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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH GmbH
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
MXene Membranes for Separations
Explore critical and groundbreaking MXene applications and technologies
In MXene Membranes for Separations, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and instructive summary of the latest research and techniques in the development of MXene. It offers an insightful view of MXene properties as a membrane in separation applications, including gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration.
Covering various aspects of two-dimensional membranes based on MXene materials, the book summarizes the separation mechanism, compares separation performances, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. It also considers the research and industrial prospects of current MXene membranes for separation applications on nanofiltration, gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, and water/oil separation.
The book also includes:
- A thorough introduction to 2D membranes, including membrane development, separation mechanisms, and fabrication methods
- Comprehensive explorations of MXene nanosheets and membranes, including the preparation and characterization of MXene nanosheets and membranes
- Practical discussions of MXene membranes for the isolation of antibiotics, including explorations of physical adsorption and advanced oxidation
- In-depth examinations of MXene membranes for ion separation
Perfect for membrane scientists, materials scientists, and inorganic chemists, MXene Membranes for Separations will also earn a place in the libraries of complex chemists and engineering scientists seeking a timely overview of critical MXene applications.
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Seitenzahl: 351
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations and Symbols
Abbreviations
Symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 Membrane Development at a Glance
1.2 Two‐Dimensional Membranes
1.3 Separation Mechanisms of 2D Membranes
1.4 Fabrication Methods for 2D Membranes
1.5 Applications of 2D Membranes
References
2 Types of 2D Material‐Based Membranes
2.1 Porous Two‐Dimensional Nanosheet‐Based Membranes
2.2 Nonporous 2D Nanosheet‐Based Membranes
References
3 MXene Nanosheets and Membranes
3.1 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Nanosheets
3.2 Preparation and Characterization of MXene Membranes
References
4 MXene Membranes for Nanofiltration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Separation Performance of MXene‐Based Nanofiltration Membranes
4.3 Summary
References
5 MXene Membranes for the Isolation of Antibiotics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physical Adsorption
5.3 Advanced Oxidation
5.4 Membrane Separation
5.5 Summary
References
6 MXene‐Based Membranes for Gas Separation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gas Separation Performance of MXene‐Based Membranes
6.3 Summary
References
7 MXene Membranes for Ion Separation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Self‐cross‐linked MXene Membranes for Monovalent Metal Ion Sieving
7.3 Thermally Cross‐Linked MXene Membranes for Heavy Metal Ion Separation by a Voltage‐supported Process
7.4 Ultrathin MXene‐Derived Membranes by Sinter‐cross‐linking with Tunable Interlayer Spacing
7.5 Al3+‐cross‐linked MXene Membranes
7.6 Summary
References
8 MXene Membrane for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Functional Polymer Layer on Support
8.3 Low‐Dimensional Materials
8.4 Summary
References
9 MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Performance of MXene Membranes for Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion
9.3 Summary
References
10 Scale‐Up of MXene Membranes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Scale‐Up of 2D Membranes
10.3 Summary
References
11 Perspectives
11.1 Further Applications of MXene Nanosheets
11.2 Challenges and Outlook for MXene Membranes
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 XPS analysis of MXene membranes.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Ratio of oxygen‐containing groups in the PMM and SCMM‐180 at an et...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Separation processes in our society.
Figure 1.2 Transport models of 2D membranes. (a) Porous nanosheets, (b) nonp...
Figure 1.3 Fabrication of GO membranes via vacuum filtration. Source: Yang e...
Figure 1.4 Comparison between (a) Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) and (b) Langmuir–Sc...
Figure 1.5 Schematic illustration of electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Sourc...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 (a) Schematic of coating MFI nanosheet seeds by the floating part...
Figure 2.2 (a) SEM image of an ultrathin Al‐MOF membrane on anodic aluminum ...
Figure 2.3 (a) Illustration of cellulose nanofiber/covalent organic framewor...
Figure 2.4 Illustration of water transport through g‐C
3
N
4
nanosheets. Source...
Figure 2.5 (a) Illustration of partially decoupled defect nucleation and por...
