109,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
A fascinating and informative look at state-of-the-art nanotechnology research, worldwide, and its vast commercial potential Nanotechnology Commercialization: Manufacturing Processes and Products presents a detailed look at the state of the art in nanotechnology and explores key issues that must still be addressed in order to successfully commercialize that vital technology. Written by a team of distinguished experts in the field, it covers a range of applications notably: military, space, and commercial transport applications, as well as applications for missiles, aircraft, aerospace, and commercial transport systems. The drive to advance the frontiers of nanotechnology has become a major global initiative with profound economic, military, and environmental implications. Nanotechnology has tremendous commercial and economic implications with a projected $ 1.2 trillion-dollar global market. This book describes current research in the field and details its commercial potential--from work bench to market. * Examines the state of the art in nanotechnology and explores key issues surrounding its commercialization * Takes a real-world approach, with chapters written from a practical viewpoint, detailing the latest research and considering its potential commercial and defense applications * Presents the current research and proposed applications of nanotechnology in such a way as to stimulate further research and development of new applications * Written by an all-star team of experts, including pioneer patent-holders and award-winning researchers in nanotechnology The major challenge currently faced by researchers in nanotechnology is successfully transitioning laboratory research into viable commercial products for the 21st century. Written for professionals across an array of research and engineering disciplines, Nanotechnology Commercialization: Manufacturing Processes and Products does much to help them bridge the gap between lab and marketplace.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 720
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Editor in Chief
Chapter 1: Overview: Affirmation of Nanotechnology between 2000 and 2030
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanotechnology – A Foundational Megatrend in Science and Engineering
1.3 Three Stages for Establishing the New General Purpose Technology
1.4 Several Challenges for Nanotechnology Development
1.5 About the Return on Investment
1.6 Closing Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Nanocarbon Materials in Catalysis
2.1 Introduction to Nanocarbon Materials
2.2 Synthesis and Functionalization of Nanocarbon Materials
2.3 Applications of Nanocarbon Materials in Electrocatalysis
2.4 Applications of Nanocarbon Materials in Photocatalysis
2.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Controlling and Characterizing Anisotropic Nanomaterial Dispersion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What Is Dispersion and Why Is It Important?
3.3 Characterizing Dispersion State in Fluids
3.4 Characterization of Dispersion State in Solidified Materials
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: High-Throughput Nanomanufacturing via Spray Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Flash Nanoprecipitation
4.3 Electrospray
4.4 Liquid-in-Liquid Electrospray
4.5 Spray-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Assembly
4.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 5: Overview of Nanotechnology in Military and Aerospace Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Implications of Nanotechnology in Military and Aerospace Systems Applications
5.3 Nano-Based Microsensor Technology for the Detection of Chemical Agents
5.4 Nanotechnology for Missile Health Monitoring
5.5 Nanoenergetics – Missile Propellants
5.6 Nanocomposites for Missile Motor Casings and Structural Components
5.7 Nanoplasmonics
5.8 Nanothermal Batteries and Supercapacitors
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Novel Polymer Nanocomposite Ablative Technologies for Thermal Protection of Propulsion and Reentry Systems for Space Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Motor Nozzle and Insulation Materials
6.3 Advanced Polymer Nanocomposite Ablatives
6.4 New Sensing Technology
6.5 Technologies Needed to Advance Polymer Nanocomposite Ablative Research
6.6 Summary and Conclusion
Nomenclature
Acronyms
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Manufacture of Multiscale Composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanoconstituents Preparation Processes
7.3 Liquid Composites Molding (LCM) Processes for Multiscale Composites Manufacturing
7.4 Continuous Manufacturing Processes for Multiscale Composites
7.5 Challenges and Advances in Multiscale Composites Manufacturing – Environmental, Health, and Safety (E, H, & S)
7.6 Modeling and Simulation Tools for Multiscale Composites Manufacture
7.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Bioinspired Systems
8.1 Introduction and Literature Overview
8.2 Electrical Properties of a Single Palladium-Coated Biotemplate
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Prediction of Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Mechanical Properties with Integrated Physics-Based and Statistical Models
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Manufacturing Process of Buckypaper
9.3 Finite Element-Based Computational Models for Buckypaper Mechanical Property Prediction
9.4 Calibration and Adjustment of FE Models with Statistical Methods
9.5 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Fabrication and Fatigue of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites – A Tool for Quality Control
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials
10.3 Composite Fabrication
10.4 Discussion – Fatigue and Fracture
10.5 Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Nanoclays: A Review of Their Toxicological Profiles and Risk Assessment Implementation Strategies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanoclay Structure and Resulting Applications
11.3 Nanoclays in Food Packaging Applications
11.4 Possible Toxicity upon Implementation of Nanoclay in Consumer Applications
11.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Nanotechnology EHS: Manufacturing and Colloidal Aspects
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Colloidal Properties and Environmental Transformations
12.3 Assessing Nano EHS
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Pages
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
xxi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Overview: Affirmation of Nanotechnology between 2000 and 2030
Figure 1.1 Converging foundational technologies, and their interdisciplinary and spin-offs subfields.
Figure 1.2 The number of World of Science (WoS) publications on nano-extended 20 new terms between 1990 and 2014.
Figure 1.3 International government R&D funding the interval 2000–2012, after 2013 – increase use of new terms and platforms (using NNI definition, 81 countries, MCR direct contacts).
Figure 1.4 S-curves for two science and technology megatrends: past and envisioned conceptualization of “Nanomanufacturing” and “Digital Technology” [6].
Figure 1.5 2000–2030 convergence–divergence cycle for global nanotechnology development.
Figure 1.6 Thirty-year vision to establish nanotechnology: changing the research and education focus and priorities in three stages from scientific curiosity to immersion in socioeconomic projects [1–4]. The reports are available on www.wtec.org/nano2/ and www.wtec.org/NBIC2-report/.
Figure 1.7 Creating a general purpose technology in three stages between 2000 and 2030. Each stage includes two generations of nanotechnology products.
Figure 1.8 The flow of nanotechnology R&D investments and outcomes in the United States in 2014.
Chapter 2: Nanocarbon Materials in Catalysis
Figure 2.1 Schematic illustration for the construction of inorganic nanoparticle/nanocarbon hybrids. The cases of hybridizing with (a) GO and (b) CNT. (c) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images to show an example of TiO
2
/GO hybrid.
Figure 2.2 (a) TEM image of the ordered carbon molecular sieve CMK-1. (b) Evolution of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns during the synthesis of CMK-1 with the silica template MCM-48. A: The silica template MCM-48, B: the carbonized composite, and C: CMK-1 after removal of the template.
