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- Herausgeber: epubli
- Kategorie: Fremdsprachen
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019
When I was very young, I started to collect phrases and words in many different languages and within the years I created a big archive. In the first edition of "My Archive Of Languages" (2016), I opened the archive to the public. This new edition contains updates, a lot of changes in structure and more languages. The work is divided in the so-called 'manuscripts' containing all words and phrases that were collected, and an appendix with 'Notes'. These notes contain useful information about the languages, grammatical features, explanations to the phrases, etc., making it a general reference work. It is intended for polyglots who want to get a glimpse in different languages and work with them on their own. The languages that can be found in this book are Abkhaz, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic (Algerian Arabic, Anatolian Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Tunisian Arabic, Yemeni Arabic), Assyrian/ Syriac, Avar, Bakossi, Balochi, Bambara, Burmese, Buyang, Cameroon Pidgin (Kamtok), Chechen and Ingush, Circassian, Fulfulde, Georgian, Greenlandic, Hindi languages (Bhojpuri, Fiji Hindi, Kashmiri, Nepali, Rajasthani, Standard Hindi), Indonesian/ Malay, Irish Gaelic, Jingpo, Karone, Korean (North Korean, South Korean, Jeju), Kreyol (St. Lucia), Kurdish, Lezgin, Lingao, Lingala, Lisu, Lithuanian, Malagasy, Mbuwing/ Awing, Miao, Monegasque, Mongolian, Nigerian Pidgin English, Ossetian, Pashto, Persian (Farsi, Dari, Harazagi, Lori, Tajik, Tat and Jewish Tat), Pular, Romani, Samoan, Sarikoli, Serbo-Croatian, Serer, Slovenian, Southwestern Tai languages (mainly Lao, Shan, Thai), Swedish, Swiss German, Tahitian, Tamang, Tibetan (Dzongkha, Eastern Kham, Ladakhi, Northern Kham, Sikkimese, Standard Tibetan), Tokelauan, Tongan, Toucouleur, Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kumyk, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbek), Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Wa/ Va, Wallisian, Wolof, Zhuang/ Buyi.
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Bambara
Spoken in: Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mauretania, Ivory Coast
Official language in: Mali (national language), Burkina Faso (recognized minority language)
Speakers: c. 10 million
Scripts: Latin, N’Ko
I ni sógóma – Good morning!
I – you
ni – and
sógóma – morning
I ni tile – Good morning! (during the day, especially around noon)
tile – sun
wula – afternoon
I ni su – Good evening!
I ni ce – Hello!
ce – work
I tó gó? – What’s your name?
N tó gó ... – My name is ...
E doun? – And you?
i ka kéné wa? – How are you?
n ka kéné i yéré doun – I’m fine, thanks, and you?
n se e yéré doun – I’m fine, thanks, and you?
yéré doun – and you ?
toro si té – peace only
A ka nyi! – That’s fine!
I ka so bé min? – Where do you live?
Haké to – Excuse me!
Kan ben – Goodbye!
Conversation:
Félicie: I ni sógóma!
Caroline: I ni se. I tó gó?
Félicie: N tó gó Félicie. E doun?
Caroline: N tó gó Caroline. I ka kéné wa?
Félicie: N ka kéné, i yéré doun?
Caroline: Toro si té.
Félicie: A ka nyi!
Caroline: Kan ben!
Exercises:
I. Build a greeting for each day time.
I ni...
...sógóma
...tile
...wula
...su
...ce
II. Vocabulary
1. morning
2. sun
3. afternoon
4. you
5. and
6. work
III. Sentences
1. How are you?
2. I’m fine!
3. What’s your name?
4. That’s fine!
5. Where do you live?
Karoninka (Karone)
Spoken in: Senegal, Gambia
Official language in: –
Speakers: probably less than 20,000
Scripts: Latin (no official orthography)
Alunkaw – Hello
Punme sokeh? – How are you?
Kasumai? – How areyou?
kasumai-lama – I am fine
aweme? – And you?
timpa-timpa – Thank you
aaaaaaaaaa – Yes
hani – no
Lubes? – Are there any news?
wah tom – nothing
foneka – There are no news
yov, hamna wollof nga – I thought you’re Wolof.
achunkeh – red
afuleh – blue
watanye – yellow
ahina – white
abana – black
sumutam – I’m sad
sumam sum – I’m happy
tuku – don’t
hane – no
netat – not
teimeh afe kai te university ya – When are you going to university?
teimeh afe tak class – When will you have class?
tak – have
yonol – 1
susubog – 2
sihajil – 3
sipakil – 4
esak – 5
esakiyonol – 6
esakisusubog – 7
esakisihajil – 8
esakisipakil – 9
nysuwan – 10
wemeh yakeh – What are you doing?
Personal pronouns
Inji – I
Aweh – you (sg.)
ayen – he
a'l – she
eh – it
unei – we
unei or aweh – you (pl.)
poko – they
Upa – am
unei ahai– we are
poko ahai– they are
aweh hi li – you are eating (the hi stands for “are”)
aweh pa hein – you are working (the pa stands for “are”)
the 'are' always matches the verb (maybe it is sometimes spelled “he” instead of “hi”)
'is' is also determined by the preceding verb. It can be pronounced in many ways depending on what word follows next.
Different tenses
I’m at home:
tenuf inji yeniyeh (in the past)
tenuf inji yem (in the present)
inji fa yeno tenuf (in the future)
I am going/ I go (in all tenses):
inji pi kayu (I am going)
inji fa kai (I will go)
inji kayakai (I went)
List with words and phrases in alphabetical order
aaaaaaaaaa – yes
alunkaw – Hello
ana sa yay – Where is your mum?
aweh hi li – you are eating
aweh pa hein – you are working
aweme? – And you?
bahna – good, fine
chi dekandorr ye – in the neighbour room
foneka – Nothing’s new
hane – no
hani – no
hawuma – I don’t know
inji – I (myself)
inji fa nyohoni ti si minit nyasuwan – Maybe I'm back in 10 minutes
inji upa tenuf – I’m at home
inji upa ti – I’m in the class internet room
kasumai – How are you?
kasumai-lama – I’m fine
kinchakoli – It was just a joke
lubes – Are there any news?
lumoi def – What is she doing?
man hawuma – I don’t know
mangi chi kerrgi – I’m at home
mangi janga – I’m a student
netat – not
pemeh yem – Where are you?
punme sokeh? – How are you?
sawala – apreciation accepted, (you are) welcome, thank you too
sumam sum – I’m happy
sumutam – I’m sad
tak – have
tak kasumai fuoi – Have a nice day!
teimeh afe kai te university ya – When are you going to university?
teimeh afe tak class – When will you have class?
timpa-timpa – thank you
tuku – don’t
wah tom – nothing
yomeh an yeneneh – What religion do you have?
yov ak kanafa neka – Who is there with you?
Pular
Spoken in: Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau
Official language in: no data available
Speakers: c. 3 million
Scripts: Latin
A jaraama. – Hello! / Thank you!
On jaraama. – Hello (plural/ formal)
Tanna alaa ton? – Is there no evil?
Jam tun! – Peace only!
allah diarama – Thank God!
no wa'i? – How’s it going?
allah wo no wa – reply to „No wa’i?“
Onon le? – And you?
Hii-hi. – Yes
Eyyo – No!
Fulfulde
Spoken in: Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mauretania, Chad, Benin, Sudan, Central African Republic, Togo, Ghana, Cameroon, Gambia, Nigeria, Niger
Official language in: Nigeria (locally), Senegal (national language), Guinea (national language), Mauretania (national language), Niger (national language), Gambia (national language), Azawad
Speakers: c. 20 million
Scripts: Latin
Sannu! – Hello!
