Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Because of increasing antibiotic resistance, stronger antibiotics are reserved for serious active infection, paving the way for a greater use of herbal antibiotics. This book helps dentists in implementing safe and effective natural medicine therapies to complement the current practice guidelines. Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem world-wide. Oral health is integral to general well-being and relates to the quality-of-life that extends beyond the functions of the craniofacial complex. The standard Western medicine has had only limited success in the prevention of periodontal disease and in the treatment of a variety of oral diseases. The dentist needs to be more informed regarding the use, safety and effectiveness of the various traditional medicines and over-the-counter products. Herbal extracts have been used in dentistry for reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing release of histamine and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals and analgesics. They also aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis and thereby improving immunity. The 26 chapters in this unique book explore all the measures to utilize the natural oral care obtained from plants, animals and mineral drugs for dental care.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
Foreword
Part I: NATURAL ORAL CARE
1 Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy: Current and Future Prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Safety of Natural Oral Care
1.3 Advantage of Natural Oral Care
1.4 Limitations of Natural Oral Care
1.5 Future Prospects of Natural Oral Care
References
2 Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene: An Overview of Their Biological Activities
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Oral Hygiene and Current Treatments
2.3 Plants Traditionally Used in Oral Hygiene
2.4 Clinically-Studied Plant Products for Oral Hygiene
2.5
In Vitro
-Studied Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene
2.6 Discussion
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Go Green—Periodontal Care in the Natural Way
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Plaque Control
3.3 Dant Dhavani (Brushing)
3.4 Jivha Lekhana (Tongue Scrapping)
3.5 Gandusha (Gargling) or Oil Pulling
3.6 Oxidative Stress in Periodontitis
3.7 Green Tea
3.8 Turmeric (
Curcumin longa
, Haldi)
3.9 Amala (
Emblica officinalis
, Amalaki,
Phyllanthus emblica
, Indian Gooseberry, Dhatriphala)
3.10 Anar/Dalima (
Punica granatum
)
3.11 Launga/Clove (
Syzygium aromaticum
)
3.12 Gotu Kola (
Centella asiatica
)
3.13 Amra/Mango (
Magnifera indica
)
3.14 Neem (
Azadirachta indica
)
3.15 Tulsi (
Ocimum sanctum
)
3.16 Nilgiri (
Eucalyptus globulus
)
3.17 Tila/Sesame (
Sesamum indicum
)
3.18 Triphala
3.19 Tea Tree Oil (
Melaleuca Oil
)
3.20 Rumi Mastagi/Mastic Gum (
Pistacia lentiscus
)
3.21 Wheat Grass
3.22 Goldenseal (
Hydrastis canadensis
)
3.23 Licorice Root
3.24 Myrrh (
Commiphora glileadenis
)
3.25
Psidium guajava
3.26 Ginkbo Biloba
3.27 Honey
3.28 Other Herbs Which Can Be Potentially Used for Treating Periodontitis
3.29 Conclusion
References
4 Role of Herbal and Natural Products in the Management of Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF)
4.3 Oral Leukoplakia (OL)
4.4 Oral Lichen Planus (OLP)
References
Part II: STUDIES OF PLANTS USED IN DENTAL DISEASE
5 Studies on the Anticariogenic Potential of Medicinal Plant Seed and Fruit Extracts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.3 Result and Discussion
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Turmeric and
Aloe Vera
in a Gingivitis Model
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gingivitis and Periodontitis
6.3
Aloe Vera
6.4 Turmeric
6.5 Methodology
6.6 Perspectives for the Future
6.7 Conclusions
References
7 Effects of
Bauhinia forficata
Link in Reducing
Streptococcus mutans
Biofilm on Teeth
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.4 Final Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
8 Antimicrobial Effect of a Cardamom Ethanolic Extract on Oral Biofilm: An
Ex Vivo
Study
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.4 Final Considerations
Acknowledgment
References
9 Effect of
Punica granatum
Peel Extract on Growth of
Candida albicans
in Oral Mucosa of Diabetic Male Rats
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part III: APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN ORAL CARE
10 Effect of Oil Pulling on Oral Health
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is Oil Pulling (Snaihik Gandoosh)?
10.3 How Does Oil Pulling Work?
10.4 Composition and Various Activities of Most Commonly Used Oils for Oil Pulling
10.5 Procedure of Oil Pulling
10.6 Effects of Oil Pulling on Oral Health
10.7 Drawbacks of Oil Pulling
References
11 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Dental Care
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Oral Surgery
11.3 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Cancer and Oral Mucositis
11.4 Osteoarthritis
11.5 Anti-Microbial Action
11.6 Treatment of Dental Carious Lesions
11.7 Improvement in Bonding of Orthodontics Brackets
11.8 Role on Biofilm Control (Plaque, Gingivitis, and Oral Malodor)
11.9 Extrinsic Stain Removal on the Teeth
11.10 Role in Replantation of the Avulsed Tooth
11.11 Effect of Bromelain on Immunogenicity
11.12 Other Possible Applications and Scope for Future Research
References
12 The Effect of Probiotics on Oral Health
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview of Oral Communities and Probiotic-Based Therapy to Oral Dysbiosis
12.3 Probiotics Mechanisms of Action
12.4 Dental Caries
12.5 Periodontal Disease
12.6 Oral Candidiasis
12.7 Halitosis
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13 Charcoal in Dentistry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Charcoal Production Methods
13.3 Uses of Charcoal
13.4 Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
13.5 Benefits of Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
13.6 Precautions to be Taken While Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
13.7 Conclusion
References
14 Propolis Benefits in Oral Health
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Propolis
14.3 Biological Properties of Propolis
14.4 Other Biological Properties of Propolis
14.5 Benefits for Oral Health and Applications in Dentistry
14.6 Final Considerations
Acknowledgment
References
15 Grape Seed Extracts in Dental Therapy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Part I: Basics About Grape Seed Extracts
15.3 Part II: Biological Applications in Dentistry
15.4 GSEs in Restorative Dentistry
15.5 GSEs in Endodontic Treatment
15.6 GSEs in Periodontics
15.7 GSEs in Oral Cancer
15.8 Conclusion
References
16
Ocimum Sanctum L
: Promising Agent for Oral Health Care Management
16.1 Introduction
16.2 History of
Ocimum sanctum
16.3 Chemical Constituents of
Ocimum sanctum
16.4 Therapeutic Significance of
Ocimum
in Dental Health and Preventive Care Management
16.5 Novel Drug Delivery Formulations and Its Application in Dentistry
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Coconut Palm (
Cocos nucifera
L.): A Natural Gift to Humans for Dental Ministration
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Traditional Usage and Ethnopharmacological Relevance
17.3 Pharmacological Properties of Coconut
17.4 Role of a Coconut Tree in Dental Ministrations
17.5 Exemplary Potential of Coconut Water in Dentistry
17.6 Other Significance of Coconut
17.7 Active Constituent Identified from Coconut
17.8 Future Prospective
17.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18
Salvadora persica
L. (Miswak): An Effective Folklore Toothbrush
18.1 Introduction
18.2 History
18.3 Chemical Constituents
18.4 Extraction, Isolation, Identification of Chemical Constituents
18.5 Pharmacology—Therapeutic Activity of
Salvadora persica
L.