Figure 2.3 Schematic illustration of modifying SWCNTs with FePc via (a) π–π interactions and (b) axial ligands.
Figure 2.4 (a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and (b) and (c) TEM images of the CoO/NCNT hybrid. (d) XRD patterns of the CoO/NCNT hybrid. (e) ORR polarization curves of the hybrid and Pt/C. (f) Chronoamperometric curves of the hybrid and Pt/C for ORR at 200 mA/cm
2
.
Figure 2.5 Catalytic cycle showing the redox mechanism involved in ORR on pyrolyzed Fe-N
x
/C active sites in dilute alkaline medium.
Figure 2.6 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of NiFe-LDH nanosheets/graphene for water splitting. (b) XRD pattern of NiFe-LDH nanosheets/graphene. (c) Polarization curves of Ni
2/3
Fe
1/3
-RGO, Ni
2/3
Fe
1/3
-NS, and GO in 1 M KOH solution.
Figure 2.7 (a) Detection of O
2
evolution from the echo-MWCNTs catalysts using rotating ring disk electrode measurements. (b) Schematic diagram for showing the O
2
evolution reactions occurred at the oxygen-containing groups on the surface of MWCNTs.
Figure 2.8 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of MoS
2
/RGO hybrid. (b) SEM and TEM (inset) images of the MoS
2
/RGO hybrid. (c) Schematic illustration for the growth of large, free MoS
2
particles without any GO sheets. (d) SEM and TEM (inset) images of the free MoS
2
particles.
Figure 2.9 (a) Projected density of states (DOS) of H (1 s) and its bonded C (2p) when H is adsorbed on the surface of pristine CNTs, Fe@CNTs, and Fe@NCNTs. The dashed lines present the center of the occupied band. (b) The free energy profiles of Tafel and Heyrovsky routes for Fe@CNTs. (c) The free energy profiles of the Heyrovsky route for pristine CNTs, Fe@CNTs, and Fe@NCNTs. (d) A schematic representation of the HER process on the surface of Fe@NCNTs.
Figure 2.10 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of the CoN
x
/C electrocatalysts. (b) HER polarization plots, (c) RRDE measurements, and (d) Tafel plots of the CoN
x
/C, N/C, Co/N, and Pt/C catalysts in 0.5 M H
2
SO
4
. (e) Initial and postpotential cyclic voltammograms of CoN
x
/C and Co/N in 0.5 M H
2
SO
4
. (f) HER polarization plots and (g) Tafel plots of CoN
x
/C, N/C, Co/N, and Pt/C catalysts in 1 M KOH.
Figure 2.11 (a) Schematic diagram of the electrochemical reduction of CO
2
coupled to renewable electricity sources in carbon cycle. (b) Several incidental reactions related to carbon dioxide reduction and water reduction with relative reduction potentials.
Figure 2.12 Calculated free energy diagram for CO
2
electroreduction to CO on pristine CNTs and NCNTs at 0 V and 0.3 V versus RHE, respectively.
Figure 2.13 Proposed mechanisms for the CO
2
reduction reaction on Mn−N−C and Fe−N−C.
Figure 2.14 Various applications of graphene-based photocatalysts.
Figure 2.15 (a) Schematic illustration for the charge transfer and separation in the Zn
0.8
Cd
0.2
S/RGO hybrid photocatalyst; (b) proposed mechanism for photocatalytic H
2
-production under simulated solar irradiation.
Figure 2.16 Schematic diagrams for a Z-scheme photocatalysis system operating without (a) and with (b) GO as electron shuttle mediator at the interfaces between the n- and p-type semiconductors.
Figure 2.17 Schematic energy level diagrams of the as-prepared GO and irradiated GO and the mechanism for photocatalytic water reduction and oxidation on irradiated GO.
Chapter 3: Controlling and Characterizing Anisotropic Nanomaterial Dispersion
Figure 3.1 An example process flow diagram is shown for nanomaterial exfoliation in liquid, drying, and incorporation into a polymer nanocomposite process. There are clear parallels between these steps and classical chemical engineering technology.
Figure 3.2 Schematic distinguishing degrees of dispersion and distribution.
Figure 3.3 Logarithmic isolines of interfacial (surface) area per volume of particles (µm
−1
= m
2
/ml with respect to aspect ratio
α
=
H
/
R
, where
H
is the height or length and
R
is the radius based on approximating particles as cylinders (area/volume = 1/
H
+ 1/
R
).
Figure 3.4 Distribution of micro- and nanoscale fillers at the same 0.1 vol% in a reference volume (a): alumina (Al
2
O
3
) particle; (b): carbon fiber; (c): graphene nanoplatelet (GNP); (d): carbon nanotubes (CNT).
Figure 3.5 Optical microscopy images of melt extruded nanocomposites (a) and (b) PP/SWNT and PP/C12SWNT by dry mixing, (c) and (d) PP/SWNT and PP/C12SWNT by rotary evaporation, and (e) and (f) PP/SWNT and PP/C12SWNT by hot coagulation.
Figure 3.6 Raman maps of melt extruded nanocomposites (a) and (b) PP/SWNT and PP/C12SWNT by dry mixing, (c) and (d) PP/SWNT and PP/C12SWNT by rotary evaporation, and (e) and (f) PP/SWNT and PP/C12SWNT by hot coagulation.
Chapter 4: High-Throughput Nanomanufacturing via Spray Processes
Figure 4.1 Block copolymers can adopt several phases depending on their concentration and temperature.
Figure 4.2 Schematics of the (a) cosolvent addition and (b) interfacial instability processes.
Figure 4.3 Schematic of flash nanoprecipitation process (four inlet stream multi-inlet vortex mixer shown).
Figure 4.4 Force and stress diagram for an electrospray in cone-jet mode. The variables indicated can impact the size and shape of the liquid cone.
Figure 4.5 Modes of electrospray.
Figure 4.6 Schematic of coaxial electrospray for immiscible fluids.
Figure 4.7 (a) Schematic of a liquid–liquid electrohydrodynamic atomization system. (b) Cone-jet mode spraying of glycerin in hexane. Barrero
et al
. 2004 [74]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (c) Spraying carbon tetrachloride in distilled water at various voltages applied using high-voltage power supply. Sato
et al
. 1993 [73]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
Figure 4.8 (a) Electrospray-incorporated microfluidic device, showing emulsification of water in oil. Yeh
et al
. 2012 [77]. Reproduced with permission of Springer. (b) Schematic of membrane filter-incorporated liquid-in-liquid electrospray.