Jam na? – How are you?
Jam. – Fine
Na – yes
Jam koo dume. – Fine, thank you.
Noy innde ma? – What’s your name?
Innde am – My name is…
Useni – Please
Useko – Thank you
Noy sukle? – How’s your work?
Noy – how
Sukle – work
Serer
Spoken in: Senegal, Gambia, Mauretania, probably Mali
Official language in: Senegal (minority language)
Speakers: over 1 million
Scripts: Latin
Nafeyo – Hello
Mbaldo ko – Hello!
Ngiropo – Good evening!
O yeng jam! – Good night!
Nafeyo? – How are you?
Nam fiyo? – How are you?
Mehemen – I am fine.
Mi it – Me too!
Harr hewo? – Any news?
refe tig – Nothing.
Tam refo – Where are you?
Mehe mbina – I’m at home
Dioka ndial – Thank you
Djooko njal – Thank you!
Iyo – Okay!
Kamxee xel. – I am hungry.
Kamxodo mel. – I am thirsty.
Conversation:
Marie: Mbaldo ko!
Jean: Nafeyo?
Marie: Mehemen, dioka ndial. Nam fiyo?
Jean: Mi it, mehemen.
Marie: Harr hewo?
Jean: Refe tig. Tam refo?
Marie: Mehe mbina.
Jean: Iyo!
Toucouleur
Spokenin: Senegal, Gambia, Mauretania, Mali, Guinea-Bissau
Officiallanguagein: –
Speakers: c. 3-4 million
Scripts: Latin
No mada – Hello
A séli? – Hello, how are you?
Diam tane – I’m fine.
Ko mbada – What are you doing?
Éye – Yes
Ala – No
A diarama – Thanks
Mi yidi miame – I want to eat…
Mi yidi yardé – I want to drink…
Oto – not
Goto – one
Didi – two
Tati – three
Naye – four
Wolof
Spoken in: Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania
Official language in: Senegal (national language), probably national language in Gambia
Speakers: c. 4 million
Scripts: Latin, Arabic (historical)
1 – Salaamaalekum!
Salaamaalekum! – Hello!
Maalekumsalaam! – Hello! (Reply)
Naka suba si! – Good morning! (Gambia)
Jamm nga fanane! – Good morning! (Senegal)
Naka baychak bi! – Good afternoon! (Gambia)
Baychak bi mangui fi! – Good afternoon! (reply) – in Gambia
Jamm nga yendo! – Good afternoon! (Senegal)
Jamm nga yendu! – Good afternoon! (Mauritania)
Naka ngon si! – Good evening! (Gambia/ Senegal)
Ngon bi mangui fi! – Good evening! (reply) – in Gambia
Naka nga def? – How are you? (polite)
Nan nga def? – How are you?
Maa ngi fi/ Ma ngui fi – I am fine.
Maa ngi fi rekk. – I am fine.
Jàmm rekk, Alxamdulilaay. – Very fine, thanks to God!
Alxamdulilaay – Grace to God!
Imdilaay! – Thanks to God! (Mauritania)
Ana waa kër ga – How’s your family doing?
Naka waa kër ga? – How’s your family doing?
Nunga faa! – They are fine!
Naka nga tudd? – What’s your name?
…laa tudd. – My name is…
Dieredieuf! – Thank you!
Mba! – Thank you! (Mauritania)
Waaw! – Yes
déedéet – No
tiouk – good
tiouke na! – That’s fine!
ci ka na – That’s fine!
yow nak – and you?
gnata at nga am? – How old are you?
gnata – how much
at – age
am – have
man 29 ans la am – I am 29 years old
gnar fouki at ak djirom gnent – twenty-nine
ngar – two
fouk – ten
djirom – five
gnent – four
Ba beneen yoon – See you next time!
Jàmm ag jàmm – Go in peace! (Goodbye!)
Be subeu ak diam – à demain inch allah
2 – Yeksil ak diam!
yeksil ak diam – Welcome!
ak - with
diam – god
aksil ak diam – Welcome!
bu la nekhe – Please
diereudieuf – Thank you!
balma – Sorry!/ Excuse me!
balmeu – Sorry!/ Excuse me!
bal len ma - Sorry!/ Excuse me! (Plural)
Namounala – I miss you!
Mala raw – Me too!
Mala – I, me
Maa – I, me
Mane – I, me
Loutakh? – why?
Lane? – what?
Kane? – Who?
ATTENTION: There’s a false friend, kane means who (or French: qui), but “ki” means “his” (like French “lui”), so do not mix up French ‘qui’ and Wolof ‘ki’.
Kanla? – Who’s this?
Lanla? – What’s this?
Naka nga touda? – What’s your name ?
Mangui touda … - My name is ...
Fen nga jogay? – Where are you from?
Mangui jogay... – I am from...
Lan moy sa legaye? – What do you work?
Man ... la – I am...
Ben denay nga topa? – Which religion do you have?
Julit – Muslim
Catholique – Catholic (Senegal)
Cathologic – Catholic (Gambia)
Gouremet – Protestant
Da nga saye? – What’s your marital status?, Are you married?
Am nga ... – Do you have ...?
faré – boyfriend
janga – girlfriend
Conversation:
A: Salaamaalekum!
B: Maalekumsalaam! Naka nga def?
A: Ma ngui fi, dieredieuf! Yow nak?
B: Jàmm rekk, alxamdulilaay.
A: Tiouke na! Gnata at nga am?
B: Man gnar fouki at ak djirom gnent la am.
A: Fen nga jogay?
B: Mangui jogay Dakar. Lan moy sa legaye?
A: Man professeur la, lan moy sa legaye?
B: Man écrivain la. Ben denay nga topa?
A: Man julit la. Ben denay nga topa?
B: Man catholique la.
A: Be subeu ak diam, jàmm ag jàmm!
B: Deredieuf! Ba beneen yoon!
3 – Naka foufou?
Naka foufou – How’s it going?
Reply: niongui santeu (like always)
Dama buga ring. – I wanna make a call. (Gambia)
Dama buga sangu. – I want to bathe.
Ana telephone bi? – Where’s the telephone? (Gambia)
Fan la post bi nekk? - Where is the post office?
Dama buga yoné air mail. – I wanna send an air mail. (Gambia)
envelope – envelope (Gambia)
parcel – parcel (Gambia)
Fann la jàkka bi nekk? – Where is the mosque?
jakk – mosque
kër – house
wanag – toilet
marse – market (Mauritania)
boroom-taabél – market (Senegal)
boroom-butig – supermarket (Senegal)
butik – boutique (Senegal)
Bakossi
Spoken in: Cameroon
Official language in: –
Speakers: 50,000 – 100,000
Scripts: Latin
asange – Good morning
muteh mbwam – Good afternoon
ahène – Good evening
chan mekan – How are you?
nlele – I’m ok
chan – what, how, why (the latter one only related to people)
kechan – anyhow
cha – why?
che – what, why
nzé – who, which
nzé modé – who? (question)
awe – who, which (relative pronoun)
hee, wé – where
atim – however
-teng – how many?, how much?
mé – I
m- – I (prefix)
nyi, wéé, emong – you
nyumé – you (dual)
bumé – you two (out of more than two people)
mee – he, she, it
a- – he, she, it (prefix)
se – we
etum – you (formal)
be- – they (prefix)
me – them
Mbuwing/ Awing
Spoken in: Awing (Cameroon)
Official language in: –
Speakers: unknown
Scripts: Latin
1 – pourchime
pourchime – Good morning
apele? – How are you?
a pong – I’m fine
o' henefou? – Where are you going?
lenhwo a woh? – What’s your name?
ndambe – Thank you
piteme – Ask me!
pite a yi – Ask him!
nko shipur – I don’t know!