Figure 2.6 Cross‐sectional views of the (a) HT membrane and (b) silicone‐coa...
Figure 2.7 Fabrication of ultrathin 2D MoS
2
membranes. Source: Li et al. [80...
Figure 2.8 Fabrication of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
and c‐Ti
3
C
2
T
x
membranes. Source: Wu et al....
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Morphology of bulk MAX and exfoliated MXene nanosheets. (a) and (...
Figure 3.2 (a) Tyndall scattering of MXene colloidal suspension in water. (b...
Figure 3.3 (a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of MXene: Ti
3
C
2
T
x
nanoshe...
Figure 3.4 Synthesis and microscopy characterization of Ti
3
C
2
flakes produce...
Figure 3.5 (a) SEM, (b) AFM, and (c) TEM images of the MXene nanosheet. In (...
Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of (a) the synthesis of Ti
4
N
3
T
x
via the molten‐...
Figure 3.7 Schematic illustration of alkaline etching showing intercalation ...
Figure 3.8 CVD growth of MoSi
2
N
4
. (a) Schematic of two CVD growth processes,...
Figure 3.9 Transition from graphene to metal carbides by ascending the annea...
Figure 3.10 Synthesis and characterization of monolayer MoN. (a) Schematic o...
Figure 3.11 Preparation of an MXene membrane by vacuum‐assisted filtration. ...
Figure 3.12 Mechanical properties of the prepared flexible free‐standing MXe...
Figure 3.13 XRD patterns of the MAX (Ti
3
AlC
2
) powder and the prepared MXene ...
Figure 3.14 Surface morphology of MXene membranes. (a) SEM image of the MXen...
Figure 3.15 Elemental distribution in the MXene membrane. Blue upper area: T...
Figure 3.16 Cross‐sectional TEM images of the MXene membrane with highly ord...
Figure 3.17 XPS analysis of the elements of the Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene membrane surfa...
Figure 3.18 Stoichiometric ratio of surface terminal groups T
x
in Ti
3
C
2
T
x
me...
Figure 3.19 Typical Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) spectrum ...
Figure 3.20 (a) Raman spectrum and (b) air contact angle of MXene membrane. ...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Transfer and rejection mechanism of MXene‐based MMMs. Source: Wu ...
Figure 4.2 Synthesis process of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
‐based composite membranes. Source: H...
Figure 4.3 Reduced bacteria growth by Ti
3
C
2
T
x
nanosheets. (a) E. coli and B....
Figure 4.4 Nanofiltration (NF) performance of Ag@MXene. (a) Schematic struct...
Figure 4.5 Morphology of the prepared MXene/PES composite membranes. (a) Top...
Figure 4.6 Schematic diagrams for the sieving mechanism of the ions and dyes...
Figure 4.7 NF performance of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
and Ti
3
C
2
T
x
‐GO membranes as shown in Fi...
Figure 4.8 Comparison of MXene and GO membranes. (a) and (b) Water flux for ...
Figure 4.9 Schematic diagrams for the preparation of TiO
2
‐MXene membranes. S...
Figure 4.10 Schematic preparation of the MXene membranes with controlled int...
Figure 4.11 Morphology of the MXene membrane with controlled interlayer spac...
Figure 4.12 Separation performance of an MXene membrane toward molecules and...
Figure 4.13 Separation performance as a function of the filtering time for t...
Figure 4.14 Separation performance of the MXene membrane compared with vario...
Figure 4.15 Transport mechanisms through 2D membranes. Possible water transp...
Figure 4.16 (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene, (c) and (d) AFM ima...
Figure 4.17 Benchmarking the separation performance of MXene and GO membrane...
Figure 4.18 Solvent permeation through MXene membranes with hydrophilic and ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Porous metal–organic framework (MOF) obtained using a topological...
Figure 5.2 (a) Effect of solution pH on the adsorption behavior of the antib...
Figure 5.3 Porous hexagonal boron nitride (p‐BN) for separation of the antib...
Figure 5.4 BN nanosheets (BNNSs) with varying specific areas are obtained by...