Figure 4.9 (a) Rapid spray-assisted LbL assembly. The completion of each cycle indicates of deposition of a layer pair. (b) A substrate is sprayed with a solution (or dispersion) containing the adsorbing species. (c) The result is a liquid film that wets the substrate, and species diffuse and adsorb to the substrate's surface. (d) Dip-assisted LbL assembly.
Figure 4.10 (a) Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of polyaniline nanofiber/graphene oxide sheet spray-assisted LbL films. Kwon
et al
. 2015 [88]. Reproduced with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) SEM of spray-assisted LbL deposition of positively and negatively charged silica nanoparticles on fabrics. Carosio
et al
. 2013 [89]. Reproduced with permission of American Chemical Society. (c) Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope image of an alternating layers of TiO
2
(dark gray) and SiO
2
(light gray) nanoparticles assembled via spray-assisted LbL assembly. Nogueira
et al
. 2011 [84]. Reproduced with permission of American Chemical Society. (d) SEM of conformal coatings made by spray-assisted LbL assembly on Tyvek®. Krogman
et al
. 2007 [85]. Reproduced with permission of American Chemical Society.
Chapter 5: Overview of Nanotechnology in Military and Aerospace Applications
Figure 5.1 (a) Plasmons become reflected heat loss; (b) plasmons enhanced via roughed surface; (c) plasmons greater enhancement via nano-roughed surfaces.
Figure 5.2 Commercial gold-coated substrate with an array of resonant cavities for SERS effect.
Figure 5.3 Experimental setup of SERS instrumentation system.
Figure 5.4 Experimental Raman spectrum for TNT (1 pg).
Figure 5.5 Experimental Raman spectrum for RDX (1 pg).
Figure 5.6 Prototype of triple element thick-film sensor.
Figure 5.7 Schematic of sensor describing the test electrolyte deposition.
Figure 5.8 Schematic of triple element thin-film sensor.
Figure 5.9 Voltammetry test setup.
Figure 5.10 Raw data of sensor response to ammonia.
Figure 5.11 Graph of thick-film gas sensor sensitivities to rocket outgassing chemicals.
Figure 5.12 CAD illustration of the ZnO nanowire array device on sapphire substrate. Flat S-shaped electrodes consist of silver to form ohmic contact on ZnO nanowires (tube shaped).
Figure 5.13 Actual prototype ZnO nanowire array device.
Figure 5.14 Amperometric detection of p-nitrophenol vapor using ZnO nanowire device.
Figure 5.15 (a) Design concept schematic for the nanowire sensor. (b) Photo images of the nanowire sensor-fabricated devices.
Figure 5.16 Image of the wireless sensing system, (a) wireless module and (b) data acquisition board.
Figure 5.17 Full data collection run recorded with a tin oxide sensor and the wireless system.
Figure 5.18 Plot of production of gas from degrading propellant shown in relationship to depletion of a stabilizer (MNA); time frame is on the order of years. After the graphical crossover point, gas generation increases exponentially (because stabilizer is near depletion).
Figure 5.19 SEM image of nanoporous alumina membrane; the average pore size is ∼250 nm.
Figure 5.20 (a) The experimental setup for testing the nanoporous alumina membrane; (b) the prototype nanoporous membrane.
Figure 5.21 (a) IR absorption spectrum of CO
2
and N
2
O collected by nanoporous membrane; (b) IR absorption spectrum of 1 ppm of N
2
O.
Figure 5.22 Multichannel sensor array (NASA-AMES).
Figure 5.23 Single sensor element with carbon nanotubes across gold electrodes.
Figure 5.24 Conceptual sketch of fiber optic backscattering spectroscopic system used for measuring the concentration level of propellant stabilizer (MNA) and other ingredients inside a rocket motor.
Figure 5.25 Photos of sample propellant that is fresh/un-aged (sample #0) and accelerated aged for up to 25 years. (a) Propellant un-aged with 2% MNA. (b) Propellant aged 4.2 years, MNA depleting MNA. (c) Propellant aged 8.2 years, MNA depleting. (d) Propellant aged 12.6 years, MNA depleting. (e) Propellant aged 16.8 years, MNA depleting. (f) Propellant aged 21.0 years, MNA depleting. (g) Propellant aged 25.0 years, MNA depleting.
Figure 5.26 Measured results showing absorption spectrums for samples of fresh propellant (un-aged, sample #0) and sample propellants accelerated aged up to 25 years.
Figure 5.27 SEMs showing the structure of CNTs, multiwalled (a); and single-walled (b).
Figure 5.28 SEM of multiwall carbon nanotube array used as a thermal interface.
Figure 5.29 Carbon nanotube doped epoxy specimens from RPI.
Figure 5.30 RPI samples loss factor as a function of frequency.
Figure 5.31 Diagram of thermal batteries.
Figure 5.32 Aluminum on CNT.
Chapter 6: Novel Polymer Nanocomposite Ablative Technologies for Thermal Protection of Propulsion and Reentry Systems for Space Applications
Figure 6.1 Schematic diagram illustrating the different ablation mechanisms and different zones of an ablator under thermal attack, as adapted from the NASA-JSC charring ablation model. Diagram courtesy of NASA.
Figure 6.2 (a) Ablation rate, (b) residual mass, (c) backside temperature, and (d) surface temperature of MX-4926 and NRAMs with different types of nanoparticles [(HE)
2
MT-Cloisite® 30B, PR-24-PS CNF, and SO-1458 POSS®] at various loading levels.
Figure 6.3 Average peak temperatures at two in-depth locations of the control sample and different phenolic-MWCNT nanocomposites.
Figure 6.4 TEM images of (a) 2.5%, (b) 5%, and (c) 10% Cloisite 30B in TPUN.
Figure 6.5 TEM images of (a) 2.5%, (b) 5%, and (c) 10% MWNT in TPUN.
Figure 6.6 Representative temperature profiles of EPDM/Kevlar profile and PNCs tested using the OTB.
Figure 6.7 Peak in-depth temperatures of EPDM/Kevlar and PNCs.
Figure 6.8 (a) Kevlar/EPDM, (b) 10% Clay, (b) 10% MWNT, and (c) 20% CNF PNC post oxyacetylene torch burn.
Figure 6.9 SEM of Kevlar/EPDM char post oxyacetylene torch burn (unit bar at left is 200 µm and at right is 2 µm).
Figure 6.10 SEM of 10% nanoclay PNC char post oxyacetylene torch burn in progressive magnification (unit bar at left is 100 µm and at right is 10 µm).
Figure 6.11 SEM of 10% MWNT PNC char post oxyacetylene torch burn in progressive magnification (unit bar at left is 100 µm and at right is 200 nm).
Figure 6.12 SEM of 20% CNF PNC char post oxyacetylene torch burn in progressive magnification (unit bar of left is 20 µm and right is 2 µm).