Pronounciation
a /a/ e.g. aponge /apoŋ/
e /e/ e.g. apele /apel/ (the “e” isn’t pronounced at the end of a word)
nh /n/ e.g. nhu /nu/
qu /k/ e.g. ou fa-alaque /u fa alak/
ee /i/ e.g. o lee /o li/
cz /ch/ e.g. czeleke /chelek/
2 – nho le gok chi eg
nho le gok chi eg – How old are you?
oh chiwoh – Are you there?
oh czeleke a dehnwale – What do you study in school?
ing zehne – I see
piabe – Wait!
ing mbene – I'm back!
mbuc o zchekem ne a chebe german – Can you teach me German language?
ou fa-alaque – What are you doing?
o pei ne faake – What were you doing?
pou hed le – What should we do?
nded sho le ke – What’s your time now?
i sa le 19;14 – Mine is 19:14
O lee? – How did you sleep?
o lee a zu – Reply to “O lee”
O piec gechke – What did you take for lunch?
aponge – good
ho – you
nkoshipor – I don’t know
piabe – to wait
ndone a mee ghene – I want to go, I gotta go
nji te zan à mee – I’m hungry
nhu too – and you?
nhu – you
nhu too meaning “you too?”. The sentence is mixed with English.
Grammar
Personal pronouns
mang – I, me
nhur – you
yi, yeh, czheré – he, she, it
penée, pene – we
pur, porh – you (plural)
porh – they
dur – one, Frencch: ‘on’
3 – o te fa ake?
o te fa ake? – What are you doing?
o pie chi nvo – Where were you ?
mang te printe document – I’m printing a document
pou lee – good night
’n chi echichigne – I’m okay, I’m doing great
mang too nko shipur – I also don’t know
o pog ndee – Did you really sleep well?
mbog ou faque cisd nhane – Can you do it now?
Uhn – Yes
nbig nange television – I watched tv
ig ngi nange televisione – I will watch tv
ig nange television – I’m watching television
mbieg te czhebe peg ’nchebiame a japan – I was chatting with my elder sister in Japan
Grammar
nbig te – I was
O picg – you were
à picg – he was
à picg chie – she was
a picg – it was
pege picg – one was
ngi – expresses future
mang yi – I will
O yi – you will
a yi – he will, she will, it will
4 – à picg chie a awinge
à picg chie a awinge – She was in Awinge
mumege – girl
mubiegne – boy
a chume – it
nzang pi sugne – How to say ... in Mbuwing
o chimne – Good morning
o pinge eh – You’ve been missing
o lee suh – Reply to “O lee”
Fiteme – Tell me!
pogne diee – Sleep well!
o pog diey – Did you sleep well?
ing doné mer typing document – I want to type a document
afa – work
unt te faa – I work
afaa ou la ke – What's your job?
i len a faa – I am (name of job)
o te – you are
ou pong ndie – Did you sleep well?
i len nem lei – My name is…
ig dor lei – I’m from ...
Question words
nteke – why?
nle – how?
ake – what?
evoh – where?
o tefaake?
you areworkingwhat?
Question words are always at the end of a sentence.
Imperative
pitea yi
askhim, her, it
fitea yi
tellhim
The personal pronoun comes after the verb.
Lingala
Spoken in: Congo (DR Congo and Republic Congo), Central Africa, Angola
Official language in: DR Congo (national language), Republic of Congo (regional language)
Speakers: c. 12 million
Scripts: Latin
1 – Mboté
Mboté – Hello
Ndengué nini? – How are you?
Malamu? – How are you?
Malamu – I’m fine
Na yo? – And you?
Na za pe malamu – I’m fine as well
pe – too, also
melesi – Thank you!
essengo ez ya nga – You’re welcome!
Sango nini? – What’s new?
Sango té – There are no news
Likambo té – Nothing special
è – yes
té – no
nandimi – Okay (I accept)
botikala – Good bye!
na zo zongua – I’m coming back
na zongui – I’m back!
to monana – Till later!
essengueli nakendé – I gotta go
boutou malamou – Good evening
to koutana mikolo mikoya – Till next time
Dialogue:
Mboté.
- Mboté. Malamu ?
Malamu, melesi. Na yo ?
- Malamu! Sango nini ?
Sango té. Na yo ?
- Likambo té.
Essengueli nakendé, butu malamu.
- To kutana mikolo mikoya.
2 – Ozo sala nini?
ozo sala nini? – What are you doing?
nazo sala – I work
to – one, cp. French ‘on’
to za – we are
bo za – you are (pl.)
ba za – they are
balobi nini? – How to say …?
na – I
o – you
yo – he, she
na ko linga – I like
na ko sepela – I’d like
Dialogue:
Mboté.
- Mboté. Malamu ?
Malamu, melesi. Na yo ?
- Malamu! Sango nini ?
Sango té. Na yo ?
- Likambo té.
Ozo sala nini ?
- Nazo sala.
Essengueli nakendé, butu malamu.
- To kutana mikolo mikoya.
3 – Na ké kolala
na ké kolala – I am going to sleep.
to monana – Till later!/ See you!
kozala – to have
na – I have
oza – you have
aza – he, she has
to za – one has
to za – we have
bo za na – you have (pl.)
ké – being gone
ko kendé – to go away
ko yaka – to come
na ko yaka – I will come
na zo kendé – I go
kendé nini ? – Where do you go?
soki olingi – if you want
Dialogue:
Mboté.
- Mboté. Malamu ?
Malamu, melesi. Na yo ?
- Malamu! Sango nini ?
Sango té. Na yo ?
- Likambo té.
Kendé nini ? Ozo sala nini ?
- Nazo sala.
Essengueli nakendé, butu malamu. To monana !
- Na ké kolala, to kutana mikolo mikoya.
4 – Kombo na yo nini?
kombo na yo nini ? – What’s your name?
ba bengaka yo nani? – What’s your name?
yo nani ? – Who are you?
oza nani? – Who are you?
na za... – I am…
kombo na nga eza... – My name is…
ofandaka wapi? – Where do you live?
na fandaka na... – I live in …
na ké – Good night!
butu malamu – a way of saying good bye
Na zo tala tv – I’m watching tv.
Na zo kanga suki – I’m binding a pigtail.
kanga – to braid
suki – hairs
Nigerian Pidgin English
Spoken in: Nigeria
Official language in: –
Speakers: at least 30 million speakers
Scripts: Latin (no official orthography)
How far? – How are you?
How you dey? – How are you?
Wetin dey? – What’s up?
My name na… - My name is…
I from … - I am from…
You don chop? – Have you eaten?
don – past word (done)
don + infinitive – Nigerian simple past
The man dey run? – The man is running?
dey – the Nigerian verb ‘to be’
I dey fine – I am fine
Na so? – Isn’t it?
I no gree – I disagree
no + infinitive – Nigerian negation, e.g. I no sabi (I don’t know), I no chop (I don’t eat), etc.
o’boy – friend
kele – young woman
you dey talk plenty – you talk too much (talk sounds like tok)
banky – babe
ma le – mother
pa le – father
kolobi – ambush/ kidnap
no yawa – no problem
Abeg! – Please!
paper – money
wahala – trouble, problem
mugu – fool
fall hand – to be disappointed, to be embarrassed, to feel ashamed
paper no rest – being broke, having no money
kpianse – witch
chikala – young girl
okpukpuru – owl
e don tey – It’s been long
crash – to sleep
e be like say – It seems to be like that (it seems to be as was said)
naija – Nigeria
jigolo – gigolo
where you dey? – Where are you?
