Metamaterials with Negative Parameters E-Book

Ricardo Marques

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 531

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The first general textbook to offer a complete overview of metamaterial theory and its microwave applications Metamaterials with Negative Parameters represents the only unified treatment of metamaterials available in one convenient book. Devoted mainly to metamaterials that can be characterized by a negative effective permittivity and/or permeability, the book includes a wide overview of the most important topics, scientific fundamentals, and technical applications of metamaterials. Chapter coverage includes: the electrodynamics of left-handed media, synthesis of bulk metamaterials, synthesis of metamaterials in planar technology, microwave applications of metamaterial concepts, and advanced and related topics, including SRR- and CSRR-based admittance surfaces, magneto- and electro-inductive waves, and sub-diffraction imaging devices. A list of problems and references is included at the end of each chapter, and a bibliography offers a complete, up-to-daterepresentation of the current state of the art in metamaterials. Geared toward students and professionals alike, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters is an ideal textbook for postgraduate courses and also serves as a valuable introductory reference for scientists and RF/microwave engineers.

Leseprobe

Contents

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CHAPTER ONE The Electrodynamics of Left-Handed Media

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 WAVE PROPAGATIO IN LEFT-HANDED MEDIA

1.3 ENERGY DENSITY AND GROUP VELOCITY

1.4 NEGATIVE REFRACTION

1.5 FERMAT PRINCIPLE

1.6 OTHER EFFECTS IN LEFT-HANDED MEDIA

1.7 WAVES AT INTERFACES

1.8 WAVES THROUGH LEFT-HANDED SLABS

1.9 SLABS WITH ε/ε0→ –1 AND μ/μ0→ –1

1.10 LOSSES AND DISPERSION

1.11 INDEFINITE MEDIA

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWO Synthesis of Bulk Metamaterials

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 SCALING PLASMAS AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

2.3 SYNTHESIS OF NEGATIVE MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY

2.4 SRR-BASED LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIALS

2.5 OTHER APPROACHES TO BULK METAMATERIAL DESIGN

APPENDIX

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THREE Synthesis of Metamaterials in Planar Technology

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 THE DUAL (BACKWARD) TRANSMISSION LINE CONCEPT

3.3 PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BACKWARD TRANSMISSION LINES

3.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) PLANAR METAMATERIALS

3.5 DESIGN OF LEFT-HANDED TRANSMISSION LINES BY MEANS OF SRRs: THE RESONANT TYPE APPROACH

3.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELS FOR SRRs COUPLED TO CONVENTIONAL TRANSMISSION LINES

3.7 DUALITY AND COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATORS (CSRRs)

3.8 SYNTHESIS OF METAMATERIAL TRANSMISSION LINES BY USING CSRRs

3.9 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CIRCUIT MODELS OF RESONANT-TYPE AND DUAL LEFT-HANDED LINES

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FOUR Microwave Applications of Metamaterial Concepts

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 FILTERS AND DIPLEXERS

4.3 SYNTHESIS OF METAMATERIAL TRANSMISSION LINES WITH CONTROLLABLE CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS

4.4 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FIVE Advanced and Related Topics

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SRR- AND CSRR-BASED ADMITTANCE SURFACES

5.3 MAGNETO- AND ELECTRO-INDUCTIVE WAVES

5.4 SUBDIFFRACTION IMAGING DEVICES

PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

INDEX

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Marqués, Ricardo, 1954-.

Metamaterials with negative parameters: theory, design and microwave applications / by Ricardo Marqués, Ferran Martin, Mario Sorolla.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-471-74582-2 (cloth)

1. Magnetic materials. 2. Microelectronics—Materials. I. Martin, Ferran, 1965- II. Sorolla, Mario, 1958-    III. Title.

TK7871.15.M3M37 2007

620.1’1297—dc22

2007017343

To our families

Asunción, Ricardo Jr., Concepción and Ricardo Sr.

Anna, Alba and Arnau

Puri, Carolina and Viviana

And also to the memory of Prof. Manuel Horno

Preface

Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

Classical electromagnetism is one of the best established theories of physics. Its concepts and theorems have been shown to be useful from the atomic to the cosmological scale; and they have been more successful in surviving to the relativistic and quantum revolutions than other classical concepts. It is well known for instance that Maxwell's equations were at the very basis of relativity and that Maxwell's electromagnetic theory was the first relativistic invariant theory. Concerning quantum mechanics, classical electromagnetism still provides the best foundations—together with quantum dynamics—for atomic and solid state physics. It is only in the domain of particle physics that classical electromagnetism needs to be reformulated as quantum electrodynamics. With regard to practical applications, classical electromagnetic theory is the basis of many well-known technologies, which strongly affect our ordinary lives, from power generation to wireless communications. It seems very difficult to add something conceptually new to such well-established theories and technologies.

However, during recent years, a new expression appeared in the universe of classical electromagnetic theory: metamaterials. From 2000 to 2007, the number of journal and conference papers related to metamaterials has grown exponentially; there has also been a multitude of special sessions, tutorials, and scientific meetings, all around the world, devoted to this new topic. Related to metamaterials, other topics appeared on the scene, such as photonic crystals, negative refraction, left-handed media, or cloaking, among others. But what is the reason and meaning behind this sudden explosion in the otherwise quiet waters of electromagnetism? In fact, nothing is new from the point of view of fundamental science in metamaterials. Throughout this book, it will be shown that metamaterials can be understood by using well-known theoretical tools, such as homogenization of effective media or elementary transmission line theories. In addition, many electrical and electronic engineers have pointed out that almost all new applications arising from metamaterial concepts can be understood by using more conventional approaches, that is, without the need to invoke these metamaterial concepts. So, what is new in metamaterials?