Figure 6.13 Scheme of a breakwire-like ablation recession sensor (plug).
Figure 6.14 Scheme of the proposed thermocouple-based recession sensor.
Figure 6.15 Drilling layout for the 4- (a) and 4-level (b) plugs. SEM analysis of the surface of the 4- (c) and 8-level (d) CCC plugs.
Figure 6.16 Fully assembled 4-level plug (a). CCC plug inserted in the oxyacetylene test bed (b).
Figure 6.17 Temperature profiles for the 4-level plug LDCC4L1 acquired during the test with the OTB.
Figure 6.18 Time at which the TCs experienced the first break versus position of each TC head for the 4-level LDCC plugs: interpolation based on the first (a) and second (b) method.
Figure 6.19 Time at which the TCs experienced the first break versus position of each TC head for the 4-level HDCC plugs: interpolation based on the first (a) and second (b) method.
Figure 6.20 Temperature profiles acquired during the test of the 8-level CCC plug with the OTB: sample HDCC8L1 (a). Detail of the temperature profiles over the range of time at which all TCs of sample HDCC8L1 experienced the first break (b).
Figure 6.21 Time at which the TCs experienced the first break versus position of each TC head for the 8-level HDCC plugs: interpolation based on the first (a) and second (b) method.
Figure 6.22 Recession data for all C/Ph sensors.
Figure 6.23 Char compressor schematic diagram.
Figure 6.24 Sensor force versus voltage using several duty cycles with a linear fit for a correlation.
Figure 6.25 Char force data of 5 wt% CNF thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite.
Figure 6.27 Char force data of 5 wt% MMT thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite.
Figure 6.28 Average maximum force of each type of thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites.
Figure 6.29 Average energy dissipated of each type of thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites.
Figure 6.30 SEM results of the charred materials (in-depth). MMT (a, b), MWNT (c, d), and CNF (e, f)-based TPUNs.
Figure 6.31 Schematization of the different types of porous char: CNF (a) and CNT (b) based char. The carbonaceous interface plays a vital role on the mechanical properties of the resulting char. Moreover, increasing the char compactness, the capability of the oxidizing species to diffuse into the inner layers of the char tends to decrease.
Figure 6.32 Char force data of neat and charred Kevlar-filled EPDM.
Figure 6.34 Char force data of neat and charred 10 wt% MWNT thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite.
Figure 6.35 Average maximum force of Kevlar EPDM, 7.5 wt% MWNT, and 10 wt% MWNT.
Figure 6.36 Average energy dissipated of Kevlar EPDM, 7.5 wt% MWNT, and 10 wt% MWNT.
Figure 6.37 Models of material erosion: (a) non-decomposing, (b) decomposition of noncharring material, and (c) decomposition plus chemical reaction of charring material [87]. T
aw
is the adiabatic wall temperature.
Chapter 7: Manufacture of Multiscale Composites
Figure 7.1 Nanoparticle reinforcement of the matrix in a unidirectional fiber composite. Vlasveld
et al
. 2005 [3]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
Figure 7.2 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown on the surface of carbon fibers.
Figure 7.3 Concept of multiscale reinforcement composites.
Figure 7.4 Use of aligned CNT forests to strengthen interlaminar region in composite laminates.
Figure 7.5 Common particle reinforcements/geometries and their respective surface area-to-volume ratios.
Figure 7.6 Strategies for covalent functionalization of CNTs (a: direct sidewall functionalization; b: defect functionalization).
Figure 7.7 Schematics of CNT functionalization using noncovalent methods (a: polymer wrapping; b: surfactant adsorption; c: endohedral method) [29, 30].
Figure 7.8 Electronic microscope images of different CNTs: (a) TEM image of SWCNT bundle. Thess
et al
. 1996 [40]. Reproduced with permission of The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) SEM image of entangled MWCNT agglomerates. Ma
et al
. 2010 [15]. Reproduced with the permission of Elsevier.
Figure 7.9 Sonicators with different modes for CNT dispersion (a) water bath sonicator; (b) probe/horn sonicator), and the effect of sonication on the structure of CNTs.
Figure 7.10 (a) Calendering (or three roll mills) machine used for particle dispersion into a polymer matrix and (b) corresponding schematic showing the general configuration and its working mechanism.
Figure 7.11 (a) Schematics of ball milling technique and (b) container.
Figure 7.12 (a) Shear mixer and (b) extruder used for CNT dispersion.
Figure 7.13 Schematic of preparing well-aligned PANI/MWCNT composites.
Figure 7.14 Schematic of the electrospinning process.
Figure 7.15 TEM images of PAN/SWCNT nanocomposite fibrils (the average diameter of SWCNTs is 1.3 nm) Ko
et al
. 2003 [59]. Reproduced with permission of JohnWiley & Sons.
Figure 7.16 AFM image of LC/MWCNTs under 1.8 V/µm electric field (5 µm × 5 µm).
Figure 7.17 Overview of multiscale composite manufacturing process.
Figure 7.18 Blocking phenomenon in a VARTM experiment.
Figure 7.19 Resin transfer molding (RTM).
Figure 7.20 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) layup illustration.
Figure 7.21 VARTM: (a) longitudinal flow and (b) transverse flow illustrating flow front through the thickness of preform laminates.
Figure 7.22 Resin film infusion diagram.
Figure 7.23 The marco method of RIFT (ca. 1950) [77].
Figure 7.24 Resin infusion between double flexible tooling.
Figure 7.25 Bagging setup for autoclave.
Figure 7.26 Quickstep schematic.
Figure 7.27 Pultrusion process.
Figure 7.28 Filament winding diagram [91].
Chapter 8: Bioinspired Systems
Figure 8.1 TEM images of palladium-deposited TMV1Cys at 25 °C with different molar ratio of palladium-ion to TMV1Cys. This ratio is (a) 3.4 × 10
−6
mol/mg of palladium-ion to TMV1Cys and (b) 10.8 × 10
−6
mol/mg of palladium-ion to TMV1Cys. The scale bars represent 100 nm.
Figure 8.2 Palladium biomineralization on the TMV by (a) self-mineralization process and by (b) adding an external reducing agent (DMAB).
Figure 8.3 TEM image of a large number of tobacco mosaic virus-templated nanostructures formed through electroless deposition of palladium onto the viral surface in the absence of external reducing agents. The Pd-coated TMV nanowires are 350 nm in length and 50 nm in diameter. In some instances the nanowires are on top of one another, which causes a cross-like pattern to be seen, and in other instances the nanowires are aligned end to end. These instances can cause two well-aligned rods to appear as a single rod with twice the rod length.