I no no – I don’t know
azin – like, as in
waka – to walk
Na only you waka come? – You are the only one who came?
Malagasy
Spoken in: Madagascar
Official language in: Madagascar
Speakers: c. 18-19 million
Scripts: Latin
Manao ahoana – Hello!
Fahasalamana? – How are you?
Salama ve? – How are you ?
Tsara fa misaotra, ary ianao? – I am fine, thanks, and you?
Iza no anaranao? – What’s your name?
Ny anarako dia ... – My name is …
Avy aiza ianao? – Where are you from?
Avy any ... – I am from …
Faly mahalala anao – Nice to meet you!
manja ianao – you are beautiful
malala – honey
tsotra be ianao – you are nice
mahafinaritra ianao – you are the best
anjeliko ianao – you are my angel
tontoloko ianao – you are my universe
manina anao aho – I miss you
tiako ianao – I love you
Amharic
Spoken in: Ethiopia
Official language in: Ethiopia
Speakers: c. 20-22 million
Scripts: Ge’ez script
Hi – Hello
Selam new – Hello!
Selam ke ante gar yihun – peace be upon to you
Selam – peace
Endet neh? – How are you? (for boy)
Endet nesh? – How are you? (for girl)
Dehina negn – I am fine
Semeh man new? – What’s your name? (to a man)
Semesh man new? – What’s your name? (to a woman)
Yene sem … new – My name is …
Wodedhew – Do you like?
Ewedishale hu – I love you
Alwodhm – I love you too
esh – okay
gobez – bravo
Amesegnalehu – Thank you!
Destegna neh? – Are you happy? (to a man)
Destegna nesh? – Are you happy? (to a woman)
awo – yes
h-for boy
sh-for girl
lemn – why?
mn – what?
ena? – and?
Keyet neh? – Where are you from? (to a man)
Keyet nesh? – Where are you from? (to a woman)
Ene käh … neng – I am from …
gobez silehonk - because you are smart
mknyatum wodshalehu – because I love you
alawukm - I don't know
konjooo – beautiful
Enem wodhalehu – I love you
Tnafkegnaleh – I missed you
Dehina edery – Good night
Chaw – Goodbye!
Melkam ken! – Have a nice day!
Arabic
Algerian Arabic
Spoken in: Algeria (mainly in the center, as the dialects in the west are very Moroccan-influenced, the dialects in the east are very Tunisian-influenced, the dialects spoken in the southwest belong Hassaniya and the dialects spoken in the south belong to Sahara Arabic); spoken by immigrants in France, Canada, Spain, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, and the USA
Official language in: Koiné language in Algeria, proposed minority language in France
Speakers: c. 30 million
Scripts: Arabic, Latin (in the internet)
Moroccan Arabic
Spoken in: Morocco; by immigrants in many EU countries, Switzerland, Canada and the United States
Official language in: Koiné language in Morocco and Western Algeria, proposed minority language in France
Speakers: c. 20 million
Scripts: Arabic, Latin (in the internet)
Tunisian Arabic
Spoken in: Tunisia, Algeria, Libya
Official language in: Koiné language in Tunisia, proposed minority language in France
Speakers: c. 12 million
Scripts: Arabic, Latin (in the internet)
Yemeni Arabic
Spoken in: Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Saudi Arabia (in the southern part of the country), Kenya
Official language in: Koiné language in Yemen and widespread second language in Somalia
Speakers: c. 15 million – 20 million
Scripts: Arabic, Latin (in the internet)
Egyptian Arabic
Spoken in: Egypt
Official language in: Koiné language in Egypt
Speakers: c. 55 million
Scripts: Arabic, Latin (in the internet)
Anatolian Arabic
Spoken in: mainly in Southeastern Anatolia (such as Mardin, Siirt, Gaziantep, and Diyabakir) region in Turkey
Official language in: -
Speakers: c. 1-2 million
Scripts: officially not written
Moroccan Arabic – Darija, maghribiya
1 – Salam
Salam – Hello!
La bas? – How are you?
Rak ghaya? – How are you? (Oujda)
Ki dayer? – How are you? (m.)
Ki dayra? – How are you? (f.)
Ki rak? – How are you? (Oujda)
Sbah el-khayr – Good morning!
Sbah en-nour – Good morning! (reply)
Labas, labes – not bad
Kolchi labas – Everything is okay!
kolchi – everything
alhamdolillah – Thanks to God !
Wah, 3andak alhak! – Yes, you are right!
3andak alhak – You are right
3andak – you are
alhak – right
ana 3adi namchi nakol – I will go to eat
3adi – I will
namchi – go
nakol – eat
la3cha daba – I have dinner now
la3cha – dinner
daba – now
kidayra 3a ila? – How is your family?
kidayra – how is, but also means: how are, how are you
3a ila – family
w nti kidayra 3a iltak – And you, how is your family? (said to a female person)
w nti – and you ? (said to a female person)
w nta – and you? (said to a male person)
metcharfin! – Nice to meet you!
Tesbah ala khair – Good night!
tasbah 3lakhir – Good night (said to a male person)
tesabhi 3la khair – Good night (said to a female person)
2 – Achnou smiytek?
Achnou smiytek? – What’s your name?
Wachta smiytek? – What’s your name? (Oujda)
ya3ni wach na3tik smiya 3arabiya - Can I give you an Arabic name ? smiya – name
mnin nta? – Where are you from?
anaka la takdib – You are not a liarchaft daba – I see nowchaft – see daba – now
anta dakiy – You are very intelligent
hikma or alhikma – wise
nchofak manba3d – I’ll see you later
kra mazyan – Take care of your study !
chokran – Thanks
Kidayar? – How are you?
Kidayra? – How are you? (said to a girl)
el hamdolillah – Thanks to God ! we inti – and you ? (said to a female person) Ach kadir? – What do you do? kanasma3 lmosika – I am listening to music kanasma3 – listening almosika – music bhal bhal – as well as
kif kif – as well as kanasma3 almosika and kanasma3 ilmosika are the same!
kelb – dog
mchich – cat
3awd – horse
sbâ3 – lion
farrûj – chicken
tran – train
fmobîl – car
dâr, fdar – house, home
jarda – garden
nwar – flower
ana – I
nta – you (m., sg.)
nti – you (f., sg.)
houwa – he
hiya – she
7na – we
ntouma – you (pl.)
houma – they
-i/ -ya – my
-k – your
-u/ -h – his
-ha – her
-na – our
-koum – your (pl.)