18.6 Conclusion
References
19 Triphala and Oral Health
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Taxonomical Classification
19.3 Chief Phytoconstituents
19.4 Role of Triphala in Dentistry (Table 19.1)
19.5 Pharmacological Activities of Triphala and Future Research
19.6 Public Health Importance
19.7 Formulation Using Triphala
19.8 Conclusion
References
20
Azadirachta indica
(Neem): An Ancient Indian Boon to the Contemporary World of Dentistry
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Vital Bioactive Compounds of Neem
20.3 How to Distinguish
Azadirachta Indica
(Neem) from its Common Adulterant
Melia Azedarach
20.4 Therapeutic Applications of Neem
20.5 Applications of Neem in Dentistry
20.6 Literature Supporting the Use of Neem in Dentistry
20.7 Toxicity and Safety
20.8 Contamination and Adulteration
20.9 Drug Interactions
20.10 Neem’s Prospects in Dentistry
20.11 Action Points and Recommendations for Health Care Professionals
20.12 Conclusion
References
21 Ginger in Oral Care
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Description
21.3 Macroscopic Characteristics
21.4 Pharmacognostic Standards
21.5 Nutrient Composition
21.6 Pharmacological and Medicinal Effects
21.7 Pharmacokinetics
21.8 Toxicological Studies
21.9 Conclusion
References
22 Effectiveness of
Allium sativum
on Bacterial Oral Infection
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Types of
Allium sativum
22.3 Chemical Constituents
22.4 Dental Infections and Epidemiology
22.5 Dental Infection and Antibiotic Resistance
22.6 The Antibacterial Application of Garlic in Dentistry
22.7 Additional Use of Garlic in Dentistry—Oral Cancer
22.8 Garlic Mechanism of Action
22.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV: ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHANOPHARMACOLOGY
23 Curative Plants Worn in the Healing of Mouth Evils
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Materials and Methods
23.3 Results and Discussion
23.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
24 Ethnopharmacological Applications of Chewing Sticks on Oral Health Care
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Applications of Chewing Sticks in Oral Health Care
24.3 Conclusions
References
25 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology in Indochina
25.3 Locally Available Naturally Derived Dental Products in Indochina
25.4 Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.5 Ethnomedicine for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.6 Future Trend of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
25.7 Conclusion
References
26 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Anti-Halitosis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Materials and Methods
26.3 Results and Discussion
26.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Classification of natural oral care on the basis of their uses.
Table 1.2 List of phytochemical reported in dental care.
Table 1.3 Chemical classification of natural oral care.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1
In vitro
studied plant products for oral hygiene.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Classification of Herbal Medicines [79].
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Seeds and fruits used for anticariogenic activity.
Table 5.2 Anticariogenic activity of solvent extracts of seeds and fruit.
Table 5.3 MIC (expressed in µg/ml) of effective seed extracts against cario...
Table 5.4 Phytochemical constituents of crude solvent extracts of effective...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Mineral contents of TBF at 20%.
Table 7.2 Potential cytotoxic in four time points (0, 15, 30, and 60 min) b...
Table 7.3
S. mutans
count (Log
10
CFU/mL) of mature biofilm formed on enamel bovin...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Microbial levels in log
10
CFU/mL for each group after the biofilm...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Effects of oral treatment of
Punica granatum
peel extract at conce...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Various edible oils used for oil pulling.
Table 10.2 Activities of oils used for oil pulling.
Table 10.3 Effect of oil pulling on oral health.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Possible mechanisms of action of probiotics.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 OTC dental care products with their main use.
Table 13.2 Various types of charcoal.
Table 13.3 Patents for inventions/formulations containing charcoal.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Mean concentration (μg/mL) of compounds isolated from raw red pr...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Various physical properties of the polyphenols.
Table 15.2 Facets of the polyphenol–proteins interaction.
Table 15.3 The pharmacological and physiological actions of polyphenols.
Table 15.4 MIC values of procyanidin against different species.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Pharmacological activity of phyto constituents of
Ocimum
.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Phytoconstituents of
Salvadora persica
(Miswak) and their therape...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Depicting clinical studies and their outcome.
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Macroscopic characteristics of ginger.
Table 21.2 Pharmacognostic standards of ginger.
Table 21.3 Proximate composition of ginger.
Table 21.4 The patented toothpaste formulations of ginger.
Table 21.5 The patented toothpowder formulations of ginger.
Table 21.6 Pharmacokinetics of gingerol.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Scientific classification of garlic [41].
Table 22.2 Chemical composition of adult garlic [42].
Table 22.3 Research articles with application of garlic for treatment of pe...
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 The medicinal plants used in treating mouth evils.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Some common chewing sticks and their local names.
Table 24.2 Key constituents of chewing sticks and their functions.
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 Some important local traditional medicine systems in Indochina.
Table 25.2 Some important ethnopharmacological regimens that are mentioned ...
Table 25.3 Some important ethnopharmacological regimens that are mentioned ...
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 Traditional medicinal plants used in anti halitosis.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Sources of natural care used in dental.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 List of natural products for pharmacological management of pote...
Figure 4.2 Illustration showing the role of risk factors and natural produ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Anticariogenic activity of
Quercus infectoria
distilled water (...
Figure 5.2 Bioautography of ethyl acetate extract of
Quercus infectoria
ag...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1
Aloe vera
plant (a–b) and turmeric from which the extract was t...