Figure 8.4 Summary of electrical device fabrication characterization procedure. (1) The process starts with a thin film of gold on a glass substrate. (2) The FIB is used to mill a 100 µm × 100 nm gap in the gold. (3) A solution containing TMV-Pd particles is deposited onto the substrate. (4) TMV-Pd is deposited across the nanogap through evaporation of the solvent. (5) The FIB assists Pt deposition on the edges of the TMV-Pd and ensures no other particles are crossing the gap. (6) Microprobes are used to apply a voltage and measure the current between the two electrodes.
Figure 8.5 SEM image of the two nanogap electrodes electrically separated from each other and the rest of the gold substrate by gold milling with a FIB. (1) indicates the nanogap and (2) shows one of the ∼100 µm
2
gold electrodes.
Figure 8.6 SEM image of TMV-Pd particles spanning the nanogap between the gold electrodes. Platinum is deposited onto the edges of one TMV-Pd nanorod. The other TMV-Pd particles spanning the gap are later removed with the FIB. The TMV-Pd in the upper left corner of the image show the degradation from FIB exposure as they are no longer uniform nanowires and instead appear as discrete particles.
Figure 8.7 (a)
I–V
profiles for the TMV-Pd nanowire across the gold nanoscale channel (light gray) and across the bare (i.e., in the absence of the TMV-Pd nanorod) nanoscale channel (dark gray) with an applied bias of –0.1 V ≤
V
≤ 0.1 V. (b) A linear plot of the experimentally determined resistance values of TMV-Pd particles spanning nanoscale gaps between gold electrodes of varying channel lengths. The resistivity equation, RA =
ρL
+
R
contact
, describes the linear behavior where
ρ
is the resistivity, and a vertical axis intercept (
R
contact
) greater than zero relates to the contact resistance of the system.
Figure 8.8 TEM image of a TMV-Pd nanowire displaying the individual grain size of the Pd particles that form on the surface of the TMV during the aqueous coating and reduction process. The gray (∼5 nm) line indicates the width of a single Pd nanoparticle on the outer surface of the uniform palladium coating.
Figure 8.9 (a) The normalized absorption spectra of the XAS experimental data (light gray line) compared to palladium foil (black line). The overlap indicates presence of Pd–Pd bonds. (b) The Fourier transform of
k
2
-weighted normalized absorption data in R-space for TMV-Pd compared to Pd foil indicates a Pd coordination number of 11, which corresponds to a particle diameter of ∼7 nm, which is in good agreement with the TEM image of Figure 8.8.
Chapter 9: Prediction of Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Mechanical Properties with Integrated Physics-Based and Statistical Models
Figure 9.1 A sample of BP and its nanostructure with a scale factor of ×10,000.
Figure 9.2 An example of cracked BP.
Figure 9.3 MD simulation result of PVA wrapping around a CNT.
Figure 9.4 The multistage manufacturing process of PVA-treated BP.
Figure 9.5 The comparison of SEM images of pristine BP (a) and PVA-treated BP (b).
Figure 9.6 Cross-sectional images of PVA-treated BP.
Figure 9.7 Typical SEM image of CNT sheet.
Figure 9.8 A comparison between original image (a) and processed image (b). The brightness and sharpness of top layer CNTs are enhanced, providing a more distinguishable input for the analysis software.
Figure 9.9 The comparison of diameter measurement results. The results from the processed image not only reduced the discrepancy between manual measurement and software analysis but also better captured the trend.
Figure 9.10 (a) Length measurements and (b) orientation measurements of a random BP.
Figure 9.11 The parameters for generating individual CNTs (a) and a generated CNT network sample with a control cell size of 5 µm × 5 µm and a CNT volume fraction of 0.3 (b).
Figure 9.12 The randomly generated CNT network (a) and the corresponding truss structure (b).
Figure 9.13 CNT networks before (light gray) and after (dark gray) the 1% strain is applied.
Figure 9.14 The comparison of three sets of 500 computer simulations under different settings.
Figure 9.15 The response surface of the Kriging model.
Figure 9.16 The comparison between experimental data and physical model.
Figure 9.17 LOO cross-validation results of the GP model at PVA level of (a) 0.6, (b) 0.7, (c) 0.8, and (d) 0.9.
Figure 9.18 The procedure of two-step algorithm for Young's modulus prediction.
Figure 9.19 The comparison of experimental data and different prediction methods.
Chapter 10: Fabrication and Fatigue of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites – A Tool for Quality Control
Figure 10.1 XD commercial grade CNTs.
Figure 10.2 CNT functionalization routes. (a) Fluorination – amino route, (b) oxidation route.
Figure 10.3 Scheme for Cloisite 30B (Southern Clay Products).
Figure 10.4 Spraying technology schematic.
Figure 10.5 Fluorinated functionalized CNT bundles and ropes deposits on (a) carbon fabric and (b) carbon fiber surfaces.
Figure 10.6 Heated vacuum assisted resin transfer molding fabrication (H-VARTM) setup.
Figure 10.7 (a) Schematic of tension–tension fatigue loading cycle for a fiber reinforced. (b) Schematic plots of the stress (σ) – number of cycles to failure (
N
), or
S–N
plots.
Figure 10.8 Four stages between matrix crack initiation and failure in fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Figure 10.9 (a) Composite normal matrix cracking, fiber–matrix cracking. (b) Fiber/fabric delamination, overloaded fibers and rupture. (c) Composite cross-section failure. (Loading direction – horizontal).
Figure 10.10 (a) Schematic of functionalized CNT reinforced fabric–matrix interface, CNTs strengthen matrix. (b) Raman spectrometry scan of CNTs reinforcing fabric–matrix interface.
Figure 10.11 Epoxy-CNF, neat epoxy resin fatigue tests.
Figure 10.12 Well-dispersed f-CNFs in PU matrix. f-CNF measured diameters, 78.05, 105.2 nm. f-CNF bonding with PU matrix weak.
Figure 10.13 Composite failure surfaces. (a) PU-glass fiber composite, (b) CNF reinforced PU-glass fiber composite.
Figure 10.14 Composite failure surfaces. (a) Epoxy-glass fiber composite, (b) nanoclay reinforced epoxy-glass fiber composite.
Figure 10.15 Raman images. (a) SEM image of crack propagating in matrix and seemingly deviated and blunted at fabric–matrix interface. (b) Raman spectrometry scan of CNT-reinforced fabric–matrix interface. Crack deviated and blunted due to CNTs.
