULTRASOUND: M-MODE

7.9. IMAGING WITH ULTRASOUND: B-MODE

7.10. DOPPLER ULTRASOUND IMAGING

7.11. CONTRAST, SPATIAL RESOLUTION, AND SNR

CHAPTER 8 IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

8.1. RADON TRANSFORM AND IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

8.2. ITERATIVE ALGEBRAIC RECONSTRUCTION METHODS

8.3. ESTIMATION METHODS

8.4. FOURIER RECONSTRUCTION METHODS

8.5. IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION IN MEDICAL IMAGING MODALITIES

CHAPTER 9 IMAGE PROCESSING AND ENHANCEMENT

9.1. SPATIAL DOMAIN METHODS

9.2. FREQUENCY DOMAIN FILTERING

9.3. WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR IMAGE PROCESSING

CHAPTER 10 IMAGE SEGMENTATION

10.1. EDGE-BASED IMAGE SEGMENTATION

10.2. PIXEL-BASED DIRECT CLASSIFICATION METHODS

10.3. REGION-BASED SEGMENTATION

10.4. ADVANCED SEGMENTATION METHODS

CHAPTER 11 IMAGE REPRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND CLASSIFICATION

11.1. FEATURE EXTRACTION AND REPRESENTATION

11.2. FEATURE SELECTION FOR CLASSIFICATION

11.3. FEATURE AND IMAGE CLASSIFICATION

11.4. IMAGE ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE: “DIFFICULT-TO-DIAGNOSE” MAMMOGRAPHIC MICROCALCIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 12 IMAGE REGISTRATION

12.1. RIGID-BODY TRANSFORMATION

12.2. PRINCIPAL AXES REGISTRATION

12.3. ITERATIVE PRINCIPAL AXES REGISTRATION

12.4. IMAGE LANDMARKS AND FEATURES-BASED REGISTRATION

12.5. ELASTIC DEFORMATION-BASED REGISTRATION

CHAPTER 13 IMAGE VISUALIZATION

13.1. FEATURE-ENHANCED 2-D IMAGE DISPLAY METHODS

13.2. STEREO VISION AND SEMI-3-D DISPLAY METHODS

13.3. SURFACE- AND VOLUME-BASED 3-D DISPLAY METHODS

13.4. VR-BASED INTERACTIVE VISUALIZATION

CHAPTER 14 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN MEDICAL IMAGING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS

14.1. MULTIPARAMETER MEDICAL IMAGING AND ANALYSIS

14.2. TARGETED IMAGING

14.3. OPTICAL IMAGING AND OTHER EMERGING MODALITIES

14.4. MODEL-BASED AND MULTISCALE ANALYSIS

Index

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Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN 978-0-470-62205-6

oBook: 978-0-470-91854-8

eBook: 978-0-470-91853-1

ePub: 978-0-470-92289-7

To my father

Chandar Bhan Dhawan

It is a devotion!

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Radiological sciences in the last two decades have witnessed a revolutionary progress in medical imaging and computerized medical image processing. The development and advances in multidimensional medical imaging modalities such as X-ray mammography, X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), single photon computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided important radiological tools in disease diagnosis, treatment evaluation, and intervention for significant improvement in health care. The development of imaging instrumentation has inspired the evolution of new computerized methods of image reconstruction, processing, and analysis for better understanding and interpretation of medical images. Image processing and analysis methods have been used to help physicians to make important medical decisions through physician–computer interaction. Recently, intelligent or model-based quantitative image analysis approaches have been explored for computer-aided diagnosis to improve the sensitivity and specificity of radiological tests involving medical images.

Medical imaging in diagnostic radiology has evolved as a result of the significant contributions of a number of disciplines from basic sciences, engineering, and medicine. Computerized image reconstruction, processing, and analysis methods have been developed for medical imaging applications. The application-domain knowledge has been used in developing models for accurate analysis and interpretation.

In this book, I have made an effort to cover the fundamentals of medical imaging and image reconstruction, processing, and analysis along with brief descriptions of recent developments. Although the field of medical imaging and image analysis has a wide range of applications supported by a large number of advanced methods, I have tried to include the important developments with examples and recent references. The contents of the book should enable a reader to establish basic as well as advanced understanding of major approaches. The book can be used for a senior undergraduate or graduate-level course in medical image analysis and should be helpful in preparing the reader to understand the research issues at the cutting edge. Students should have some knowledge of probability, linear systems, and digital signal processing to take full advantage of the book. References are provided at the end of each chapter. Laboratory exercises for implementation in the MATLAB environment are included. A library of selected radiological images and MATLAB programs demonstrating medical image processing and analysis tasks can be obtained from the following ftp site:

ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/medical_image/

Readers can download Imagepro MATLAB interface files to be installed with MATLAB software to provide a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to perform several image processing functions and exercises described in this book. This ftp site also contains several medical image databases with X-ray mammography, X-ray CT, MRI, and PET images of the brain or full body scans of human patients. Figures included in this book with color or black-and-white illustrations are provided in a separate folder. Additional supporting material includes Microsoft Power-Point slides for sample lectures. Thanks to Wiley-IEEE Press for providing and maintaining the ftp site for this book.