Figure 6.2 Cell culture in contact to
Aloe Vera
and Turmeric:
Aloe Vera:
(...
Figure 6.3 Viable cell number and anti-inflammatory effect of turmeric and...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Scanning electron microscopy pictures of two enamel samples: th...
Figure 7.2
Streptococcus mutans
kill-kinetics of TBF and control for 48 h....
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Cardamom seeds. Personal file.
Figure 8.2 Cardamom seeds. Personal file.
Figure 8.3 Biofilm formed over the surface of cellulose membranes placed o...
Figure 8.4 Treatment of biofilm formed over a membrane disk for 1 min in a...
Figure 8.5 Schematic drawing of the experimental model with oral biofilm. ...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Procedure of oil pulling.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Overview of the potential applications of proteolytic enzymes ...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy images of oral biofilm. (a) Cario...
Figure 12.2 Development of caries lesion without treatment. (a) Healthy or...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Different types of materials used for oral hygiene.
Figure 13.2 Different oral hygiene instruments.
Figure 13.3 Benefits of using charcoal containing oral and dental care prod...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Worker of
Apis mellifera
in sunflower blossom. Fototeca Cristi...
Figure 14.2 Larvae of
Apis mellifera
in the honeycomb with propolis. Fotot...
Figure 14.3 Entrance of
Tetragonisca angustula
with carcasses of ants mumm...
Figure 14.4 Ethanolic extracts of propolis from southeastern Brazil, south...
Figure 14.5 Raw red propolis from Southeastern Brazil. Personal file.
Figure 14.6 Raw red propolis from Northeastern Brazil. Personal file.
Figure 14.7 Action mechanism of propolis: A) raw propolis and extracts; B)...
Figure 14.8 Tablets of red propolis. Personal file.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Molecular structure of (a) catechin and (b) cyanidin.
Figure 15.2 Molecular structure of Gallic acid.
Figure 15.3 Molecular structure of (a) epicatechin, (b) epicatechin-3-gall...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Represents the incredible medicinal value of the coconut tree.
Figure 17.2 Represents the various parts of coconut (
Cocos nucifera
L.) tree.
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Diagrammatic representation of components of Triphala.
Figure 19.2 Chief constituents of Triphala with their effect on the oral c...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Therapeutic activities of bioactive components of neem and the...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Antimicrobial effect of Ginger.
Figure 21.2 Mechanism of antimicrobial effect of Ginger extract.
Figure 21.3 Analgesic effect of ginger.
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Antibacterial activity of garlic.
Figure 22.2 Buds/cloves of
Allium sativum
.
Figure 22.3 Chemical structure of allicin, alliin and ajoene
Figure 22.4 The radiographic view of dental caries, periodontis, root stru...
Figure 22.5 Pharmacological potential of garlic.
Figure 22.6 Mechanism of action in antibacterial effect of garlic.
Figure 22.7 Side effects of garlic [110].
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Study area, Telangana, India.
Figure 23.2 Fraction allocation of augmentation variety of remedial foliag...
Figure 23.3 Fraction allocation of augmentation habitual of remedial folia...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Neem sticks and leaves.
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Conceptual framework explaining ethnomedicine and ethnopharmac...
Figure 25.2 Ethnopharmacology in Indochina (Hand drawing and photograph by...
Figure 25.3 Golden teeth procedure, an ethnocosmetics in Indochina (Photog...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 Study area, Mahabubnagar District, Telangana State, India.
Figure 26.2 Portion distribution of expansion forms of traditional medicin...
Figure 26.3 Portion distribution of part of traditional medicinal plants u...
Figure 26.4 Segment allocation of expansion forms of traditional medicinal...
Guide
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Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy
Edited by
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Prabhu Raj Singh, Kamal Shah and Nagendra Singh Chauhan
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Chauhan, Durgesh Nandini, editor. | Singh, Prabhu Raj, editor. | Shah, Kamal, editor. | Chauhan, Nagendra Singh, editor.Title: Natural oral care in dental therapy / edited by Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Prabhu Raj Singh, Kamal Shah and Nagendra Singh Chauhan.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley-Scrivener, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2019050429 (print) | LCCN 2019050430 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119614227 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119618935 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119618904 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Mouth Diseases--drug therapy | Plants, Medicinal | Mouth Diseases--prevention & control | Dental Care | Medicine, TraditionalClassification: LCC RK305 (print) | LCC RK305 (ebook) | NLM WU 166 | DDC 617.6/306--dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019050429LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019050430
ISBN 978-1-119-61422-7
Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
For hundreds of years now the existence and utility of natural products have bolstered the idea that natural products are still the choice for therapy. Their structural diversity and exclusive pharmacological actions differentiate them from drugs of synthetic origin. Not only are they used in traditional ways but also in modern medicine for treating life-threatening diseases. The discovery and design of new drugs from natural products always remain a challenging task. Still, they remain a choice due to their safety profile and negligible side effects. This book focuses on perspectives of natural medicine in various dental diseases. Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem worldwide. Oral health is integral to general well-being and relates to the quality of life that extends beyond the functions of the craniofacial complex. Standard Western medicine has had only limited success in the prevention of periodontal disease and treatment of a variety of oral diseases. The dentist needs to be more informed regarding the use, safety, and effectiveness of the various traditional medicines and over-the-counter products. For example, herbal extracts have been used in dentistry for reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing the release of histamine and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals, and analgesics. They also aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, thereby improving immunity.