-houm – their
3 – Kidayr koulchi?
irtifa3o darajat alharara – It is so hot!mafhimtnich? – You can’t understand?
chof chno lmochkila li3andak fal 3arabiya? – Which problems do you have in Arabic? (means: Which things you don’t understand or with which things you need to practise in Arabic) chof – look chno – what
lmochkila – problem
li3andak fal 3arbiy – you have in Arabic
mama kat3ayatli – Mom is calling me! khalina namchiw lmawdo3 akhor – Let’s go to another topic/ Let’s talk about something else khalina – let’s
chno kadir? – What are you doing? ana nchati – I am chatting nchati – chatting
walahila – really
3lach katabghi 3arabiya? – Why do you like Arabic? katabghi – like iwa jawab – then answer mo3alim – teacher taleb – student
taleba – student (female)
rani daba fdar khalti – I am in my aunt’s house rani – I am daba – now 5alti – aunt ma3lich – It is okkidayr koulchi – Everything alright? kata3raf l3arbia? – Do you know Arabic?chno? – What? inaho dakiyi – He is cleverinaho al almanie – He is German
araka lahikan – See you later
mesyan, mzyan – good, fine nta masya – you are good
wach kayan chijdid – Are there any news?
chno had logha li katahdro biha? – What is that language?
sokti – silence
khalih – let
chno – what?
flûs – money
bez-zêf – much, many
nejma – star
ndader – sunglasses
jbel – mountain
ustad – teacher
3sel – honey
el yom – the day, today
ghadda – tomorrow
nhar – day
lil – night
4 – madahkich rani sérieuse
raki 3arfa chokon – You know who it is !
madahkich rani sérieuse – Don’t laugh, I’m serious
fin mchaw 3ibad lah – Where are the people gone ? chofi ghirahom invisible – Look, they’re invisible!bach yas al maro or alger – Ask a Maroccan or Algerian
bach yas – ask
rani 3ayana – I’m tired !
safi – that’s good
chafti smo hgotlak – You saw what I said
ana maranich m3ak – I’m not with you
Ma kan fhemch – I don’t understand !
kach jdid – Are there any news?
makan walo – there is nothing (answer to kach jdid)
ghi n3ass – just sleeping
la mazal – not yet
ol makla – something when you cook
ol mchatya – chatting
o almalal – bored
o – and
yimkili nchoufik? – Can I see you ?
ana la aktib – I don’t write
warani hna – I am here
bassaha – sweet lunch
Wach kathdar blarbiya – Do you speak Arabic?
Wach kathdar blfrancais – Do you speak French?
Wach katbghini? – Do you love me?
Wach nta m3asb – Are you angry?
Chno ljdid? – Are there any news?
Wach kayn chi jadid – Are there any news?
ATTENTION: In Morrocan, the word “wach” means “est-ce que”, while “chno” and “ash”/”esh” mean “what?”, while in Algerian Arabic “wach” means “what?”
el bent – the girl
el aaîla – the girl (Northern dialects)
el ila/ el ilo – the family
tefl – boy
khouya – my brother
khty – my sister
Tunisian Arabic – Tounisi/ Derja
Salam – Hello!
Nharek taieb – Good morning!, lit. “Good day!”
Sbeh el-khir – Good morning!
Salut almani w la waled bled – Hello German and son of the country ! (Annaba dialect)
harebe min bled – to flee in another country (Annaba dialect)
wa 3ayache – I live (Annaba dialect)
rabi ybeerak – God bless you ! (Annaba dialect)
mla ak ta3rafe arabe mli7 – Why do you know Arabic so well? (Annaba dialect)
chkun? – who ?
lach ? – why ?
kifach ? – how ?
chfama – what?
Chfama jdid? – What’s new ?
Hata chay – nothing at all
Behi – Okay!
Tesbah ala khir! – Good night!
Ila illi9a! – Goodbye!
Beslema! – Goodbye!
Allah ybarek ta7ki arabe wa francais englich – Allah benefited you with speaking Arabic, French, and English (Annaba dialect)
des locons fi classa – lessons in class (Annaba dialect)
bessa7tak – that’s good (Annaba dialect)
chta3mel f hyetek? – What do you do in your life ?
klit w krit chwaya – I ate and read a bit
klit – I ate
krit – I read
chwaya – a bit (Algerian: chwiya)
momken – maybe (Algerian: momkin)
aih – yes
la – no
Chokran! – Thank you!
Tfathal! – You’re welcome!
Yemeni Arabic
marhaban (مرحبا) – Hello
salam – Hello
ismi (اسمي) – My name is...
kef halek? (كيف حالك؟) – How are you?
al hamdulillah (الحمد لله) – Thanks to God
bikhair (بخير) – good
alhamdulillah, bekhair – Fine, thanks to God
wa anta kaif halak? (وانت كيف حالك؟) – and how are you?, What about you? How are you?
tamam (تمام), al hamdu lil-lah – good, thanks to God
ana min almaniya – I’m from germany
ana almani - I’m german
ana yemeni – I’m Yemeni tasharrafna (تشرفنا) - Nice to meet you!
na3am (نعم) – yes
la – no shukran or: shokran – Thanks! teslam (تسلم) – thanks (especially used when someone did a favor or helped you)
afwan or: alafo – You are welcome!
anta jaed fi al3arabi (أنت جيد في العربي) – You are good in Arabic
a2uthu bil-lah – God bless you i3tani binafsak (اعتني بنفسك) – Take care! ma3a s-salama or: ma'a assalama (مع السلامة) – Goodbyeila alliqaa or: ila ali9aa (الى اللقاء) – See you!
hel min jadid? (هل من جديد؟) – Are there any news? (Standard Arabic)
la shai jadeed (لاشئ جديد) – No things are new, I don’t have any news, no new things (reply to hel min jadid)
shai – thing
jadid – news
matha a'ankom? (ماذا عنكم؟) – What about you? kef usratek? (كيف اسرتك؟) – How’s your family doing? esh tishtighil? (ايش تشتغل؟) – What are you working?, What’s your job? adros fi al-jamia'ah (أدرس في الجامعة) – I’m studying in the university aish musawee (أيش مسوي) or: aish t3mal - What are you doing?
shokran – thanks
la shokr a'ala wajib (لا شكر على واجب) – you are welcome, no need to say thanks
Taiz slang:
pronounce j like g in good
j and dj are pronounced the same
so people say gaza2iri instead of djaza2iri (djaza2iri means “algerian”)
e=aiwa=ya sa'am(Sana'a slang)=yes
da=laa= mashi(Sana'a slang)=no
focus in Egyptian slang mashi means ‘yes’, but in Yemeni it’s the opposite!
wa kef altaks fe almaniya – How is the weather in Germany?
altaks – weather
altaks hona mo3tadil – The weather here is warm
hona – here
mo3tadil or: motadil – warm
mazilt talib – still student (Standard Arabic)
mazilt – still (Standard Arabic)
3adni – still (Yemeni slang)
adrouso al handash al kahrbaeah – studying electrical engineering
adrouso – studying
alhandsah – engineering
alkahrbaeah – electrical
matha 3nk? – What about you?
hayya nitkallah min hagana – Hey let’s talk from ours
ma 3ayifhamoonash – They won’t understand
fen albaqeeah – Where are the others?
alyoum – today
masaryiah – Egyptian
wa ant mo t3mal alaan – And what are you doing now? (Taizzi slang)
wa ant ma bet3mal alaan – And what are you doing now? (Sana’ani slang)
alyoum hama – today is hot
hama – hot
wa altaks 3ndkom kef? – How’s the weather by your side?
3ndkom – by your side
bared – cold
abrad – colder
men doa3i sorori – It is my pleasure (Standard Arabic)
wa ant aithan – to you too
fe aman allah – in God’s protection
Do your best
in Yemeni: i3mal jahdak
in formal Arabic: قدّم أفضل ما عندك (qaddem afdhal ma 3indak)
Egyptian Arabic – Masri
Salam – Hello!
Ezzeyek? – How are you?
Ezzeyoko? – How are you? (pl.)
kwayes – good
mashi – so so
aywa – yeah
Ismak ey? – What’s your name? (m.)
Ismik ey? – What’s your name? (f.)
Ismi... – My name is ...
Inta minayn? – Where are you from? (m.)
