Modeling, Analysis and Optimization of Process and Energy Systems E-Book

F. Carl Knopf

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1050

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Energy costs impact the profitability of virtually all industrial processes. Stressing how plants use power, and how that power is actually generated, this book provides a clear and simple way to understand the energy usage in various processes, as well as methods for optimizing these processes using practical hands-on simulations and a unique approach that details solved problems utilizing actual plant data. Invaluable information offers a complete energy-saving approach essential for both the chemical and mechanical engineering curricula, as well as for practicing engineers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

FEATURES OF THE BOOK

BACKGROUND

USE OF THE BOOK

ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY COURSE

NUMERICAL METHODS AND CAPSTONE DESIGN COURSES: ESTABLISHING AN “ENERGY THREAD”

PROCESS SYSTEMS COURSE (ENGINEERING CURRICULUM)

INDUSTRIAL USE

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Conversion Factors

List of Symbols

GREEK LETTERS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Energy Usage, Cost, and Efficiency

1.1 ENERGY UTILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES

1.2 THE COST OF ENERGY

1.3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

1.4 THE COST OF SELF-GENERATED VERSUS PURCHASED ELECTRICITY

1.5 THE COST OF FUEL AND FUEL HEATING VALUE

1.6 TEXT ORGANIZATION

1.7 GETTING STARTED

1.8 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 2 Engineering Economics with VBA Procedures

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

2.2 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY: PRESENT VALUE (PV) AND FUTURE VALUE (FV)

2.3 ANNUITIES

2.4 COMPARING PROCESS ALTERNATIVES

2.5 PLANT DESIGN ECONOMICS

2.6 FORMULATING ECONOMICS-BASED ENERGY OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

2.7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS WITH UNCERTAINTY: MONTE CARLO SIMULATION

2.8 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 3 Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Sequential Modular Solution Approach

3.1 ELEMENTARY MATERIAL BALANCE MODULES

3.2 SEQUENTIAL MODULAR APPROACH: MATERIAL BALANCES WITH RECYCLE

3.3 UNDERSTANDING TEAR STREAM ITERATION METHODS

3.4 MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEMS WITH ALTERNATIVE SPECIFICATIONS

3.5 SINGLE-VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

3.6 MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEMS WITH LOCAL NONLINEAR SPECIFICATIONS

3.7 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 4 Computer-Aided Solutions of Process Material Balances: The Simultaneous Solution Approach

4.1 SOLUTION OF LINEAR EQUATION SETS: THE SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH

4.2 SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR EQUATION SETS: THE NEWTON–RAPHSON METHOD

Chapter 5 Process Energy Balances

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SEPARATOR: EQUILIBRIUM FLASH

5.3 EQUILIBRIUM FLASH WITH RECYCLE: SIMULTANEOUS APPROACH

5.4 ADIABATIC PLUG FLOW REACTOR (PFR) MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES INCLUDING RATE EXPRESSIONS: EULER’S FIRST-ORDER METHOD

5.5 STYRENE PROCESS: MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES WITH REACTION RATE

5.6 EULER’S METHOD VERSUS FOURTH-ORDER RUNGE–KUTTA METHOD FOR NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

5.7 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 6 Introduction to Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection

6.1 STANDARD DEVIATION AND PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS

6.2 DATA RECONCILIATION: EXCEL SOLVER

6.3 DATA RECONCILIATION: REDUNDANCY AND VARIABLE TYPES

6.4 DATA RECONCILIATION: LINEAR AND NONLINEAR MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES

6.5 DATA RECONCILIATION: LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS

6.6 GROSS ERROR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION

6.7 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 7 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Ideal Gas Fluid Properties

7.1 EQUILIBRIUM STATE OF A SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE FLUID: DEVELOPMENT OF THE T dS EQUATIONS

7.2 GENERAL ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION FOR AN OPEN SYSTEM

7.3 COGENERATION TURBINE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS: IDEAL GAS WORKING FLUID

7.4 AIR BASIC GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

7.5 ENERGY BALANCE FOR THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

7.6 THE HRSG: DESIGN PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

7.7 GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE WITH DESIGN HRSG

7.8 HRSG OFF-DESIGN CALCULATIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL FIRING

7.9 GAS TURBINE DESIGN AND OFF-DESIGN PERFORMANCE

7.10 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 8 Development of a Physical Properties Program for Cogeneration Calculations

8.1 AVAILABLE FUNCTION CALLS FOR COGENERATION CALCULATIONS

8.2 PURE SPECIES THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

8.3 DERIVATION OF WORKING EQUATIONS FOR PURE SPECIES THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

8.4 IDEAL MIXTURE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: GENERAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMBUSTION REACTION CONSIDERATIONS