The 26 chapters of this book cover the chemistry, clinical and preclinical panorama of natural products used in oral care. In Chapter 1, Chauhan et al. provide an exhaustive list of natural oral care products used in oral diseases and classify them according to use and chemistry. Chapter 2, contributed by Harput, discusses the crucial role that oral hygiene plays in the prevention of oral diseases, including periodontitis, tooth decay, and oral candidiasis. In Chapter 3, Varma and Zope highlight the herbs and their extracts used as an adjuvant in periodontal disease treatment. Chapter 4, written by Chakravarthy et al., focuses on various modalities currently available and discusses the efficacy and safety of such herbal products and natural extracts in the management of potentially malignant oral disorders. In Chapter 5, Patel et al. discuss experimental studies that show the promising broad spectrum anticariogenic activity of ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of Quercus infectoria that may prove useful for the clinical evaluation and development of a formulation suitable for the treatment of dental caries. Chapter 6, by Almanza-Aranda et al., reports that turmeric and Aloe vera in culture with HGF show promising potential and have clinical use for patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. In a study reported in Chapter 7, Ferreira-Filho et al. evaluate the effects of a tincture made from Bauhinia forficata Link leaves (TBF) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formed on teeth. In Chapter 8, Binimeliz et al. demonstrate the effect of an Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (ECE) against oral biofilm bacteria through an in vitro study. Chapter 9, contributed by Eidi and Noorbakhsh, reports on the effect of Punica granatum peel extract on the growth of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa of diabetic male rats. In Chapter 10, Zope and Varma give an overview of the evidence-based use of oil pulling therapy in the maintenance of oral health. The focus of Chapter 11 by Chakravarthy and Yeturu is plant-based proteolytic enzymes, including papain, bromelain, actinidin, and ficin; as well as the application of these enzymes in professional as well as personal oral health care. The aim of Chapter 12 by Nadelman et al. is to present an updated viewpoint of the effect of probiotics on oral health by describing the relationship between the administration/consumption of these bacteria and the main oral dysbiosis, the oral microbiota parameters, and the immune salivary components. Chapter 13, written by Thakur, highlights the role of charcoal in dentistry and the development of charcoal-based dentifrices. In Chapter 14, Martins et al. present an updated review of the benefits of propolis in oral health, and the subject of Chapter 15 by Anusuya et al. is the role of grape seed extract in dentistry. In Chapter 16, Fernandes et al. discuss the use of Ocimum sanctum L for oral care and halitosis, which, because of its anticariogenic properties, is also used in periodontal diseases such as periodontitis and gingivitis. This chapter not only discusses its conventional formulation but also O. sanctum L formulations loaded in a promising novel drug delivery system. Chapter 17, authored by Kishore and Verma, presents the latest information regarding traditional, ethnopharmacological, and bioactive phytochemicals and the significant use of coconut plant in oral cavity therapies. In Chapter 18, Sawarkar et al. discuss the use of miswak for maintaining oral health and its various commercial products. Shigli et al. write about triphala in Chapter 19 and demonstrate its traditional use and newer pharmacologic activities for use as an adjuvant mainstream drug in dentistry as well as in general medicine. The role that Azadirachta indica (neem) plays in dentistry is revealed by Tanguturi et al. in Chapter 20. In Chapter 21, Ganeshpurkar reveals the lethal effect ginger has on the growth of tooth-decaying bacteria since it is a good dental analgesic and promotes dentine remineralization. Moreover, the antiplaque and mouth-deodorizing effects of ginger are also well documented. The aim of Chapter 22 by Karic et al. is to raise awareness on the use of garlic formulations to reduce the risk of oral disease and dental caries. In Chapter 23, Singh and Rao discuss the traditional uses of plants in the treatment of mouth evils at Kosgimandal of Naryanapet District of Telangana State, India. Chapter 24 by Akaji and Otakhoigbogie reveals the healing power of plant materials, such as a chewing stick, primarily used for oral hygiene. In Chapter 25, Wiwanitkit discusses ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology for dental diseases in Indochina, a tropical region in Asia, and Chapter 26 by Singh and Reddy enlists traditional medicinal plants with anti-halitosis efficacy.
This important new volume will be valuable to dentists, oral hygienists, pharmacognosy experts, and natural product formulation scientists alike, either as a textbook or a reference. It is a must-have addition to any dental or herbal industry library. The aim of this book is to be a reference for all those interested in the development of natural oral care as an alternative treatment.
Last, but not the least, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors who have taken time out from their busy schedules to be part of this project and have written wonderful chapters that add both to the depth and value of this book. We welcome suggestions and criticisms from our readers. We also acknowledge our mentor Prof. V.K. Dixit Sir for his valuable guidance. Special thanks to our families for their support and encouragement. We express our gratitude to the publishing and production team, especially Martin Scrivener, for their kind, proficient, and encouraging guidance.
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan
Prabhu Raj Singh
Kamal Shah
Nagendra Singh Chauhan
December 2019
Foreword
Teeth are unique in the fact that, on one hand, they live for thousands of years and are often encountered in archeologic excavations, and on the other hand, we see rampant caries destroying almost all teeth in children. Dental and oral health remains a definitive part of one’s overall health and wellbeing and helps one present oneself with confidence. The care of the oral cavity has been described as early as the Sushruta Samhita and in Hippocrates’ works. With evolution, there has been a constant change in the environmental factors, the food, oral hygiene measures, as well as products used in dental care. As we look back in time, one can appreciate that the traditional methods of oral care and their incorporation in current measures may be the way forward to sustainable dental and oral health in the future. This book entitled Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy by Chauhan et al. has come a long way in establishing this connection.
Prevention is better than cure is a dictum that has repeatedly established itself. Modern dental science encourages oral hygiene measures based on mechanical and chemical cleansing, with continuous research on the chemical agents. Time and again, those agents and natural remedies described in history are proving to be fruitful. There are lots of research activities that have been started by academic institutions and research centers along with their industrial partners, for the development of natural product formulation in dental therapy. Thus, this book is a timely reference work for the scientific community.
Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy is an applications-oriented book in the field of dental science. The book is a perfect resource for dentists, oral hygienists, herbal experts, phytochemists, research professionals, and technology investors. It is edited by an experienced and interdisciplinary group comprising a well-respected dentist, clinician, natural product, and pharmacology expert. I hope this book will inspire many current and future generations of academic and industrial researchers to expand the use of natural products in dentistry.
Dr. Santhosh Rao
BDS, MDS, FIBOMS
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon
Associate Professor
Department of Dentistry
All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Raipur, India
August 2019
Part INATURAL ORAL CARE
1Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy: Current and Future Prospects
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan1*, Prabhu Raj Singh2, Kamal Shah3 and Nagendra Singh Chauhan4
1Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
2MKD Muti Speciality Dental Clinic, Annupur, Madhy Pradesh, India
3Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Chaumuha, Mathura, (U.P.) India
4Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra, Raipur Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
Nowadays, natural medicines like honey, clove, miswak, and propolis are a part of dental treatment due to their reduced toxicity, wide availability, and cost effectiveness. This chapter gives an insight to the reader about the potential use of natural products in current dentistry. They are in many forms and include chewing sticks, oils, herbal extracts, minerals, animal products (e.g., honey), herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients. Natural medicines hold huge benefits as adjunctive therapeutic uses in dentistry. Use of these techniques with suitable dosage would benefit the general population by preventing various dental problems.