Inti minayn? – Where are you from? (f.)
wa7d (واحد)– one
atnen (اتنين)– two
talataa (تلاته)– three
arb'aa (اربعه) – four
kmsaaa (خمسه)– five
staaa (سته) – six
sb'aa (سبعه) – seven
tmanya (ثمانيه) – eight
ts'aa (تسعه) – nine
3shraa (عشره) – ten
hadshar – eleven
atnshr – twelve
tlatshr – thirteen
albhr gamal (البحر جميل) – beautiful sea
ana 3ish fi medinat alaskendriya (انا عيش فى مدينه الاسكندريه) – I live in Alexandria, I live in the city of Alexandria
ana – I
anta – you
howa – he
hyaa – she
nahnu, nhnoo – we
hom – they
fi – in
medina – city
bahr – sea
Zay iful! – That’s perfect! (lit.: “like jasmin”)
Mish ma3qul! – No way!/ That’s unbelievable
Ma’alak? – What’s wrong?
Tawwal baalak! – Be patient!
Sabah il-khayr – Good morning!
Sabah in-nur – Good morning! (reply)
Misa il-khayr – Good evening!
Misa in-nur – Good evening! (reply)
Tisbah ala khayr – Good night!
niswangi – womanizer
3andu wash – someone crazy
Yimut fi – to be crazy about something
sahl – easy
wikhish – bad
sulb – hard
Mafiish fayda – It’s useless!
Inta sakh! – You are right!
Mayinfa3sh – It’s not right to do it.
muhim – important
gidid – new
9adim – old
Fi-lmishmish – Never!
Mumkin! – Maybe!
Mukhtamal! – Possibly!
Ana gahiz! – I’m ready!
Bahebak mut! – I love you so much!
Anatolian Arabic
qaroye, qareya – village
2aji – boy
mara – woman
beyt – house
gomlak – shirt
parchaye – piece
gharip – stranger
kteb – book
zanagin – rich
a2ta – you (m.sg.)
essah – now
el-2ab – the father
abu – father
abuyi – my father
akht – sister
khewat – sisters
el-akh – the brother
akhu – brother
akhuyi – my brother
em – mother
ente – woman
ensan – human
adam – human (cp. Jastrow, p. 8: wehed eben adam – a human)
abadan – never
atna – time
el-ahhad, nhar el-ahhad – Sunday
ard – earth
alf – one thousand
ana – I
ent – you (m. sg.)
enti – you (f. sg.)
enten – you (pl.)
Aysh? – What?
Ayn – Where?
Ahla wa sakhla – Welcome!
Roh allah ma2ek – God be with you! (when leaving)
All words were double checked by comparing them with the suggestions given in Otto Jastrow: Glossar zu Kinderib (Anatolisches Arabisch). Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag, 2005.
Assyrian/ Syriac
Spoken in: Southeastern Anatolia (Turkey), Northern Syria, Northern Iraq, West Azerbaijan (Iran), parts of Azerbaijan and Armenia, probably a few in Georgia
Official language in: -
Speakers: c. 200,000
Scripts: Modern Syriac alphabet
Slama – Hello! (cp. Arabic: Salam, Hebrew: Shalom, Aramaic: Shlom)
Shlamlakh – Hello! (to a man) – Modern Aramaic
Shlamlekh – Hello! (to a woman) – Modern Aramaic
Shlom lekh – Hello! (Classical Aramaic)
Yuma Brikha! – General greeting, lit.: “Good day” (Eastern Assyrian)
Dikhiwit? – How are you?
Dakhit? – How are you? (Eastern Assyrian)
Dakhitun? – How are you? (formal)
Ma lakh? – How are you? (to a man) – Aramaic
Ma lekh? – How are you? (to a woman) – Aramaic
Aydarbo at? – How are you?
Bashi wen – I’m fine
Bashima – I’m fine (m.) (Eastern Assyrian)
Bashimta – I’m fine (f.) (Eastern Assyrian)
bash – fine, good
-i – denotes the 1st person singular (cp. Sorani: Bashim)
Ana tav – I am fine (Aramaic)
Tovo! – I am fine! (Aramaic)
Bayinakh – I love you! (man to woman)
Bayanukh – I love you! (woman to man)
e – yes
la – no (cp. Arabic: la)
ana – I (cp. Arabic: ana)
at – you (cp. Hebrew: ata)
aten – you
akhni – we
At dikhiwit? – How are you?
Ma küdet? – What are you doing?
Min ko saym at? – What are you doing?
tumindi – nothing
Min eket? – Where are you from? (Eastern Assyrian)
Kma shenet? – How old are you?
Basema raba – Thank you very much!
Basmalukh – Please! (to a man)
Basmalakh – Please! (to a woman)
Ta lakha! – Come here!
Fush bshlomo – Goodbye! (lit.: Stay in peace!)
Aloho amokh! – May God be with you!
Aloho amikh! – Bye! (Aramaic)
Persian
Farsi (Western Persian/ Iranian Persian)
Spoken in: Iran, Iraq
Official language in: Iran
Speakers: c. 50 million
Scripts: Persian-Arabic
Dari (Afghan Persian)
Spoken in: Afghanistan, by the Hazaras in Pakistan
Official language in: Afghanistan
Speakers: c. 12 million
Scripts: Persian-Arabic
Tajik (Northern Persian)
Spoken in: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
Official language in: Tajikistan
Speakers: c. 8 million
Scripts: Cyrillic, Latin, Persian-Arabic
Tat and Jewish-Tat (Juhori)
Spoken in: Northern Caucasus (Russia), Azerbaijan, Armenia
Official language in: Dagestan (Russia)
Speakers: c. 20,000-70,000
Scripts: Cyrillic, Hebrew (Jewish Tat), probably Latin alphabet in Azerbaijan modelled after Turkish-Azerbaijani alphabets
Hazaragi dialect of Dari (Eastern Persian)
Spoken in: Afghanistan, Pakistan
Official language in: –
Speakers: c. 2 million
Scripts: Persian-Arabic
Lori dialect of Western Persian
Spoken in: Iran, Eastern Iraq – spoken by the Lurs
Alphabets and Pronunciation
Persian-Arabic:
ﺎا ا
â [ɒ]
ﺑ ـﺒ ـب
b [b]
ﭘ ـﭙ ـپ
p [p]
ﺗ ـﺘ ـت
t [t]
ﺛ ـﺜ ـث
s’ [s]
ﺞﺟ ـﺠ
j [ʒ]
ﭻـﭽﭼ
ch [ʃ]
ﺣ ـﺤﺢ
h’ [h]
ﺧ ـﺨﺦ
x [x]
د د ـد
d [d]
ذ ـذذ
z’ [z]
ر ر ـر
r [ɾ]
ز ز ـز
z [z]
ژ ژ ـژ
zh [ʒ]
ـﺴ ـسﺳ
s [s]
ﺷ ـﺸ ـش
sh [ʃ]
ﺻ ـﺼ ـص
s[s]
ﺿ ـﻀ ـض
z [z]
ﻃ ـﻄـ ـط
t [t]
ﻇ ـﻈـ ـظ
z [z]
ﻋﻌﻊ
(eyn) ’ [ʔ]
ﻏﻐﻎ
gh [ɣ]
ﻓ ـﻔ ـف
f [f]
ﻗ ـﻘ ـق
q [ɢ]
ﻛ ـﻜ ـک
k [k]
ﮔ ـﮕ ـگ
g [ɡ]
ﻟ ـﻠ ـل
l [l]
ﻣ ـﻤ ـم
m [m]
ﻧ ـﻨ ـن
n [n]
و و ـو
w, u, o, v
[v], [uː] , [o] , [ow] (Farsi)
[w], [uː],[aw], [oː] (Dari)
ﻫﻬﻪ
h [h]
ﯾ ـﯿﯽ
y, i (Farsi) / y, i, e (Dari)
[j],[i],[ɒː], [aj], [eː]
ء
(hamza) ’ [ʔ] Diacritic
Cyrillic for Tajik:
А а /æ/ a
Б б /b/ b
В в /v/ v
Г г /ɡ/ g
Ғ ғ /ʁ/ ġ
Д д /d/ d
Е е/jeː, eː; jɔ/ e
Ж ж /ʒ/ zh
З з /z/ z
И и /i/ i
Й й /j/ y
К к /k; q/ k
Л л /l/ l
М м /m/ m
Н н /n/ n
О о /ɔː/ o
П п /p/ p
Р р /r/ r
С с /s/ s
Т т /t/ t
У у /u; ɵː/ u
Ф ф /f/ f
Х х /χ; h/ h, x
Ч ч /tʃ; dʒ/ ch
Ш ш /ʃ/ sh
Ъ ъ /ʔ/ -
Э э /eː/ ê
Ю ю /ju/ yu (û)
Яя/jæ/ ya (â)
Ӣ ӣ for /i/
Ӯ ӯ for /ɵː/ (o’)
Ёё for /jɔ/
Қ қ for /q/ (q)
Ҳ ҳ for /h/ (h)
Ҷ ҷ for /dʒ/ (j)
Fist rule: The long letters are mainly used, when the letter is written in Persian alphabet. When the letter is omitted in Persian Arabic script, then the short version is used.