8.5 IDEAL MIXTURE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES: APPARENT DIFFICULTIES

8.6 MIXING RULES FOR EOS

8.7 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 9 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Performance, Design, and Off-Design Calculations: Real Fluid Properties

9.1 COGENERATION GAS TURBINE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS: REAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

9.2 HRSG: DESIGN PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

9.3 HRSG OFF-DESIGN CALCULATIONS: SUPPLEMENTAL FIRING

9.4 GAS TURBINE DESIGN AND OFF-DESIGN PERFORMANCE

9.5 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 10 Gas Turbine Cogeneration System Economic Design Optimization and Heat Recovery Steam Generator Numerical Analysis

10.1 COGENERATION SYSTEM: ECONOMY OF SCALE

10.2 COGENERATION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION: SITE POWER-TO-HEAT RATIO

10.3 ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF A COGENERATION SYSTEM: THE CGAM PROBLEM

10.4 ECONOMIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE CGAM PROBLEM: IDEAL GAS

10.5 THE CGAM COGENERATION DESIGN PROBLEM: REAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

10.6 COMPARING COGEND AND GENERAL ELECTRIC’S GATECYCLE™

10.7 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HRSG HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS

10.8 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 11 Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection in a Cogeneration System

11.1 COGENERATION SYSTEM DATA RECONCILIATION

11.2 COGENERATION SYSTEM GROSS ERROR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION

11.3 VISUAL DISPLAY OF RESULTS

11.4 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 12 Optimal Power Dispatch in a Cogeneration Facility

12.1 DEVELOPING THE OPTIMAL DISPATCH MODEL

12.2 OVERVIEW OF THE COGENERATION SYSTEM

12.3 GENERAL OPERATING STRATEGY CONSIDERATIONS

12.4 EQUIPMENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY

12.5 PREDICTING THE COST OF NATURAL GAS AND PURCHASED ELECTRICITY

12.6 DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPERIOD DISPATCH MODEL FOR THE COGENERATION FACILITY

12.7 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 13 Process Energy Integration

13.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESS ENERGY INTEGRATION/MINIMUM UTILITIES

13.2 TEMPERATURE INTERVAL/PROBLEM TABLE ANALYSIS WITH 0° APPROACH TEMPERATURE

13.3 THE GRAND COMPOSITE CURVE (GCC)

13.4 TEMPERATURE INTERVAL/PROBLEM TABLE ANALYSIS WITH “REAL” APPROACH TEMPERATURE

13.5 DETERMINING HOT AND COLD STREAM FROM THE PROCESS FLOW SHEET

13.6 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK DESIGN WITH MAXIMUM ENERGY RECOVERY (MER)

13.7 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK DESIGN WITH STREAM SPLITTING

13.8 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK DESIGN WITH MINIMUM NUMBER OF UNITS (MNU)

13.9 SOFTWARE FOR TEACHING THE BASICS OF HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK DESIGN (TEACHING HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORKS (THEN))

13.10 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK DESIGN: DISTILLATION COLUMNS

13.11 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 14 Process and Site Utility Integration

14.1 GAS TURBINE-BASED COGENERATION UTILITY SYSTEM FOR A PROCESSING PLANT

14.2 STEAM TURBINE-BASED UTILITY SYSTEM FOR A PROCESSING PLANT

14.3 SITE-WIDE UTILITY SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

14.4 CLOSING REMARKS

Chapter 15 Site Utility Emissions

15.1 EMISSIONS FROM STOICHIOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

15.2 EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS

15.3 EMISSION PREDICTION USING ELEMENTARY KINETICS RATE EXPRESSIONS

15.4 MODELS FOR PREDICTING EMISSIONS FROM GAS TURBINE COMBUSTORS

15.5 CLOSING REMARKS

CVODE TUTORIAL

Chapter 16 Coal-Fired Conventional Utility Plants with CO2 Capture (Design and Off-Design Steam Turbine Performance)

16.1 POWER PLANT DESIGN PERFORMANCE (USING OPERATIONAL DATA FOR FULL-LOAD OPERATION)

16.2 POWER PLANT OFF-DESIGN PERFORMANCE (PART LOAD WITH THROTTLING CONTROL OPERATION)

16.3 LEVELIZED ECONOMICS FOR UTILITY PRICING

16.4 CO2 CAPTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON A CONVENTIONAL UTILITY POWER PLANT

16.5 CLOSING COMMENTS

Chapter 17 Alternative Energy Systems

17.1 LEVELIZED COSTS FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS

17.2 ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC): DETERMINATION OF LEVELIZED COST