Keywords: Antiplaque, dentistry, antimicrobial, natural, oral health care, herbal, phytochemical, medicinal plants
1.1 Introduction
Oral health is a key indicator of overall health, well-being, and quality of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines oral health as “a state of being free from chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial well-being” [1].
There are seven major oral diseases and conditions reported for most of the oral disease burden.
Dental caries (tooth decay)
Periodontal (gum) diseases
Oral cancers
Oral manifestations of HIV
Oro-dental trauma
Cleft lip and palate
Noma
Oral diseases affect at least 3.58 billion people worldwide, with caries of the permanent teeth being the most common of all conditions assessed. Worldwide, it is estimated that 486 million children suffer from caries of primary teeth, and 2.4 billion people suffer from caries of permanent teeth as per study on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 [2].
Natural oral care rises to a growing trend in the increased use of “over-the-counter” dental product. Nowadays, there is a huge range of natural oral care products and technology available that are self used without consulting an expert. The potential use of natural product in current dentistry is obtained from plants, animals, marine animals, and minerals sources (Figure 1.1). Minerals like alum, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride are commonly used in dentistry. The use of an alum mouthrinse daily inhibited caries development in children with decay-prone teeth [3]. The saturated saline rinse and alum rinse showed statistically significant reductions in salivary S. mutans counts in children [4]. Intrinsic tooth stain was reduced using sodium chloride with vinegar [5]. Sodium bicarbonate acts as an antiadhering agent for bacteria [6]. Cheese and cow milk stimulates salivary secretion and increases plaque calcium concentration and protection from caries [7, 8].
Natural products have been used in dentistry as analgesic and local anesthetic, as antimicrobial plaque agents, as antiseptics, whitening agent, antibacterials, to prevent adhesion of bacteria, antianxiety, and anti-halitosis. Commonly used natural products are Azadirachta indica, Syzygium Aromaticum, Acacia catechu, Aloe vera, miswak, and propolis. Plants are also used in root canal irrigation, pulpal and dentin repair, solvents, sealer cements, natural antioxidants, and storage medium (Table 1.1). Morinda citrifolia, propolis, Triphala, and aloe vera, besides their oral care activity also act as additives in dental treatment. In the last few decades, various phytochemicals are reported in dentistry showing antimicrobial, analgesic, local anesthetic, anti-halitosis, and teeth whitening activity (Table 1.2). The chemical constituents obtained from natural resources play a key role in dentistry. Phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, terpenoids, terpenes, phenols, phenolic acids, saponins, glycosides, quinone derivatives, organosulfur compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, lectins, enzymes, and amino acids are widely used in oral care (Table 1.3).
Figure 1.1 Sources of natural care used in dental.
Table 1.1 Classification of natural oral care on the basis of their uses.
Uses
Source
Part used or type of formulation
References
Analgesic and local anesthetic
Pterocarpus marsupium
Roxburgh
Stem wood
[
12
]
Syzygium aromaticum
Flower buds
[
13
]
Piper betel
(Piperaceae)
Leaves
[
14
]
Spilathes acmella
(Asteraceae)
Aerial part
[
15
]
Vitex negundo
Fresh leaves
[
16
]
Anacyclus pyrethrum
Root
[
17
]
Antianxiety
Lavender (
Lavandula angustifolia
Miller)
Volatile oil
[
18
,
19
]
Citrus aurantium
and
Citrus sinensis
Volatile oil
[
20
,
21
]
Whitening agent, Antiplaque
Acacia arabica
Chewing stick, gum
[
22
,
23
]
Amaranthus hybridus L
.
Spinach leaf
[
24
]
Papain
Papain,
[
25
]
Pineapple
Bromelain, extract
[
25
,
26
]
Salvadora persica
Roots
[
25
,
27
]
Azadirachta indica
Mouthwash
[
28
,
29
]
Aloe vera
Mouthwash
[
30
]
Ocimum sanctum
Mouthwash
[
31
]
Irimedadi oil
Polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation
[
32
]
Apis
Honey
[
33
]
Camellia sinensis
(green tea)
Catechin
[
34
–
36
]
Mangifera indica
Leaf
[
37
]
Garcinia mangostana
L
Pericarp
[
38
]
Triphala
Polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation
[
39
]
Propolis
Mouthwash
[
40
]
Probiotic
Mouthwash
[
41
]
Calendula officinalis
Tincture
[
42
]
Dill
Seed oil
[
43
]
Turmeric
Mouthwash
[
44
]
Antiadhesion activity
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry juice
[
45
]
Polygonum cuspidatum
Methanol extract from root
[
46
]
Andrographis paniculata, Cassia alata,
Chinese black tea (
Camellia sinensis
) and
Harrisonia perforata
Ethanolic extract
[
47
]
Helichrysum italicum
Flowering tops
[
48
]
Malus domestica
(Apple)
Fruit
[
49
]
Schinus terebinthifolius
and
Croton urucurana
Hydroalcholic extract
[
50
]
Mushroom (
Lentinus edodes
)
Extract
[
51
]
Bauhinia variegata L. var. variegata
Lectin
[
52
]
Anti-halitosis
Camellia sinensis
(Green tea)
Epigallocatechin-3- gallate
[
53
]
Cinnamomum verum
Bark essential oil
[
54
]
Chenopodium quinoa
Willd
Alkali-transformed saponin from quinoa husks
[
55
]
Bixa orellana
Seeds
[
56
]
Rice bran, sesame
Oil
[
57
]
Sasa senanensis
Rehder
Leaves
[
58
]
Melaleuca alternifolia
Essential oil
[
59
]
Brassica juncea
L. (mustard)
Seed (allyl isothiocyanate)
[
60
]
Juniperus cedrus
, Hiba cedar wood (
Thujopsis dolabrata
), and Western red cedar (
Thuja plicata
)
Hinokitiol
[
61
]
Magnolia officinalis
Bark
[
62
]
Curcuma zedoaria
Root
[
63
]
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Licoricidin and licorisoflavan A isolated from Root
[
64
]
Panax ginseng
C.A. Meyer
Root
[
65
]
Eucalyptus
Extract
[
66
]
Root canal irrigation
Morinda citrifolia
and Triphala
Juice
[
67
]
Chamomile (
Matricaria recutita
L.)