I am pleased that the first edition of this book, published in 2003, was very well received and used as a textbook in many universities worldwide. I have carefully revised and expanded the second edition with several new sections and additional material to provide a stronger and broader foundation to readers and students. Chapter 4 of the first edition, which included all four major medical imaging modalities (X-ray, MRI, nuclear medicine, and ultrasound), is now expanded into four individual chapters focused on each modality in greater detail. Several new sections with more details on principles of feature selection and classification have been added in chapters covering the image processing and analysis part of the book.

Chapter 1 presents an overview of medical imaging modalities and their role in radiology and medicine. It introduces the concept of a multidisciplinary paradigm in intelligent medical image analysis. Medical imaging modalities are presented according to the type of signal used in image formation.

Chapter 2 describes the basic principles of image formation and reviews the essential mathematical foundation and transforms. Additional methods such as wavelet transforms and neural networks are not described in this chapter but are explained in later chapters with applications to medical image enhancement, segmentation, and analysis.

Chapter 3 provides an overview of electromagnetic (EM) interaction of energy particles with matter and presents basic principles of detection and measurements in medical imaging.

Chapter 4 describes the principles, instrumentation, and data acquisition methods of X-ray imaging modalities including X-ray radiograph imaging, X-ray mammography, and X-ray CT.

Chapter 5 provides a complete spectrum of MRI modalities including fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Instrumentation and imaging pulse sequences are discussed.

Chapter 6 discusses nuclear medicine imaging modalities including SPECT and PET with more details on detectors and data acquisition systems.

Chapter 7 provides ultrasound imaging principles and methods for real-time imaging. Data acquisition and instrumentation control systems for ultrasound imaging are discussed with dynamic medical imaging applications.

Chapter 8 presents various image reconstruction algorithms used and investigated in different imaging modalities. It starts with the introduction of two-dimensional and three-dimensional image reconstruction methods using the Radon transform. The chapter then continues with the iterative and model-based reconstruction methods.

Chapter 9 starts with the preliminaries in image processing and enhancements. Various methods for image smoothing and enhancement, to improve image quality for visual examination as well as computerized analysis, are described.

Chapter 10 presents the image segmentation methods for edge and region feature extraction and representation. Advanced and model-based methods for image segmentation using wavelet transform and neural networks are described.

Chapter 11 presents feature extraction and analysis methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis and understanding. The role of using a priori knowledge in adaptive, model-based, and interactive medical image processing methods is emphasized. These methods are discussed for classification, quantitative analysis, and interpretation of radiological images. Recent approaches with neural network-based image analysis and classification are also presented.

Chapter 12 describes recent advances in multimodality medical image registration and analysis. Emphasis is given on model-based and interactive approaches for better performance in registering multidimensional multimodality brain images. Registration of brain images is discussed in detail as an example of image registration methods.

Chapter 13 describes multidimensional methods for image visualization. Feature-based surface and volume rendering methods as well as intelligent adaptive methods for dynamic visualization are presented. Recent advances in multiparameter visualization with virtual reality-based navigation are also presented.

Chapter 14 presents some remarks on current and future trends in medical imaging, processing, analysis, and interpretation and their role in computer-aided-diagnosis, image-guided surgery, and other radiological applications. Recent advances in multispectral optical imaging are also introduced.

I would like to thank Metin Akay for his support, encouragement, and comments on the book. I would also like to thank my previous graduate students, M.V. Ranganath, Louis Arata, Thomas Dufresne, Charles Peck, Christine Bonasso, Timothy Donnier, Anne Sicsu, Prashanth Kini, Aleksander Zavaljevski, Sven Loncaric, Alok Sarwal, Amar Raheja, Shuangshuang Dai, and Brian D’Alssandro. Some of the material included in this book is based on the dissertation work done by graduate students under my supervision. Thanks are also due to Sachin Patwardhan, who conducted laboratory exercises in the MATLAB environment. Special thanks to Dr. Kuo-Sheng Cheng for his valuable comments and reviews. I would also like to thank Mary Mann from John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and Naomi Fernandez from Mathworks for their support during the entire writing of this book.

I thank my wife, Nilam, and my sons, Anirudh and Akshay, for their support and patience during the weekends and holidays when I was continuously writing to finish this book.

ATAM P. DHAWAN

Newark, New Jersey

July 2010

CHAPTER 2

IMAGE FORMATION

Two-dimensional (2-D) images can be acquired in several ways. Using optical instrumentation such as a camera or a microscope, a 2-D image of a three-dimensional (3-D) object can be obtained through optical lens geometry. Through medical imaging modalities, 2-D and 3-D images of an organ can be obtained using transmission, emission, reflectance, diffraction, or nuclear resonance methods as outlined in the previous chapter. Most recent advances in medical imaging allow the acquisition of even 4-D time-varying image sequences of 3-D organs such as a beating heart. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to obtain time-based image sequences of a beating heart. The sophisticated medical imaging modalities such as 3-D computed tomography (CT) and MRI require multidimensional reconstruction methods to create images. Nevertheless, the basic principles of image formation are utilized throughout the image reconstruction, processing, and display processes. This chapter provides some of the basic principles of image formation that are universally applicable, from general purpose optical camera-based 2-D imaging to more sophisticated multidimensional medical imaging systems.