17.3 NUCLEAR POWER CYCLE

Appendix Bridging Excel and C Codes

A.1 INTRODUCTION

A.2 WORKING WITH FUNCTIONS

A.3 WORKING WITH VECTORS

A.4 WORKING WITH MATRICES

A.5 CLOSING COMMENTS

TUTORIAL

Index

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Knopf, F. Carl, 1952-

 Modeling, analysis and optimization of process and energy systems / F. Carl Knopf.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-62421-0 (hardback)

ISBN 978-1-118-12113-9 (epdf)

ISBN 978-1-118-12114-6 (epub)

ISBN 978-1-118-12115-3 (mobi)

 1. Factories–Energy conservation. 2. Manufacturing industries–Energy conservation. 3. Industrial efficiency–Simulation methods. 4. Manufacturing processes–Evaluation. 5. Electric power-plants–Efficiency. I. Title.

 TJ163.5.F3K66 2012

 658.2'6–dc23

2011015221

I dedicate this book to my wife Donna and our daughter Megan.

Preface

Energy costs affect the profitability of virtually every process. This book provides a unified platform for process improvement through the analysis of both the energy demand side—the processing plant—and the energy supply side—available heat and power resources. Emphasis is placed on first quantifying the material and energy flows in a process. The energy needs of the process guide the optimal design of the utility system. Techniques are also presented to ensure that the most cost-effective operation of the utility system is maintained.

Both practicing engineers and engineering students can use the information presented here. For practicing engineers, the book provides a systematic and self-contained approach for minimizing energy use and cost at an operational facility. For chemical, mechanical, petroleum, and energy engineering students, the book provides a detailed evaluation of energy analysis, design, and optimization.

FEATURES OF THE BOOK

There are a number of features of this book that we hope will encourage its use.

The installation of example files, problem solution files, and compiled and source versions of all developed software is detailed in Chapter 1, Section 1.7.

Energy costs, basic economic calculations, and economic uncertainty using Monte Carlo simulations are introduced in Chapters 1 and 2. Levelized utility costing is also developed (Chapter 16).

A systematic approach using either sequential modular (Chapters 3 and 5) or simultaneous-based (Chapters 4 and 5) methodologies is developed for the solution of process material and energy balances. Necessary numerical methods are developed naturally as part of the solution process.

Data reconciliation and gross error detection are introduced (Chapter 6) and applied to an actual cogeneration system (Chapter 11).

Cogeneration system performance and design and off-design calculations are developed using both ideal gas (Chapter 7) and real fluid (Chapter 9) properties.

An open source thermodynamics package (∼7000 lines of code) for cogeneration, combustion, and steam calculations is provided in Chapter 8. Codes are provided for problems with field or SI units. The code is used to solve cogeneration design, data reconciliation, and power dispatching problems. Details are provided on how this or any code (written in C, C++, Fortran, etc.) can be seamlessly incorporated into Excel (Appendix A).

Optimal power dispatching for an actual cogeneration system is developed in Chapter 12.

A unified approach to process heat integration and site utility system integration is provided in Chapters 13 and 14. An open source software package is provided to help in the understanding of the basic concepts of heat exchanger network synthesis.

Site emissions are addressed and gas turbine systems are modeled as a series of stirred tank and plug flow reactors (Chapter 15). The ordinary differential equation solver CVODE (from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) is made available as a callable routine from Excel, and a reduced kinetics set based on GRI-Mech 3.0 is used to predict emissions from gas turbines.

The economics of carbon dioxide capture in conventional coal-fired utility plants, including steam turbine design and off-design calculations, is addressed in Chapter 16.

Many of the concepts used throughout the text are brought together for the economic analysis of an organic Rankine cycle in Chapter 17.

For several of the heat and power generation topics discussed in the text, “self-contained” Web-based downloadable videos (∼30 minutes) with self-study guides and additional problems are available at our Web site, www.cogened.lsu.edu. This site also provides real-time data from the Louisiana State University (LSU) cogeneration system; these data can be used to enhance cogeneration problems and discussions.

There are over 160 completely worked chapter examples. Virtually every example includes a computer-aided (Excel-based) solution. The chapter problems provide an additional 140 problems, with most having computer-aided solutions. A detailed solution manual for the chapter problems is available at the Wiley Web site. A faculty member or practicing engineer can request a copy by sending a letter on a company letterhead.