For instance чӣ (with long i ӣ), because it is ‘chi’ (چی) in Persian-Arabic, where the ‘i’ is written.
Farsi – فارسی
Basic expressions
سلام
Salâm
Hello, Hi
اسمتان چيست
esmetân ch’îst?
What is your name?
است___ اسمم
esmam ___ ast
My name is…
خوشبختم
xoshbaxtam
Nice to meet you.
حالِ شما چطور است
Hâle shomâ chetor ast?
How are you?
خوبم، خیلی ممنون
xubam, xeyli mamnun
Fine, thank you.
لطفا
Lutfân
Please
مرسي
Mersi
Thank you!
ممنونم
Mamnûnam
Thank you!
خواهش میکنم
Xâhesh mikonam
You’re welcome.
بله
Bali
Yes
نه
Na
No
چه خبر؟
Ch’e xabar?
Are there any news?, What’s new?
خبری نیست
Xabari nist
Nothing much
ببخشید
Bebaxshid
Excuse me
متاسفم!
Motasefam!
I’m sorry
Greetings
صبح بخیر
Sobh bexayr
Good morning
عصر بخیر
Asr bexayr
Good evening
شب بخير
Shab bexayr
Good night
صبح خوش
Sobh xosh
Good morning
شب خوش
Shab xosh
Good night
بدرود
Bedrud!
Goodbye!
خداحافظ
Xoda hafez!
Goodbye!
Question words
چگونه؟
chekona?
How?
چتور
chetor?
How?
چه؟
cha?/ che?
What?
کی؟
ki?
Who?
چرا
cherâ?
Why?
کجا
kejâ?/ kojâ?
Where?
Numbers from 0 to 12
0 – صفر (sefr)
1 – یک (yek) – compare Romani ‘yek’
2 – دو (do) – compare Pashto ‘dwa’, Romani ‘dui’
3 – سه (se)
4 – چهار (chahâr) – comapre Romani ‘štar’
5 – پنج (panj) – compare Pakistani Pashto ‘pindžə’, compare Romani ‘panč’
6 – شش (shesh)
7 – هفت (haft)
8 – هشت (hasht)
9 – نه (ne/ na)
10 –
Dari –درى
Basic expressions
سلام
Salâm/ Salom
Hello, Hi!
NOTE: Farsi ‘a’ often changes to ‘o’ in Dari, Farsi ‘i’ changes to ‘e’.
نامتان چيست؟
Nametan ch’îst?
What’s your name?
نام من ... است
Nâmetan … ast
My name is …
نام من ... است
Nâme ma(n) ... ast.
My name is ...
NOTE: Though it is written with ‘a’, the pronounciation ‘nome ma ast’ is more ommon. The ‘n’ which is written might be dopped in colloquial speech.
خشحال شدم از ملاقات شما Xoshâl shodom az molâqât/mulâqât e shoma/ shuma
Nice to meet you!
چي تر
Chitori?/ Chetori?
How are you?
خوب تشكر؟
Xobi/ Xubi, tashakor!
I am fine, thanks!
NOTE: In some dialects, it is pronounced ‘tashakar’, however, this is rather a rare pronounciation. One can see that Dari is the switch between Nothern Persian and formal Persian, as in Tajik, the switch from ‘a’ to ‘o’ is alreadyy fulfilled, while Afghanistan is the center in between. As fist rule one could say, as more one goes to the north as more the a/o and i/e switch can be found in its finest form.
Conversation (not formally, but colloquially):
Salom!
- Salom!
Chetori?
- Xuvam, tashakor, chotori?
Xubam, tashakar.
Nome tu ch’ist?
- Nome ma ... ast.
Xoshâl shodom az molâqât e shoma
Conversation (formally):
Salâm!
- Salâm!
Chitori?
- Xubam, tashakor, chetor asti?
Xubam tashakor.
- Nâmetan ch’ist?
Nâmetan ... ast.
Xoshâl shodom az mulâqât e shuma
More basic expressions
لطفا
Lotfân
Please
تشكر
Tashakor
Thank you
.قابل تشکرنيست
Qabele tashakor nest
You're welcome.
NOTE: In colloquial speech, one simply says ‘Qabelesh nest’.
بله
Bale
Yes
NOTE: In Afghanistan, one often uses ‘aan’ to say ‘yes’ on the streets.
نه
Ne
No
صبح بخیر
Sobh baxir
Good morning
چست بخير
Xast baxir
Good evening
شب بخير
Shab baxir
Good night!
ميبخشين
Mebaxshen
Excuse me
محذرت ميخواهم
Mazrat mexwaham
I’m sorry
تا دیدار بعد
Tâ didâr ba’ad
Goodbye!
خداحافظ
Xud(a) hafez!
Goodbye!
(compare with Kurdish ‘Xuahafiz’ and Balochi ‘Khuda hafez’ meaning ‘God be with you’)
NOTE: In colloquial speech one says ‘xodafez’ in Afghanistan and ‘xudafiz’ in Iran.
Question words
چطور
chetor?
How?
چی
chi?
What?
کی
ki?
Who?
چرا
cherâ?
Why?
کجا
koja?
Where?
Numbers from 0 to 12
Note that the spelling in Persian script is the same as in Farsi, except ‘nine’ which is written ﻨﻮ
0 – sefr
1 – yek, yak
2 – du (comapre Romani ‘dui’)
3 – se
4 – chahâr (written), chohor (spoken), chôr (collquial)
5 – panj (compare Pakistani Pashto ‘pindžə’, compare Romani ‘panč’)
6 – shesh, shash
7 – haft
8 – hasht
9 – no
10 – da
11 – yâzda
12 – dwâzda
Tajik – تاجیکی /тоҷикӣ
Basic expressions
Салом – Hello! (comapre colloquial Dari ‘salom’)
Корҳочӣхел? – How are you?
Шумо чӣ xeл? – How are you?
нағз – good
хуб – good (compare Farsi/ Dari ‘xub’ خوب ) – untypical for Northern Persian (Farsification)
Номатчӣ – What’s your name?
Hоми шумо чист? – What’s your name? (comapre Dari ‘nome shoma ch’ist?’)
Hоми ту чист? – What’s your name? (compare Dari ‘nome tu ch’ist?’)
Номитучӣ– What’s your name?
номат – your name (the –t in the end indicates 2nd person sg.)