Hydroalcholic extract
[
68
]
Apple
Vinegar
[
69
]
Oregano
Extract solution
[
70
]
Chitosan
0.2% solution
[
71
]
Morinda citrifolia
Fruit juice
[
72
]
Morinda citrifolia
,
Aloe Vera
, and Propolis
Juice and solution
[
73
]
German chamomile (
Marticaria recutita L.
) and tea tree (
Melaleuca alternifolia L.
)
Extract and Oil
[
74
]
Aroeira-da-praia (
Schinus terebintifolius
Raddi) and the quixabeira (
Syderoxylum obtusifolium
Roem & Schult)
Hydroalcoholic extracts
[
75
]
Berberine
Plant alkaloid
[
76
]
Azadirachta indica
,
Morinda citrifolia
Solution
[
77
]
Salvia officinalis
Extract
[
78
]
Salvadora persica
Ethanolic extract
[
79
]
Turmeric,
Morinda citrifolia
Extract
[
80
]
Allium sativum
Extract
[
81
]
Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad
Essential oil
[
82
]
Fragaria vesca
(wild strawberry)
Extract
[
83
]
Ferula gummosa
Essential oil
[
84
]
Peganum harmala
Seed extract
[
85
]
Azadirachta indica
Ethanolic leaf extract
[
86
]
Pulpal and dentin repair
Allium sativum
Oil
[
87
]
Green propolis
Extract
[
88
]
Scutellaria baicalensis
Flavonoid baicalein
[
89
]
Panax ginseng
Ginsenoside rg1
[
90
]
gardenia fruit extract
Genipin
[
91
]
Quercetin
Flavanoids
[
92
]
Nigella sativa
Oil
[
93
]
Tobaco
Nicotine
[
94
]
Polyphenols found in various plants
Epicatechin
[
95
]
Storage medium
Green tea
Extract
[
96
]
Coconut
Water
[
97
]
Thai propolis
Extract
[
98
]
Propolis
Extract
[
99
]
Probiotic
Milk
[
100
]
Probiotic
Yogurt (
Bifidibacterium animalis
DN 173010)
[
101
]
Goat
Milk
[
102
]
Morus rubra
Fruit juice
[
103
]
Salvia officinalis
extract
[
104
]
Coconut and soy
Water and milk
[
105
]
Capparis spinosa
Buds
[
106
]
Punica granatum
Juice
[
107
]
Green tea
Extract
[
108
]
Castor
Oil
[
109
]
Neem (
Azadirachta indica
) and turmeric (
Curcuma longa
)
Neem leaves and turmeric rhizomes
[
110
]
Aloe vera
Leaf extract
[
111
]
Sealer cements
Juniperus cedrus, Hiba cedar wood
(
Thujopsis dolabrata
)
and Western red cedar
(
Thuja plicata
)
Hinokitiol-modified calcium silicate
(
CS
)
cement
[
112
]
Curcuma longa
Curcumin-loaded mesoporous calcium silicate
[
113
]
Natural antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite Resin
Green tea and white tea
Extract
[
114
]
Aloe Vera
, Pomegranate Peel, Grape Seed, Green Tea
Extract
[
115
]
Amla (Indian gooseberry)
Extract
[
116
]
Grape seed
Extract
[
117
]
Rosemary
Extracts
[
118
]
Mangosteen
Peel extract
[
119
]
Solvents
Eucalyptus, orange, clove oil
Oil
[
120
]
Grapefruit, lemon
Oils
[
121
]
Table 1.2 List of phytochemical reported in dental care.
S. No
Sources
Active phytoconstituents
Activity
References
1.
Aceriphyllum rossii
Aceriphyllic acid a and 3-oxoolean-12-en-27- oic acid
Anticariogenic activity
[
122
]
2.
Albizia myriophylla
Lupinifolin
Anticariogenic activity
[
123
]
3.
Allium sativum
Allicin, diallyl sulfide
Antimicrobial activity
[
124
,
125
]
4.
Bursera morelensis
Ramirez
Α-pinene, γ-terpinene
Antifungal
[
126
]
5.
Cymbopogon nardus
Citronellal
Antifungal
[
127
]
6.
Dryopteris crassirhizoma
Linoleic acid
Antibiofilm activity
[
128
]
7.
Diospyros lycioides
Juglone
Antibacterial
[
129
]
8.
Erythrina variegata
Erycristagallin
Antibacterial property
[
130
]
9.
Eucalyptus globules
Macrocarpals a, b, and c
Antibacterial
[
131
]
10.
Garcinia kola
Heckel (Clusiaceae)
Biflavonoid gb1
Antibacterial
[
132
]
11.
Gnetum gnemon
L
Resveratrol
Osteoclast activity
[
133
]
12.
Mentha piperita
Menthol
Antimicrobial
[
134
]
13.
Origanum onites
Carvacrol and thymol
Antimicrobial
[
135
]
14.
Scrophularia striata
Gallic acid, quercetin, and apigenin
Antimicrobial
[
136
]
15.
Rumex acetosa
L
Procyanidin-b2-di-gallate
Antimicrobial
[
137
]
16.
Flavonoids present in many fruits and vegetables
Quercetin and kaemferol
Antimicrobial
[
138
]
17.
Nidus vespae
(honeycomb)
Quercetin and kaempferol
Antimicrobial
[
139
]
18.
Dodonaea viscosa
var.
angustifolia
5,6,8-trihydroxy-7- methoxy-2-(4- methoxyphenyl)-4h-chromen-4-one
Anti-
S. mutans
, antibiofilm, and anti-acidogenic activity
[
140
]
19.
Curcuma longa
Curcumin
Antibacterial
[
141
,
142
]
20.
Tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
Antibiofilm
[
143
,
144
]
21.
Galla rhois
Methyl gallate (mg) and gallic acid (ga)
Antimicrobial
[
145
]
22.
Grapes
Ethyl gallate
Anticaries agent
[
146
]
23.
Garcinia mangostana
L
α-Mangostin
Antimicrobial
[
147
]
24.