BACKGROUND

I have assumed that the reader has some knowledge of Excel and programming and has been introduced to basic material and energy balance calculations. Enough detail is provided to help a reader without detailed knowledge of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and C.

Throughout this text, a “just in time” approach has been taken to the development of the necessary solution techniques. Developing needed solution techniques often provides the opportunity to improve engineering computer skills. Excel was used as the starting platform for problem solution; however, enhancements made possible by the use of VBA and C programs within Excel are emphasized. The reader is shown, step-by-step, how VBA and C programs can be incorporated into Excel sheets as callable functions and subroutines. The user is given access to all source codes used in this text, which will promote improvements and widespread use.

In the text, I often use both field and SI units. I appreciate that many faculty prefer the sole use of SI units; however, too often I have found that starting engineers make unit mistakes. One solution is practice, which this text provides. As virtually all examples and problems are solved using computer-aided techniques, it is straightforward for the user to change units in the provided solutions. Several examples carry extra significant figures in intermediate calculations to allow direct comparison with Excel sheet values. Some chapter problems are especially important for reinforcing and extending presented materials; for these problems, detailed solutions are provided as part of the text. A detailed solution manual is available for chapter problems.

The optimal design and operation of energy systems can involve the solution of linear programming (LP), nonlinear programming (NLP), mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), or mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems. We utilize both Excel Solver and What’s Best for the solution of these problems. What’s Best is an Excel add-in for solving optimization problems; a version of What’s Best has been supplied by LINDO Systems for use with this text.

USE OF THE BOOK

For engineering students, this book provides a logical progression to allow a better understanding of energy flows in a processing plant. Topics of importance to energy engineering calculations occur naturally. This should prove to be an interesting way of improving skills in coding, using numerical methods to solve engineering problems, and formulating and solving process and utility energy optimization problems.

The book can be integrated into engineering curricula by following one of the following paths.

ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY COURSE

This book can be used in a one-semester special topic course to introduce energy sustainability to third- and fourth-year engineering students. Here the first three-quarters of the course focuses on understanding energy flows in processing plants and how cogeneration and energy efficiency are important aspects of a national energy portfolio; these topics are directly covered in this text. Then using this text as a basis, and combined with outside reading materials, the final quarter of the course can be devoted to detailed analysis of key emerging energy technologies—I suggest including biomass gasification, solar thermal/organic Rankine power plants, and integrated gasification combined cycle and other advanced clean coal processes. A reasonable question is, Why study these topics when there are so many emerging energy technologies? There are several answers to this question: First, biomass and solar thermal/organic Rankine plants represent the breadth of the emerging technologies; second, the best currently available large-scale conservation technology is cogeneration; and finally, coal usage must be addressed since ∼50% of the electricity generation in the United States is from coal. In addition, these technologies all share several process units. The energy inputs to these processes (from chemicals, fuel, or radiation from the sun) can be used to produce steam (or to vaporize an organic compound) in a Rankine power cycle; chemical energy can be converted into a synthesis gas and can be used in gas turbines; or some combination of these may be used. This allows the students to see the common features of these processes and allows for a discussion of optimal process designs dependent on the energy source. Students can explore other alternative energy technologies through team-oriented term projects that are suggested in the text.

NUMERICAL METHODS AND CAPSTONE DESIGN COURSES: ESTABLISHING AN “ENERGY THREAD”

Another alternative is to use ∼50% of this text in an applied numerical analysis course and to use the remaining chapters as part of a capstone design sequence and within other courses in the curriculum. This is actually how I originally developed the text; we wanted to establish an “energy thread” in our engineering courses without adding a new course. For a sophomore-level applied numerical method course, topics included engineering programming (Chapter 2), solution of linear and nonlinear equations (Chapter 3), solution of linear and nonlinear equation sets (Chapter 4), data analysis and curve fitting (Chapter 6), ordinary differential equations (Chapter 5, Sections 5.4–5.6, and Chapter 15, Sections 15.3 and 15.4), partial differential equations (Chapter 10, Section 10.7), and advanced engineering programming (Appendix A). As part of the capstone design sequence taught to fourth-year engineering students, Chapters 3–5 were quickly reviewed, highlighting the structure of computer-aided solutions to material and energy balances, and then emphasis was placed on optimizing energy resources in processing plants using material from Chapters 13 and 14. Chapters 16 and 17 were used to detail levelized economics. Data reconciliation and gross error detection (Chapters 6 and 11) were used as a lab for third-year engineering students. The chapters on determining gas turbine performance (Chapters 7 and 9) and developing physical property packages (Chapter 8) were used within engineering thermodynamics courses. Modeling gas turbine combustors (Chapter 15, Sections 15.2–15.4) was used within our kinetics and reactor design course.