Physicists usually try to explain how nature works, whereas engineers try to apply this knowledge to the design of new devices and systems, useful for certain applications. In our opinion, metamaterials are placed at an intermediate position between science and engineering—for this reason they are of interest to both physicists and engineers. Metamaterials are not "materials" in the usual sense: they cannot be found in nature (by the way, this is a very common definition of metamaterials). In fact, metamaterials are artificial structures (products of human ingenuity), designed to obtain controllable electromagnetic or optical properties. This includes the possibility to synthesize artificial media with properties not found among natural materials, such as negative refraction, among others. Within this scenario, it is evident that metamaterials may open many challenging objectives of interest to physicists and scientists in general. From the technological and engineering viewpoint, the interest in metamaterials is based on the possibility of designing devices and systems with new properties or functionalities, able to open up new fields of application or to improve existing ones. Although it has been argued that certain applications of metamaterials can be analyzed through conventional approaches, the key virtue of metamaterials is in providing new design guidelines for components and systems that are missing in conventional approaches. Other applications such as subdiffraction imaging are, however, genuine products of metamaterials. This intermediate position between physics and engineering is a relevant aspect and probably one of the main novelties of metamaterials. In order to highlight this multidisciplinarity, in our opinion it is appropriate to refer to this new topic as metamaterials science and engineering.

Most metamaterials fall in one of two categories: photonic or electromagnetic crystals and effective media. The first category corresponds to structures made of periodic micro- or nano-inclusions whose period is of the same order as the signal wavelength. Therefore, their electromagnetic properties arise mainly from periodicity. Conversely, in effective media the period is much smaller than this signal wavelength. Hence, their electromagnetic properties can be obtained from a homogeni- zation procedure. This book is mainly devoted to the second category, specifically to those metamaterials that can be characterized by a negative effective permittivity and/or permeability.

The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the electrodynamics of continuous media with simultaneously negative dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. Chapter 2 is focused on the design of bulk metamaterials made of systems of individual metallic inclusions with a strong electric and⁄or magnetic response near its first resonance. The third chapter develops the transmission line approach for the design of metamaterials with negative parameters, including both the nonresonant and the resonant-type approaches. Chapter 4 is devoted to the analysis of some relevant microwave applications of the concepts developed in the previous chapters. Finally, in Chapter 5, some related and⁄or advanced topics, such as metasurfaces, magneto-inductive waves in metamaterial structures and subdiffraction imaging devices are developed.

This book is mainly directed towards the resonant-type approach to metamaterials because, obviously, it has been strongly influenced by the personal experience of the authors. However, our aim in writing this book has been to give a complete overview of the present state-of-the-art in metamaterials theory, as well as the most relevant microwave applications of metamaterial concepts. Indeed, our purpose has been twofold: to generate curiosity and interest for this emerging field by those readers not previously involved in metamaterials science and engineering and to provide useful ideas and knowledge to scientists and engineers working in the field.

Ricardo Marqués

Ferran Martín

Mario Sorolla

Sevilla, Spain

Barcelona, Spain

Pamplona, Spain

October 2007

Acknowledgments

This book is the result of an intensive research activity in the field of metamaterials, which has been carried out by the authors and the members of their respective groups. We must acknowledge all of them because without their contribution this book would never have been written.

With regard to the microwave group (Universidad de Sevilla), headed by Francisco Medina, special thanks are given to Juan Baena and Manuel Freire, who have significantly contributed to some parts of the book, including the editing of many figures. Also, special thanks are given to Francisco Medina, Francisco Mesa, Jesús Martel, and Lukas Jelinek for reading the manuscript and providing useful comments and suggestions. Finally, thanks to Rafael, Casti, Ana, Raul, Vicente, and all members of the group for providing such a friendly and stimulating environment for our research.

The members of CIMITEC (Center of Research on Metamaterials at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), headed by Ferran Martín, are also acknowledged, with special emphasis given to Jordi Bonache, Joan García, Ignacio Gil, Marta Gil, and Francisco Aznar, who have been actively and exhaustively involved in this work. Special thanks are given to Marta Gil, who has helped the authors with the generation and editing of some of the figures, and to Anna Cedenilla, for being in charge of copyright issues and permissions. We would also like to mention in the list the recently incorporated members to the team: Gerard, Fito, Ferran, and Beni.

Concerning the team of the Millimeter Wave Laboratory (Universidad Pública de Navarra), headed by Mario Sorolla, the authors thank Francisco Falcone, Miguel Beruete, José A. Marcotegui, Txema Lopetegi, Mikel A. G. Laso, Jesús Illescas, Israel Arnedo, Noelia Ortiz, Eduardo Jarauta, and María Flores for their enthusiastic and creative research activities. Also, Mario Sorolla thanks Professor Manfred Thumm (FZK and University of Karlsruhe) for his support and guidance over many years in the topic of periodic structures.

The research activity presented in this book originated from several sources. At the European level, thanks are given to the European Commission (VI Framework Programme) for funding the Network of Excellence METAMORPHOSE, to which one of the authors (Ferran Martín) belongs. Also, the authors have participated in the European Eureka project, TELEMAC, devoted to the development of metamaterial-based microwave components for communication front-ends and supported by the Spanish Ministry of Industry via PROFIT projects (headed by the SME CONATEL). At the national level, funding has been received from the Ministry of Science and Education (MEC) through several national projects. Special mention deserves the support given from MEC to the Spanish Network on Metamaterials (REME), which has been launched by the authors in collaboration with other Spanish researchers.

And last, but not least, the authors would like to express their gratitude to their respective families for their understanding and support, and for accepting the large amount of hours dedicated by the authors to the exciting field of metamaterials and to writing the present manuscript.

R. M.

F. M.

M. S.