Magnolia officinalis
Magnolol and honokiol
Antimicrobial
[
148
,
149
]
25.
Myristica fragrans
Macelignan
Anticariogenic activity, antibiofilm
[
150
,
151
]
26.
Mikania glomerata
Ent-kaurenoic acid
Antimicrobial
[
152
,
153
]
27.
Morus alba
Kuwanon g
Antimicrobial activity
[
154
]
28.
Clove, nutmeg, cinnamon
Eugenol
Local anesthetic, analgesia
[
155
–
157
]
29.
Trachyspermum ammi
4as, 5r, 8as) 5, 8a-di-1-propyl- octahydronaphthalen-1-(2h)-one
Antibiofilm activity
[
158
]
30.
Theobroma cacao
(cacao bean husk)
Epicatechins
Antibacterial activity
[
159
]
31.
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgoneolic acid
Antimicrobial activity
[
160
]
32.
Psidium guajava
Linn.
Quercetin-3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (guaijaverin)
Antiplaque agent
[
161
]
33.
Rabdosia trichocarpa
Trichoranin
Antibacterial activity
[
162
]
34.
Rhus coriaria L.
Methyl gallate
Antibiofilm activity
[
163
]
35.
Rosmarinus officinalis
Carnosic acid and carnosol
Antimicrobial activity
[
164
]
36.
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhetinic acid, disodium succinoyl glycyrrhetinate
Antimicrobial activity
[
165
,
166
]
37.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Icoricidin and licorisoflavan A
Antibacterial activity
[
167
]
38.
Aralia cachemirica
L. (Araliaceae)
4-epi-pimaric acid
Antimicrobial activity
[
168
]
39.
Piper betle
Hydroxychavicol
Antimicrobial activity
[
169
]
40.
Piper cubeba
(−)-Cubebin
Antimicrobial activity
[
170
]
41.
Polyalthia longifolia
var.
pendula
(Linn.)
16-Oxo-cleroda-3, 13(14) e-diene-15 oic acid, and kolavenic acid
Antimicrobial activity
[
171
]
42.
Propolis
Neovestitol-vestitol, apigenin, and tt-farnesol
Antimicrobial activity
[
172
,
173
]
43.
Fruits of
Rheedia brasiliensis
7-Epiclusianone
Antimicrobial activity
[
174
]
44.
Iostephane heterophylla
Ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid
Antibiofilm activity
[
175
]
45.
Symplocos racemosa
Symploquinones a-c
Antibiofilm activity
[
176
]
46.
Swartzia polyphylla
Dihydrobiochanin a, ferreirin and darbergioidin, and dihydrocajanin
Antibacterial activity
[
177
]
47.
Polygonum cuspidatum
Emodin
Antibacterial activity
[
178
]
48.
Croton nepetaefolius
Casbane diterpene
Antimicrobial activity
[
179
]
49.
Viguiera arenaria
Ent-pimara-8(14),15- dien-19-oic acid
Antimicrobial activity
[
180
]
50.
Mikania glomerata Sprengel
Ent-kaurenoic acid
Antibacterial activity
[
181
]
51.
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry a-type proanthocyanidins and flavonols
Antibacterial activity
[
182
]
52.
Curcuma xanthorrhizha
(Javanese turmeric)
Xanthorrrhizol
Antibacterial activity
[
183
]
53.
Ipecacuanha, cinchona
Emetine, quinine
Antibacterial activity
[
184
]
54.
Corn husks or sugarcane straw
Xylitol
Antibacterial activity
[
185
]
55.
Birch bark
Betulin
Anti-inflammatory activity
[
186
,
187
]
56.
Berberis vulgaris
Berberine
Slow periodontal degradation
[
188
]
57.
Salvadora persica
Benzyl isothiocyanate
Anti-Gram-negative bacteria
[
189
]
58.
Kaempferia pandurata
Roxb.
Panduratin A, isopanduratin A
Antimicrobial
[
190
,
191
]
59.
Syzygium aromaticum
(L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry
Eugenol
Antibiofilm activity
[
192
]
60.
Copaifera reticulata
(−)-Copalic acid
Antimicrobial activity
[
193
]
61.
Melaleuca alternifolia
(tea tree )
Alpha-bisabolol
Antibiofilm activity
[
194
]
62.
Eucalyptus
1,8-cineole
Antibiofilm activity
[
195
]
Table 1.3 Chemical classification of natural oral care.
Category
Examples
Alkaloids
Atropine, morphine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine, colchicines, nicotine, pilocarpine, cotinine, theobromine, sanguinarine, scopolamine, cocaine, vincristine, berberine chloride, oxyacanthine sulfate, harmine, vasicine, Berberine, Salvadorine, Piperine, Emetine, quinine
Flavones, flavonoids, and flavonols
Quercetrin, naringenin, proanthocyanidin, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, fisetin, catechin, epicatechin, pelargonidin, myricetin, kaempferol, hesperidin, catechins, epicatechin, gunistein, daidezin, gallocatechin, cyanidin, Icoricidin, licorisoflavan A, Kenferaido, galangin, isorhamnetin, rhamnetin, 3,7-dihydroxy-5-methoxy flavanone, 2,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy flavanones Bruno, 3-methyl quercetin, 8-methyl kaempferol, Dihydrobiochanin a, ferreirin and darbergioidin, dihydrocajanin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin 3-acetate, Lupinifolin, Biflavonoid gb1, Procyanidin-b2-di-gallate, pinobanksin 7-methyl ether, pinocembrin, sakuranetin, isosakuranetin, Pinosutorobin, trihydroxy-methoxy flavanone, tetrahydroxy flavanones, tetrahydroxy flavone, chrysin, acacetin, baicalein, tectonics chrysin, kaempferol, Erumanin, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy flavanols, 5,6,7-trihydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxy flavone, 5,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4h-chromen-4-one, 4as, 5r, 8as) 5,8a-di-1-propyl-octahydronaphthalen-1-(2h)-one, Cranberry a-type proanthocyanidins, flavonols
Terpenoid
Aceriphyllic acid, Nimbidin, 1,8-cineole, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, terpineol, nerolidol, bisabolol, melliferone, moronic acid, β-caryophyllene, santatol, abietic acid, lanosterol, cupressic acid, agathalic acid, communic acid, methyl isocupressate, tremetone, viscidone, Erycristagallin, Macrocarpals, ledol, guajol, humulene, bulnesol, Glycyrrhetinic acid, viscidone, betuletol, anwuweizonic acid, thymol, Xanthorrrhizol, betulonic acid, α-copaene, ent-kaurenoic acid, β-selinene, α-elemene, calamenene, β-amyrine, amyrine, α-muurolene, γ-muurolene, dehydroabietic acid, β-eudesmol, syringaldehyde, imbricatoloic acid, tt-famesol, Oridonin, Ursolic acid, Citronellal, 16-oxo-cleroda-3, 13(14) e-diene-15 oic acid and kolavenic acid, Ent-trachyloban-19-oic acid, Ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid, Ent-kaurenoic acid
Terpenes
Casbane diterpene, Betulin, alpha-pinene, menthol, Copalic acid, Alpha-bisabolol
Phenols and phenolic acids