PROCESS SYSTEMS COURSE (ENGINEERING CURRICULUM)

In an engineering curriculum, this book can be used to help provide an integrated introduction to process synthesis. Following the introductory material and energy balance course, a process perspective of energy costs and basic economics, data reconciliation, gross error detection, heat and power systems, utility system dispatch, heat integration, and cogeneration can be taught using the materials in this book.

INDUSTRIAL USE

One strength of this book will be its use for practicing engineers. Heat and power systems involve large flows that can magnify inaccuracies in physical properties. A major coding effort in the text has been the development of accurate physical properties for utility systems. In Appendix A, we show the user how these thermodynamic codes, or any user-written code, can be seamlessly incorporated into Excel. The thermodynamic properties (∼7000 lines of code) for cogeneration, combustion, and steam calculations are described in Chapter 8. Emphasis is also placed on data reconciliation and gross error detection, cogeneration system design and off-design operation, utility system dispatching, heat exchanger network synthesis and site energy integration, and predicting emissions.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

For several heat and power generation topics discussed in the text, Web-based downloadable videos (∼30 minutes) with documentation and additional problems are available at our Web site, www.cogened.lsu.edu. These materials have been designed for student use and have been tested at LSU, Florida A&M University–Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) (Dr. John Telotte), University of Alabama (Dr. Heath Turner), and University of Florida (Dr. Peng Jiang).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The codes provided here would not have been possible without the efforts of graduate students and postdoctoral research associates with whom I have been fortunate to work. The cogeneration thermodynamics code (Chapter 8) was initially developed by Dr. Shane Stafford and was later modified and completed by Dr. Derya B. Orzyurt. There has been a long collaboration with Dr. Janardhana R. Punuru in developing techniques that allow bridging between Excel and C/C++ code. Dr. Punuru developed the Excel interface for CVODE, which is provided in Chapter 15 (CVODE is the ordinary differential equation solver available from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). The initial version of the heat exchanger network synthesis program THEN (Chapter 13) was developed by Sanjay P. Bhargava, Sanjay G. Pethe, and Rajiv Singh and was later coupled to Excel with the help of Dr. Punuru. Lina M. Bustami worked on the heat recovery steam generator problem and Robert Buckley worked on both the initial cogeneration data reconciliation problem and the energy dispatching model.

I also want to thank my colleagues who have made significant contributions to this book. I especially thank Dr. Kerry M. Dooley (LSU) who read and provided corrections for the first draft of each chapter in this text. I have had many discussions about energy systems and the cost of energy generation with Louis Braquet (LB Services) and Dr. David Dismukes (LSU), both of whom reviewed Chapter 1. Dr. Dismukes prepared the table of levelized costs for alternative energy systems in Chapter 17. Richard McKinney reviewed Appendix A and helped provide the needed modifications to move from Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 to Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition. Peter Davidson and Tony Cupit (LSU Facility Services) helped provide data and cogeneration operational strategies for the optimal energy dispatching model. Dr. Oscar Jimenez Cabeza (GEPROP) and Dr. Roger Nordman (SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden) provided critical reviews of the energy integration chapters. Dr. John Telotte (FAMU-FSU) reviewed the thermodynamic aspects of Chapters 8 and 15.

I am especially indebted to Dr. Frank Madron (ChemPlant) and Dr. Michael Erbes (Enginomix). Dr. Madron provided many corrections and clarifications to the chapters on data reconciliation. Dr. Erbes provided his expertise on energy sustainability and modeling, cogeneration systems, and turbine performance in both design and off-design operation, and also reviewed Chapters 7, 9, 10, and 16.

Dr. Ralph Pike (LSU) and Dr. G.V. Reklaitis (Purdue University) helped focus the goals of the text and provided suggestions for improvement. Mohammed Syed read the final draft of the text and Vamshi Kandula helped assemble all the materials in the text.

I would especially like to thank Professor Don Freshwater for his suggestion for the cover painting ICI Wilton Works by Tom Gamble. I would also like to thank Professor Chris D. Rielly of Loughborough University in Leicestershire, United Kingdom, for allowing its use and for providing the copy.

I acknowledge the financial assistance of the National Science Foundation Phase I and Phase II grants, “Integrating a Cogeneration Facility into Engineering Education,” NSF Awards 0535560 (Phase I) and 0716303 (Phase II).

F. CARL KNOPF

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

To view color versions of the figures in this book, please visit: ftp://ftp.wiley.com/public/sci_tech_med/energy_system.