Figure 5.5 Adsorption cycle performance using two types of BN‐carbon nanoshe...
Figure 5.6 Antibiotic doxycycline (DC) adsorption performance of graphene‐li...
Figure 5.7 Influence of sonication on the adsorptive removal ability of grap...
Figure 5.8 Most stable conformations of antibiotic‐adsorbent complexes judge...
Figure 5.9 GO nanosheet/calcium alginate (CA) composite fibers for TC adsorp...
Figure 5.10 Reduced GO embedded into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using vit...
Figure 5.11 Controlled oxidation of Ti
3
C
2
T
x
gives the TiO
2
/Ti
3
C
2
T
x
(T/MX) he...
Figure 5.12 Photooxidation of the antibiotic CFX. (a) Plot of C
t
/C
0
versus t...
Figure 5.13 Sandwich‐like Co
3
O
4
/MXene (CM) composites prepared via a one‐ste...
Figure 5.14 Bi
2
WO
6
/Ti
3
C
2
T
x
heterostructure fabricated via an
in situ
growth ...
Figure 5.15 Interfacial polymerization between amino‐functionalized polyethy...
Figure 5.16 Interfacial polymerization between the
N
‐aminoethyl piperazine p...
Figure 5.17 Separation performance of the dopamine‐modified PEG NF membrane ...
Figure 5.18 Bioinspired NF membrane was prepared by bio‐coating to add a sel...
Figure 5.19 Scheme of the synthesis of superhydrophilic zwitterionic NF memb...
Figure 5.20 Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) of PIMs in a polyamide matrix. (a) S...
Figure 5.21 Zr‐based MOF UiO‐66 as the top layer on a PGP support forms a un...
Figure 5.22 Fouling in membrane distillation (MD) for antibiotics separation...
Figure 5.23 Novel grapheme‐modified electro‐Fenton (e‐Fenton) catalytic memb...
Figure 5.24 Carbon materials as adsorbents and as a membrane for TC removal....
Figure 5.25 Characterization of highly aligned MXene nanosheets in a membran...
Figure 5.26 XRD patterns in 1D and corresponding 2D area scan analysis of th...
Figure 5.27 Performance comparison of the Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene (★) membrane shown i...
Figure 5.28 Separation performance of the Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene (★) membrane shown i...
Figure 5.29 UV‐vis spectra of the TC solution on the retentate side as a fun...
Figure 5.30 Water permeance and TC rejection for different feed concentratio...
Figure 5.31 Effect of pH in the feed solution on TC separation performance t...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Good flexibility of the MXene membrane detached from the AAO supp...
Figure 6.2 Gas separation performance through the 2 μm‐thick MXene membrane ...
Figure 6.3 Long‐term separation of an equimolar H
2
/CO
2
mixture through the 2...
Figure 6.4 H
2
/CO
2
gas separation performance of the MXene membrane compared ...
Figure 6.5 MXene stacks with defined
d
‐spacing. (a) XRD patterns of the MAX ...
Figure 6.6 Adsorption and permeation of different gases on and through stack...
Figure 6.7 MD simulations of gas transport through MXene membranes (as shown...
Figure 6.8 Morphology of MXene membranes. The permeation data of this membra...
Figure 6.9 Permeation through thin stacks of MXene nanosheets as shown in Fi...
Figure 6.10 Transformation of an H
2
‐selective MXene membrane into a CO
2
‐sele...
Figure 6.11 Selectivity, solubility, and diffusivity data of the membrane in...
Figure 6.12 High‐temperature permeation data of an MXene membrane. (a) Singl...
Figure 6.13 Schematic diagram of the Pebax‐based mixed matrix membranes (MMM...
Figure 6.14 Characterization of MXene/Pebax MMMs with different MXene loadin...
Figure 6.15 Gas separation on the MXene/Pebax MMM (schematically shown in Fi...
Figure 6.16 Pebax‐MXeneMMMs. (a) Photos of the MMMs with different Ti
3
C
2
T
x
M...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Schema of ion sieving through MXene membranes. Hydrated Na
+
a...