ту –you
ном – name
Номиман… – My name is…
-и – like English ‘of’, in combination with ‘man’ it means ‘my’
ман –I
манро – me
ба ман – me
номиман – my name
номиту – your name (compare Dari ‘nome tu’)
номивай – his name, her name, its name (collquially номаш)
номи ӯ – his name, her name (but not “its name”!)
Раҳмат – Thank you!, Thanks!
Ташаккур– Thank you!, Thanks! (compare Dari ‘tashakor’, Darsi ‘tashakar’, Turkish ‘teşekkür’) – probably a Farsificiation
Намеарзад – You are welcome!
Саломат бошед – You are welcome!
(Farsi ‘mikonam’ میکنم, Dari ‘qabele tashakor nest’ قابل تشکرنيست/ ‘qabelesh nest’)
Ҳa – Yes
Бале – Yes (comapre Dari ‘bale’ بله)
Не – (compare Dari ‘ne’ نه)
Лутфан – Please! (compare Farsi/ Dari: lutfan/ lotfan; Turkish: lütfen; Arabic: lotfan)
То боздид – See you next time!
хайр –Goodbye, Bye!
Чӣнавигарӣ? –What’s new?
навигарӣ – news
азтучӣ ? –and you?
Аз ман ҳам– me too
соз – good
Ҳисоб кунед? – Can I have the bill?
ҳисоб – account, bill
Чанд сӯм ҳамин? – How much is it?
Чанд– how much? (compare Farsi/ Dari ‘chand’)
Кадомашарзонтар? – Which one is cheaper?
Саломатӣчӣ хел? –How is your health?
азтучӣ хел? – How about yours? (i.e. health in this case)
корҳо зӯр?– Is everything fine?
воалейкумсалом –reply to „салом“
дар паноҳи Худо бошӣ – May God protect you!
дастиростгард – turn right
дастичапгард – turn left
тарафирост – right side
даст – hand, but here it means side in combination with the word ‘gard’
рост – right
чап – left
Шумо ин мақоларо пур карда метавонед? – Canyoufillinthisdocument, please?
Чироманбояддаринчопуркунам? – WhatshallIfillinhere?
хуччат – document
санад – document
кардан – do
Маннамефахмам! – I don’t understand
Маннафахмидам! – I don’t understand
Шумо ба ман гуфта метавонед ин чист? – Can you tell me, what does it mean in Russian?
Question words
чӣ хел – how? (Farsi/ Dari ‘chetor’ چطور, colloquial Tajik чӣ тавр (chitor))
чӣ – what? (compare Farsi ‘che’ چه and Dari ‘chi’ چی)
кӣ – who? (comapre Farsi/ Dari ‘ki’ کی)
чаро – why? (compare Farsi/ Dari ‘cherâ’ چرا)
барои чӣ – why?/ what for?
кай – when?
Greetings
Cyбҳ ба xaйр – Good morning
Рӯз ба хайр! – Good afternoon
Шаб ба хайр – Good evening!
Хоби ширин – Good night! (comapre Dari ‘xob’, Farsi ‘xub’)
Шаби хуш – Good night!
Aз вохуриамон шод ҳастам – Nice to meet you!
Conversation:
Салом!
- Салом! Корҳо чӣхел?
Нағз, раҳмат, чӣҳолдоред?
- Нағз, раҳмат! Aз вохуриамон шод ҳастам!
Номат чӣ?
- Номӣ ман Ахмад! номӣ ту чӣ?
Номӣ ман Фатима!
- Хоби ширин!
Шаби хуш!
Numbers from 0 to 12
0 – сифр (compare Farsi/ Dari ‘sefr’)
1 – як (compare Dari ‘yak’)
2 – ду (compare Dari ‘du’)
3 – се
4 – чор (compare colloquial Dari), чаҳор (Farsification)
5 – панҷ
6 – шаш (compare Dari ‘shash’)
7 – ҳафт
8 – ҳашт
9 - нӯҳ
10 – даҳ (compare Farsi ‘dah’)
11 – ёздаҳ
12 – дувоздаҳ
Tat and Jewish Tat
män – I
tü – you
u – he, she
imu – we
ishmu – you (pl.)
ishu – they
danustä: to know
mä(n) danustum – I know
tü danusti – you know
u danust – he, she knows
imu danustim – we know
ishmu danustit – you know (pl.)
ishu/ ugho danustut – they know
Thus, the endings are:
- um
- i
- no ending
- im
- it
- ut
birä: to be
mä birüm – I am
tü biri – you are
u bu – he, she is
imu birim – we are
ishmu birit – you are (pl.)
ugho birüt – they are
Sarikoli (Selekur)/ Chinese Tajik – Tujik ziv
Spoken in: Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Kaxgar Prefecture (Xinjiang, China)
Official language in: as spoken language in Taxkorgan County, Uyghur and Chinese are used in very formal situations as well as written standards
Speakers: c. 20,000
Scripts: no official script; however there are propositions to use Perso-Arabic based on Uyghur or Pinyin
中国塔吉克语色勒库尔方言
Selekur dialect of Chinese Tajik
nai – no
nür – today
sezz – this year
waz – I
tou – you
yü – he/ she/ it
max – we
tamax – you (pl.)
wozz – they
mü yah – my sister
mü bob – my grandfather
puts – son
qarj – good
vurj – horse
nül – zero
iu – one
zzou – two
aroi – three
tsavur – four
pindz – five
lour – big
dzül – little
maktab – school
hüqi – happiness
hafagi – sadness
turik – dark
navix – write
yozz – come
Pashto - پښتو
Spoken in: Afghanistan, Pakistan
Official language in: Afghanistan, Pakistan (recognised minority language)
Speakers: c. 60 million
Scripts: Persian-Arabic
Pakheyr! – Welcome!
Sahr pekheyr – Good morning!
Salam! – Hello!
Ta sanga ye? – How are you?
Yǝm – I am
Ye – You are
Ta da kom zay ye? – Where are you from?
Za da …yem – I am from …
Khušala šum pa lido di. – Nice to meet you!
Lotfan – Please
Manana – Thank you!
Deyra manana – Thank you very much
deyr – much
der – much (Kandahar dialect)
Se šay – You’re welcome!
Oke – yes
nahîn – no (Pakistan)
ne – not
Dakhoday pa aman. – Goodbye!
Allah mo mal ša – Goodbye!
Ter bia lidolo – Goodbye!
yau, yaw – one
dwa – two
dre – three
salor – four (Pakistan)
calor, šalor – four (Afghanistan)
pindzə - five (mainly Afghanistan)
pindžə - five (Pakistan)
dušamba – Monday (Afghanistan)
došamba – Monday (Pakistan)
čāršamba – Tuesday
pantšambî, pantšambe – Thursday (Kandahar dialect)
panjšamba – Thursday (Afghanistan)
punjšamba – Thursday (Pakistan)
nen – today
non – today (Pakistan)
parun – yesterday
sta num tsa? – What is your name?
zama num … dy – My name is…
Ze… nome gem – My name is…
mal – friend
zeh mutaasif yum – Sorry
wali – why?
emkan lari – maybe
Balochi - بلؤچی
Spoken in: Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, probably also by a very small community in Turkmenistan
Official language in: Balochistan (Iran), Balochistan (Pakistan), Nimroz Province (Afghanistan)
Speakers: c. 7.5 million
Scripts: Persian-Arabic, Urdu-Arabic
Washatke! – Welcome!
Bari! – Hello!
Salam! – Hello!
Chor pakheyr! – Hello! (formal)
Chtore? – How are you?
Chon astet? – How are you?