Eugenol, Epigallocatechin-3 gallate, gallic acid, Α-mangostin, citric acid, Curcumin, Magnolol, Carvacrol, (6)-gingerol, Hydroxychavicol, (6)-shogaol, Resveratrol, honokiol, Methyl gallate, Ethyl gallate, Macelignan, Ginkgoneolic acid, 4-epi-pimaric acid, (−)-Cubebin
Saponins
Ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rh2, Glycyrrhizin, Buddlejasaponin IV, Diosgeninlactoside
Glycoside
Fomitoside-K, Divaricoside, rubusoside, C-xylopyranoside, stevioside, rutin, Quercetin-3-o-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside
Quinone derivatives
aloe emodin, Juglone, Symploquinones a-c, Emodin
Organosulfur compound
Allicin, diallyl sulfide, allyl isothiocyanate, Benzyl Isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate
Alcohol
Xylitol
Aldehyde
Cinnamaldehyde
Ketones
Panduratin A, isopanduratin A, 7-epiclusianone, Panduratin A, isopanduratin A
Lectins
Labramin, aloctin A, lectins from
Canavaliaensi formis
(ConA),
Canavalia brasiliensis
(ConBr),
Canavalia maritima
(ConM),
Canavalia gladiata
(CGL), and
Canavalia boliviana
(ConBol),
Cratylia floribunda
(CFL),
Vatairea macrocarpa
(VML),
Bauhinia bauhinioides
(BBL),
Bryothamnion seaforthii
(BSL), and
Hypnea musciformis
(HML)
Enzymes
Papain and bromelain
Amino acids
Arginine, Caseine
1.2 Safety of Natural Oral Care
Herbal medicines or natural products are generally considered safe. Clinical studies usually assess the efficacy of products containing natural products. There are a few studies done on the safety and possible side effects of such products. Oral administration of clove oil developed urinary abnormalities, central nervous system depression, and a large anion-gap acidosis in an infant [9]. Neem oil in adults causes metabolic acidosis, vomiting, seizures, and toxic encephalopathy [10]. Repeated sesame oil pulling for several months caused lipoid pneumonia [11]. More safety study is needed when used in combination with allopathic drugs.
1.3 Advantage of Natural Oral Care
Development of antimicrobial resistant strains is increasing using synthetic chemicals. So natural antibacterial substances are as useful as alternative antimicrobials in oral care.
Current synthetic chemicals such as chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, triclosan fluoride, cetylpyridinium, zinc citrate, and sodium lauryl sulfate used in dentifrices and mouthrinses as antibacterial can be quite damaging to the gums, teeth, and mouth. So their long-term use is limited. So natural oral care formulation is free from such side effect.
Use of traditional tooth cleaning methods includes efficacy, safety low cost, popularity, and availability.
Natural oral care is a safe option to kids, pregnant women, blood pressure patients, diabetics, and people with dry mouth.
1.4 Limitations of Natural Oral Care
Low worldwide availability
Standardization
Some plants are useful when used in fresh form
Complete toxic study data are not available
Data of interaction with allopathy drugs are not available
Very slow in curing the disease
1.5 Future Prospects of Natural Oral Care
India is juvenile in handling dental problems. It is still a common problem worldwide. Dental caries and periodontal diseases can be treated with chemicals and allopatic drugs. The common side effects associated with them are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or teeth staining. The patient’s compatibility with the chemical uses is also not found to be appropriate. The dental problems are well taken using drugs of herbal origin. The utmost requirement in industries is to develop a safe and effective formulation. Prolonged use of synthetic chemical agents produces side effects, and for financial considerations, there is a need for natural agents that are effective, safe, and economical. The herbal drugs may be used externally as ointment, pastes, plasters, and poultices or internally as syrups, suspensions, or pills. Ancient techniques like oil pulling therapy, chewing stick, and aqueous herbal extract are an affordable option for its oral health benefits in rural communities. As verified by the examples, there is extensive proof that plant products have the potential to be used as preventative or treatment therapies for oral diseases. The effective advantages with herbal products are cheap, easy availability, greater shelf life, minimal toxicity, and lack of microbial resistance, which is the major advantage with herbal drugs. The drugs used in oral care for suppressing inflammation, may have antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic activities. They can be recommended in gingivitis, mucositis, or any infection of fungal or bacterial origin. The active chemical constituents, which are found to be effective in dental caries, are flavanoids, phenolic acids, resins, triterpenes, carotenoids, or tannins. These active constituents are obtained from drugs, for example, amla, lemon, clove, neem, tulsi, etc. The ethnopharmacology and reporting of clinical data, systems with chemical and pharmacological characterization of extracts from promising sources will lead to new product development for dentistry. Molecules such as eugenol, quercitin, and kaempeferol were isolated from plants and have dental therapeutic potential. After development with phytochemistry and formulation technologies, and in combination with other active ingredients, a novel formulation should be made. The use of strandardized herbal formulation helps in pharmacological activity and prevents from adulteration. It can be concluded that these herbal drugs must be included in everyday life so that the dental problem can be resolved. These drugs may be used in isolation or combination. These will surely suppress the growth of oral pathogens, minimize the development of dental plaque, and also help in curing the symptoms of oral diseases. The minimal toxicity and minimal cost of these herbal drugs should be promoted for further investigation. This may come with a noble drug leading to a better understanding of traditional Asian medicines and their uses for oral health. However, a health well-wisher should take this herculean task to confirm that individuals must promote herbal medicines to protect public health.
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