Figure 7.2 MXene membrane in methanol sieving from nanoparticles. Source: Wu...
Figure 7.3 Pristine MXene membrane (PMM) converted to self‐cross‐linked MXen...
Figure 7.4 SCMMs prepared by thermal treatment as shown schematically in Fig...
Figure 7.5 Water permeance and NaCl salt rejection through SCMMs, prepared a...
Figure 7.6 Reduced swelling of self‐cross‐linked SCMMs compared to the PMM M...
Figure 7.7 FTIR results of the SCMM (prepared as shown in Figure 7.3): (a) R...
Figure 7.8 Raman results of the SCMM (prepared as shown in Figure 7.3). Inse...
Figure 7.9 Thermogravimetric and DSC results of SCMM (prepared as shown in F...
Figure 7.10 Peak‐fitting images of the XPS results for O 1 s in SCMMs (prepa...
Figure 7.11 Schematic of the ion‐sieving mechanism supported by the electric...
Figure 7.12 Influence of salt in the feed on the water flux: (a) Water flux ...
Figure 7.13 Performance of a thermally cross‐linked MXene membrane in K
+
Figure 7.14 Separation of mixed ions (K
+
/Pb
2+
) and rejection rate of...
Figure 7.15 Reduction of –OH terminals through thermal cross‐linking: (a) FT...
Figure 7.16 TG‐DTA analysis of the thermal cross‐linking of MXene membranes....
Figure 7.17 Reduced interlayer spacing through sintering: (a)
d
‐spacing and ...
Figure 7.18 Sinter‐cross‐linked MXene membranes: (a) MXene membranes at diff...
Figure 7.19 Desalination performance of the MXene‐based membranes: (a–d) Wat...
Figure 7.20 Sinter‐cross‐linked MXene membranes in the separation of VO
2+
...
Figure 7.21 TG‐DSC curves of sinter‐cross‐linked MXene nanosheets: (a) 25–90...
Figure 7.22 TEM images of MXene nanosheets sintered at different temperature...
Figure 7.23 Scheme of the Al
3+
‐intercalated MXene membrane. Source: Ding...
Figure 7.24 MXene membranes with intercalated Al
3+
(prepared according t...
Figure 7.25 Ion permeation rates through untreated MXene membranes and Al
3+
...
Figure 7.26 Cycle performance of the Al
3+
‐intercalated (prepared as give...
Figure 7.27 Al
3+
‐intercalated MXene membranes prepared according to the ...
Figure 7.28 Na
+
permeation rates and rejections (inset) through the untr...
Figure 7.29 DFT calculations of the interaction energies between Al
3+
an...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a PAM hydrogel‐coate...
Figure 8.2 Superoleophilic PVDF membrane. (a) Schematic of the preparation a...
Figure 8.3 Salt‐induced phase‐inversion in PAA‐g‐PVDF membrane preparation. ...
Figure 8.4 Membrane surface which is engineered using biomimetic nanoparticl...
Figure 8.5 Schematic illustration of the Janus membrane with controllable as...
Figure 8.6 Polyampholyte layer of MPC‐co‐AEMA on a polyketone (PK) membrane....
Figure 8.7 A single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film is deposited on poro...
Figure 8.8 Switchable ultrathin nanoporous hydrophilic cohybrid membrane pre...
Figure 8.9 GO‐coated SSMs show (a) hydrophilicity in air and (b) superoleoph...
Figure 8.10 Dopamine‐coated rGO sheets as self‐supporting hydrophilic membra...
Figure 8.11 Intercalation of SiO
2
nanoparticles into GO nanochannels to enla...
Figure 8.12 Reduction of an rGO aerogel membrane by hydrogen bond mediation....
Figure 8.13 Growth of the water‐stable metal‐organic framework (MOF) UiO‐66‐...
Figure 8.14 TiO
2
/Co
3
O
4
/GO heterojunction (TCG) is prepared via a solvotherma...
Figure 8.15 Scheme of the self‐conversion of ZnO into the corresponding orie...
Figure 8.16 Cu
3
(PO
4
)
2
nanosheets were electrochemically deposited
in situ
on...