Chapter 11: Nanoclays: A Review of Their Toxicological Profiles and Risk Assessment Implementation Strategies
Figure 11.1 Cellular uptake of nanoclays by A549 cells. A549 cells grown onto eight-well chamber slides were (a) fixed (control) or (b) incubated with rhodamine (light gray) labeled Cloisite Na
+
(25 µg/ mL) for 4 h, (c) or 24 h. Cells were also counterstained with Alexa Fluor 488 phalloidin (gray) for their cytoskeletal organization identification and Hoechst (dark gray) for their nuclear localization. Intracellular accumulation of the nanoclays was detected by confocal microscopy; the representative images show the nanoclays localization mostly concurrent with the nuclear regions. Verma
et al
. 2012 [32]. Reproduced with permission of Springer. HepG2 cells uptake (d) 0–62.5 µg/ml Cloisite Na
+
labeled with Neutral red uptake (NR) or (e) 0–500 µg/ml Cloisite 30B labeled with NR. All values are expressed as mean ± SD. *Significantly different from control (
p
≤ 0.05). Maisanaba
et al
. 2013 [44]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Comet assay results of (f) Caco-2 cells after 24 and 48 h of exposure to 8.5, 17, or 34 µg/ml Clay 2; (g) HepG2 cells after 24 and 48 h of exposure to 22, 44, and 88 µg/ml Clay 2. Results from three independent experiments with two replicates/experiment. All values are expressed as mean ± S.D. *Significantly different from control (
p
< 0.05). **Significantly different from control (
p
≤ 0.01). Houtman
et al
. 2014 [43]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
Figure 11.2 (a) Comet assay performed on Wistar rats (
n
= 6) exposed to Cloisite 30B suspended in water (being administered at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight of rat) or cell-culture medium (being administered at 1000 mg/kg body weight of rat). Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) suspended in water was the positive control. For the experiments, six rats were exposed to 250 mg/kg body weight. Data from liver, kidney, and colon cells of the EMS-exposed group were statistically significantly different (
p
< 0.001,
p
< 0.001: *** and
p
< 0.05: *), respectively, from the values in the corresponding control group (two-tailed, unpaired
t
-test). Internal standards: positive controls (Caco-2 cells exposed to 0.05% ethylmethane sulfonate):16 slides, % tail DNA, mean ± S.D., 21.6 ± 6.6; negative controls (untreated Caco-2 cells): 16 slides, % tail DNA, mean ± S.D., 1.8 ± 0.6. Sharma
et al
. 2014 [56]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. (b) Catalase (CAT) and (c) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (nKat/mg protein) in kidney of rat exposed to Clay 1. The values are expressed as mean ± SD (
n
= 10). The levels observed are significant at *
p
< 0.05 in comparison to control group values. Maisanaba
et al
. 2014 [59]. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis.
Figure 11.3 Histopathological evaluations of liver of Wistar rats exposed to a PLA-Clay1 extract as beverage for 90 days. (a) He-stained liver section and (b) He-stained kidney sections. Bars, 100 µm. (a,b) Control rats. (a) Liver parenchyma with hepatocytes with normal morphology, central nuclei, and light cytoplasm (He), organized in hepatic cords (circle). (b) Normal structure of kidney parenchyma with glomerulus (circle), proximal convoluted tubules (Pct), and distal convoluted tubules (Dct). (c,d) Exposed rats. (c) Liver parenchyma with hepatocytes with normal morphology, central nuclei, and light cytoplasm (He), organized in hepatic cords (circle). (d) Normal structure of kidney parenchyma with glomerulus (circle), proximal convoluted tubules (Pct), and distal convoluted tubules (Dct). Maisanaba
et al
. 2014 [59]. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis.
Scheme 11.1 Schematic representation of the proposed mechanisms of toxicity induced by cellular exposure to nanoclays.
In vitro
exposure of cells to nanoclays with different physicochemical properties undergo changes in their structure and functions, with such changes being directly correlated with cellular morphology or proliferation rates controlled at the genetic level.
Chapter 12: Nanotechnology EHS: Manufacturing and Colloidal Aspects
Figure 12.1 Engineered nanomaterials entering the environment. Links are shown between production, consumer use and disposal, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and waste incineration plants (WIPs).
Figure 12.2 Nanoparticle complexity using gold (Au) and silver (Ag) as examples. The Figure depicts differences in particle shape, size, crystallinity, and surface coating composition and charge (bottom half). Also shown are different transformations that take place in aqueous media and different toxicity mechanisms.
Figure 12.3 Corona formation (biological and/or environmental) around nanoparticles and nanoparticle aggregation.
Figure 12.4 Life cycle of nano-enabled products from the raw materials to disposal.
Figure 12.5 Compositional and combinatorial engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) libraries, including metals, metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, and silica-based nanomaterials, to perform mechanism-based EHS and toxicity analyses.
Figure 12.6 Agglomeration and nanoparticle “delivery” to cells
in vitro
. (a) In cell culture media, primary particles form agglomerates with media contained within the agglomerates and protein coronas formed on the particle surfaces. (b) Agglomerates administered to cells settle over time and form a concentrated layer near or deposited onto the cell surface. As a result, the administered dose is less than the delivered dose. (c) The effective density or delivered dose can be estimated by centrifuging the agglomerates and evaluating their packing factor (referred to also as a stacking factor).
Figure 12.7 Adaptation mechanisms of microorganisms to metals and antibiotics. These can include (i) reduced uptake of metal ions via transporter downregulation; (ii) efflux of metal ions via transporter upregulation; (iii) upregulation of extracellular biomolecular expression, which can in turn influence metal–cell surface binding, uptake, and efflux; (iv) intracellular sequestration through the formation of metal precipitates or metal–protein aggregates; (v) repair in response to ROS; (vi) metabolic bypass via enzymatic disruption; and (vii) chemical modification that reduce metal toxicity (e.g., via precipitation).
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Overview: Affirmation of Nanotechnology between 2000 and 2030
Table 1.1 Proposed classification of science and technology platforms
Table 1.2 Global and US revenues from products incorporating nanotechnology
Table 1.3 Generations of nanotechnology products and productive processes, and the corresponding interval for beginning commercial prototypes
Table 1.4 Examples of main NNI R&D centers, user facilities, and networks sponsored by NSF
Chapter 3: Controlling and Characterizing Anisotropic Nanomaterial Dispersion
Table 3.1 Summary of analytical techniques for dispersion characterization
Table 3.2 Standard deviation of G band intensities over the entire map for melt extruded samples obtained by Raman mapping, giving a quantitative measure of distribution and uniformity
Chapter 5: Overview of Nanotechnology in Military and Aerospace Applications
Table 5.1 Resulting CNT sensors and supplementary characteristics
Table 5.2 Evaluation of multiwalled CNT results
Table 5.3 Evaluation of single-walled CNT results
Table 5.4 Initial comparison of mechanical properties of CNTs in propellant with the baseline
Chapter 6: Novel Polymer Nanocomposite Ablative Technologies for Thermal Protection of Propulsion and Reentry Systems for Space Applications
Table 6.1 Specimen configuration for composition laminates fabrication
Table 6.2 Recession rate (RR) for the different materials and configurations using 0.25-mm TCs
Table 6.3 Recession rate (RR) for the CCC materials and different configurations using 0.5-mm TCs
Table 6.4 Recession rate (RR) for the C/Ph and configurations using 0.5-mm TCs
Table 6.5 Summary of ablation recession rate of different ablatives for 4-level TC sensors based on combined linear regression of experimental data
Table 6.6 The currently available simulation tools for ablation modeling [97]
Chapter 7: Manufacture of Multiscale Composites
Table 7.1 Advantages and disadvantages of various CNT functionalization methods
Table 7.2 Dimension and corresponding number of particles in composites for different fillers
Table 7.3 Comparison of various techniques for CNT dispersion in polymer composites
Chapter 8: Bioinspired Systems
Table 8.1 Summary of comparable biotemplate-metal systems suiTable for applications in nanocircuits
Chapter 9: Prediction of Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper Mechanical Properties with Integrated Physics-Based and Statistical Models
Table 9.1 Simulation results of Young's modulus under different combinations of average CNT length and PVA amount
Table 9.2 The source of variations in computer simulation results
Table 9.3 Experimental measurements of Young's modulus of random BP
Table 9.4 Comparison of SRMSE (statistical adjusted physical models versus regression model)
Table 9.5 Comparison of SRMSE (latent variable versus other methods)
Chapter 11: Nanoclays: A Review of Their Toxicological Profiles and Risk Assessment Implementation Strategies
Table 11.1 Examples of nanoclays researched along with their organic modifiers, applications, and associated References
Chapter 12: Nanotechnology EHS: Manufacturing and Colloidal Aspects
Table 12.1 Commonly used nanomanufacturing techniques
Nanotechnology Commercialization
Manufacturing Processes and Products
Edited by
Dr. Thomas O. Mensah, Editor in Chief
Georgia Aerospace Systems, Nano technology Division, Georgia Aerospace, Inc., Atlanta, GA
Dr. Ben Wang, Editor
School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Dr. Geoffrey Bothun, Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
Dr. Jessica Winter, Editor
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH
Dr. Virginia Davis, Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
Copyright © 2018 by American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Joint Publication of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Dr. Thomas Mensah, Dr. Ben Wang, Dr. Geoffrey Bothun, Dr. Virginia Davis & Dr. Jessica Winter to be identified as the editors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for
Hardback ISBN: 9781119371724
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © davidf/Gettyimages
List of Contributors
Oluwamayowa Adigun
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
Geoffrey D. Bothun
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, RI
USA
Bryan W. Boudouris
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
Christina Brantley
U. S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command
Redstone Arsenal
Alabama
USA
Daniel C. Davis
Georgia Aerospace Systems
Nano technology Division
Georgia Aerospace, Inc.
Atlanta, GA
USA
Virginia A. Davis
Department of Chemical Engineering
Auburn University
Auburn, AL
USA
Souvik De
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX
USA
Cerasela Z. Dinu
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV
USA
Eugene Edwards
U. S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command
Redstone Arsenal
Alabama
USA
Alexander S. Freer
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
Christopher Gilpin
Life Sciences Microscopy Facility
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
Micah J. Green
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX
USA
Rakesh Gupta
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV
USA
Michael T. Harris
School of Chemical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
Joseph H. Koo
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX, USA
Kil Ho. Lee
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
Yongye Liang
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Southern University of Science and Technology
Shenzhen
China
Jodie Lutkenhaus
Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX
USA
Micah C. McCrary-Dennis
High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
Tallahassee, FL
USA
Thomas O. Mensah
Georgia Aerospace Systems
Nano technology Division
Georgia Aerospace, Inc.
Atlanta, GA
USA
Laurie Mueller
Life Sciences Microscopy Facility
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
USA
Gauri Nabar
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
Okenwa O. Okoli
Intel Corporation, Ronler Acres
Hillsboro, OR
USA
David O. Olawale
R.B. Annis School of Engineering, Shaheen College of Arts and Sciences, University of Indianapolis
Indianapolis, IN
USA
Vinka Oyanedel-Craver
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, RI
USA
Mihail C. Roco
National Science Foundation
Arlington, VA
USA
and
National Nanotechnology Initiative, U.S. National Science and Technology Council
Washington, DC
USA
Paul B. Ruffin
Alabama A&M University
Normal, Alabama
USA
Matthew Souva
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
Arda Vanli
Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL
USA
Alixandra Wagner
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV
USA
Ben Wang
School of Industrial and Systems Engineering
Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
USA
Kan Wang
School of Industrial and Systems Engineering
Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
USA
Jessica O. Winter
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
and
Department of Biomedical Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
Barbara Wyslouzil
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
and
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
Chuck Zhang
School of Industrial and Systems Engineering
Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
USA
Xiao Zhang
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Southern University of Science and Technology
Shenzhen
China
Xing Zhang
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Southern University of Science and Technology
Shenzhen
China
Preface
The Frontiers of Nanotechnology Book Series has the objective of advancing techniques for scale-up and transition of nanotechnology processes to industry. This book provides insight into the current status of advanced nanotechnology processes and their scale-up to semi-industrial and full-scale industrial levels, while addressing key scale-up challenges.
The impact such understanding has on full-scale nanotechnology manufacturing on business and marketing strategy, including expansion and execution, is necessary after years of major investments in the technology worldwide.
This book has the objective of also providing relevant technical and engineering framework and the latest innovative work in the area of nanotechnology manufacturing and scale-up. Chemical engineering and industrial engineer methods were adopted in addressing the manufacturing challenges.
In this first volume of the Frontiers of Nanotechnology Series, authors from leading US agencies, including Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, National Laboratories, private companies, and leading US universities as well as international experts, have examined challenges in transitioning this technology from research to large-scale manufacturing environment. I want to express my gratitude to all of the authors for tackling such an important but complex engineering subject.
Researchers from US Army ARDEC Huntsville, national agencies, and leading universities and engineering departments, such as Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Texas, Austin, Purdue University, Auburn University, University of Rhode Island, University of West Virginia, Ohio State University, Florida State University, as well as the South China University and others have contributed significantly to this book.