Figure 8.17 Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations and
ab initio
molec...
Figure 8.18 Surface wettability of an MXene nanosheet membrane. (a) Dynamic ...
Figure 8.19 MD simulation of the interaction of toluene and water with the M...
Figure 8.20 Separation performance of oil/water emulsions. 2 g oil dispersed...
Figure 8.21 Optical microscopy and oil droplet size distribution in feed and...
Figure 8.22 Long‐term testing of ultrathin MXene membranes (∼500 nm thicknes...
Figure 8.23 Separation performance of hydrophilic MXene membranes for toluen...
Figure 8.24 Long‐term testing of MXene membranes (approximately 500 nm thick...
Figure 8.25 MXene membrane coating of conventional print paper allows scale‐...
Figure 8.26 MXene membrane deposited on a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PV...
Figure 8.27 Lightweight, robust, hydrophobic, and fire‐retardant polyimide (...
Figure 8.28 Underwater contact angle of vegetable oil on (a) multilayer Ti
3
C
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 MXene membrane for osmotic power generation. Source: Hong et al. ...
Figure 9.2 Performance of MXene membranes for osmotic power generation using...
Figure 9.3 Preparation of MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composites: (a–e) Manufactu...
Figure 9.4 MXene/Kevlar nanofiber composites in salinity gradient energy har...
Figure 9.5 MXene/Kevlar nanofibers in salinity gradient harvesting: (a–c) Me...
Figure 9.6 MXene membrane‐based nanofluidic energy‐harvesting device. SW is ...
Figure 9.7 Positively and negatively charged MXene membranes for salinity gr...
Figure 9.8 Salt concentration vs. conductance for the N‐MXene membrane (squa...
Figure 9.9 Membrane potential and concentration gradient: (a), (b) Measured ...
Figure 9.10 (a) Energy conversion of the MXene membrane RED device; (b) Curr...
Figure 9.11 Tandem MXene membrane‐RED stacks: (a) Power electronic devices o...
Figure 9.12 (a) Energy conversion of the Ti
3
C
2
T
x
MXene/GO hybrid membrane; (...
Figure 9.13 Ion transport and current response of the nanofluidic device: (a...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Large nanosheets prepared by a freezing–thawing exfoliation meth...
Figure 10.2 Rapid spin‐evaporation coating method for 2D membrane preparatio...
Figure 10.3 Simple illustration of the spray coating method. Source: Ibrahim...
Figure 10.4 Illustration of the facile dip‐coating method to prepare transpa...
Figure 10.5 Doctor blade coating of highly concentrated GO gels. (a) High‐vi...
Figure 10.6 Preparation of the high‐viscosity GO aqueous solution obtained b...
Figure 10.7 Large‐area MXene films of high mechanical strength made by docto...
Figure 10.8 Scheme of free‐standing flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) 2D...
Figure 10.9 Home‐made roll‐to‐roll system for electrophoretic deposition (EP...
Figure 10.10 MXene film preparation from aqueous suspensions by the constant...
Figure 10.11 MXene film preparation from propylene carbonate (PC) suspension...
Figure 10.12 EPD technology for the preparation of large‐scale MXene membran...
Figure 10.13 XRD patterns of the Ti
3
AlC
2
powder, bare substrate, and EPD‐MXe...
Figure 10.14 Bending test shows the good flexibility of the EPD‐MXene membra...
Figure 10.15 (a) EPD‐MXene membrane thickness vs. the EPD time. SEM images o...
Figure 10.16 Osmosis rejections of the EPD‐MXene membrane with 200 nm thickn...
Figure 10.17 Comparison of MXene membranes prepared by vacuum filtration (VF...
Figure 10.18 Li
+
osmosis rejection and the corresponding permeation rate...
Figure 10.19 Schematic illustration of the “smart selection” of large nanosh...
Figure 10.20 XRD results of the VF‐ and EPD‐MXene membranes in dry and wet s...
Figure 10.21 Preferential deposition of large‐area MXene nanosheets in EPD. ...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations and Symbols
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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