In this first book of the Frontiers Series, authors have focused on the chemical engineering aspects of nanotechnology scale-up such as the chemistry and nanocatalyst applications in commercial processes, mixing and integration into solutions, analyzing interfacial aspects of nanotube dispersion, a critical step in nanomanufacturing, and an important challenge in scale-up. Statistical analysis for controlling continuous processing and predicting nanomaterials performance of sheets of nanostructures, fundamentals of nanomanufacturing using spray techniques are also covered.
Also presented in this book are high-temperature ablative materials for rocket motors and reentry vehicles for space applications, including finite element modeling of transport phenomena in ablative materials performance, advanced missile shell structures and nanocomposites incorporating nanosensors for advanced military applications, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding processing of nanocomposites including finite element analysis of processes. Also examined is the use of mechanical properties of fabricated composites as a method of evaluating process control and product performance. The authors have also explored applications of bioinspired approaches for fabricating nanocircuits, and finally toxicity, environmental, and safety issues regarding nanomaterials processing are presented in the last two chapters.
Environmental, safety, and toxicity of carbon nanotubes is important in the commercialization process since workers can be exposed to these nanoparticles, with serious health implications and adverse economic impact on the profitability of nanomanufacturing companies. EHS (Environmental Health and Safety) area must be addressed through engineering methods for this industry to thrive and be sustainable.
I want to thank all my coeditors, professors Ben Wang, Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute; Jessica Winters, Ohio State University; Virginia Davis, Auburn University; and Geoffrey Bothun, University of Rhode Island, for assisting me as chapter contributors and reviewers of the technical manuscripts for this important book.
I want to express my special gratitude to Mike Roco at the National Science Foundation, a champion of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, NNI, in the United States for authoring the overview chapter for the book and giving me insights into critical gaps that exist in the commercialization of nanotechnology.
There is a paradigm shift in engineering design of processes as demonstrated by the US National Materials Genome project and key parts of this approach were employed in some of the work presented in this book, and it is our hope that this approach will continue to guide all future research into the scale-up of nanotechnology.
Thomas O. Mensah
Editor in Chief
Dr Thomas Mensah is a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors (NAI), fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), and associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He holds seven US patents in fiber optics awarded in a 6-year time frame.
He worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories and Corning Glass Works and was one of the key innovators and inventors of large-scale processes that moved fiber optics from the research laboratories to manufacturing and commercial environments in the United States. He is currently the president of Georgia Aerospace Systems and served as a coprincipal investigator on the Carbon Nanotube Weapons Platform Development for the US Department of Defense. He also served as the director at large of the Nanoscale Engineering Forum at AIChE. This forum continues to organize feature conferences and technical sessions and symposium in nanotechnology at AIChE Annual Meetings around the country.
Chapter 1Overview: Affirmation of Nanotechnology between 2000 and 2030
Mihail C. Roco1,2
1National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA
2National Nanotechnology Initiative, U.S. National Science and Technology Council, Washington,, DC, USA
1.1 Introduction
In the nanoscale domain, nature transitions from the fixed physical behavior of a finite number of atoms to an almost infinite range of physical–chemical–biological behaviors of collections of atoms and molecules. The fundamental properties and functions of all natural and man-made materials are defined and can be modified efficiently at that scale. The unifying definition of nanotechnology, based on specific behavior at the nanoscale and the long-term nanotechnology research and education vision, was formulated in 1997–1999, and its implementation begun with National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in 2000. We have estimated that it would take about three decades to advance from a scientific curiosity in 2000 to a science-based general purpose technology with broad societal benefits toward 2030 [1–3] (see www.wtec.org/nano2/).
A long-term strategic view is needed because nanotechnology is a foundational general purpose field. Three development stages of nanotechnology, corresponding to the level of complexity of typical outcomes, have been envisioned: passive and active nanostructures in the first stage of development (Nano 1), nanosystems and molecular nanosystems in the second stage (Nano 2), and converging technology platforms and distributed interconnected nanosystems in the last stage (Nano 3).
We use the definition of nanotechnology as set out in Nanotechnology Research Directions [2]. Nanotechnology is the ability to control and restructure matter at the atomic and molecular levels in the range of approximately 1–100 nm, and exploiting the distinct properties and phenomena at that scale as compared to those associated with single atoms or bulk behavior. The aim is to create materials, devices, and systems with fundamentally new properties and functions for novel applications by engineering their small structure. This is the ultimate frontier to economically change materials and systems properties, and the most efficient length scale for manufacturing and molecular medicine. The same principles and tools are applicable to different areas of relevance and may help establish a unifying platform for science, engineering, and technology at the nanoscale. The transition from the behavior of single atoms or molecules to collective behavior of atomic and molecular assemblies is encountered in nature, and nanotechnology exploits this natural threshold.
This chapter describes the timeline and affirmation of nanotechnology, its three stages, key challenges, and discusses nanotechnology return on investment.
1.2 Nanotechnology – A Foundational Megatrend in Science and Engineering
Nanotechnology is a foundational, general purpose technology for all sectors of the economy dealing with matter and biosystems, as information technology is a general purpose technology for communication and computation. Biotechnology and cognitive technologies are two other foundational technologies growing at the beginning of the twenty-first century (Figure 1.1). Table 1.1 shows several category levels of science and technology (S&T) platforms according to their level of generality and societal impact: foundational S&T, topical S&T, application domain, and product/service platform. While there are only five foundational S&T platforms most dynamic at this moment (Figure 1.1), the number of topical S&T platforms increases with the number of spin-offs, interplatform and further recombination growth. Each topical S&T platform has several application domains, which at their turn each have a series of products and related services. The importance of foundational platforms – and in particular its most exploratory component part at this moment, nanotechnology – is underlined by the cumulative investment amplification factor by developing the respective S&T platform that is a product of the foundational platform investment amplification factor, with the topical, application area and product amplification factors.
Figure 1.1 Converging foundational technologies, and their interdisciplinary and spin-offs subfields.
Modified from Roco and Bainbridge [4].
Table 1.1 Proposed classification of science and technology platforms
Category
I.
Foundational
S&T platform (system architecture)
II.
Topical
S&T platform (hierarchical system from I)
III.
Application field
platform (branched, inter- and recombination)
IV.
Product and service
platform (spin-off, inter- and recombination)
S&T Platforms
Nanotechnology
: (atom architecture)
Information S&T
(bit architecture)
Modern bio S&T
(gene architecture)
Cognitive S&T
(synapsis architecture)
Artificial Intelligence S&T
(system design)
Essential:
PhotonicsSemiconductorsGenomicsBiomedicine
Contributing:
Synthetic biologyNeuromorphic engProteomicsNanofluidicsMetamaterials ….
Cell phone systemTransportationMedicineEnergy conversion and storageAgriculture
