Networking Bible E-Book

Barrie Sosinsky

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Bible
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1449

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2009

Beschreibung

Everything you need to set up and maintain large or smallnetworksBarrie SosinskyNetworking BibleCreate a secure network for home or enterpriseLearn basic building blocks and standardsSet up for broadcasting, streaming, and moreThe book you need to succeed!Your A-Z guide to networking essentialsWhether you're setting up a global infrastructure or justnetworking two computers at home, understanding of every part ofthe process is crucial to the ultimate success of your system. Thiscomprehensive book is your complete, step-by-step guide tonetworking--from different architectures and hardware tosecurity, diagnostics, Web services, and much more. Packed withpractical, professional techniques and the very latest information,this is the go-to resource you need to succeed.* Demystify the basics: network stacks, bus architectures,mapping, and bandwidth* Get up to speed on servers, interfaces, routers, and othernecessary hardware* Explore LANs, WANs, Wi-Fi, TCP/IP, and other types ofnetworks* Set up domains, directory services, file services, caching, andmail protocols* Enable broadcasting, multicasting, and streaming media* Deploy VPNs, firewalls, encryption, and other securitymethods* Perform diagnostics and troubleshoot your systems

Leseprobe

Networking Bible

Table of Contents

Part I: Network Basics

Chapter 1: Networking Introduction

Defining Computer Networking

Network Type Overview

Transmission Types

Point-to-point communication

Broadcast communication

Topologies

Physical topologies

Hybrid topologies

Logical topologies

Summary

Chapter 2: The Network Stack

Standard Development Organizations

The OSI Reference Model

How Layers Communicate

The Physical Layer

The Data Link Layer

The Network Layer

The Transport Layer

The Session Layer

The Presentation Layer

The Application Layer

The TCP/IP Reference Model

Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models

Summary

Chapter 3: Architecture and Design

Network Architecture and Topology

Point-to-point

Switched and Packet Networks

Bus Architectures

Network segments

Collision domains

Signal termination

Connection Points

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Client-Server Networks

Multi-Tiered Networks

Thin Client/Server

Terminal servers

X Window networks

Summary

Chapter 4: Network Discovery and Mapping

Network Discovery

Node advertisement

Browsing

Polling

Connections

Simple Network Management Protocol

Windows Management Instrumentation

Mapping

Summary

Chapter 5: Bandwidth and Throughput

Bandwidth and Capacity

Beads flow through a pipe of syrup

Signaling

Bandwidth

Sampling theory

Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Other multiplexing technologies

Flow Control

Traffic Engineering

Packet shaping

Leaky Bucket algorithm

Token Bucket algorithm

Quality of Service

Summary

Part II: Hardware

Chapter 6: Servers and Systems

Network Server Types

Capacity and Loading

Three approaches

Solution frameworks

Server and Systems Sizing

Defining levels of service

Quantifying performance

Server upgrades

Summary

Chapter 7: The Network Interface

What Is a Network Interface?

Physical network interfaces

Logical network interfaces

Network Addressing

Physical addresses

Logical addresses

Configuring Network Interfaces

Bindings and Providers

Isolation and Routing

Physical isolation

Protocol isolation

Bus Interfaces for NICs

A sample network adapter

Network drivers

Summary

Chapter 8: Transport Media

Wired Media

Wiring the physical plant

Twisted pair

Coaxial cable

Ethernet wiring

Fiber-optic cable

Wireless

Electromagnetic radiation

Information and transmission

Wireless connections

Summary

Chapter 9: Routing, Switching, and Bridging

Circuit versus Packet Switching

Layer 1 and Layer 2 Connection Devices

Passive hubs

Repeaters

Switches

Bridges

Routers

Control plane

Forwarding plane

Routing topologies

Optimization methods

Distance vector routing

Link state routing

Path vector routing

Network loops

The Spanning Tree Protocol

Onion Routers

Tor

Tor clients

Hidden services

Gateways

Summary

Part III: Network Types

Chapter 10: Home Networks

Features of a Home Network

Broadband Connections

Wireless Connections

Wired Connections

Ethernet

Phone lines

Power over Ethernet

HomePlug Powerline

Home Network Servers

Summary

Chapter 11: Peer-to-Peer Networks and Personal LANs

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Pure P2P networks

Hybrid P2P systems

Friend-to-Friend Networks

Bus Networking

Universal serial bus

FireWire

Bluetooth

Summary

Chapter 12: Local Area Networking

Introduction

The IEEE 802 LAN standards

Broadcast channels

Ethernet

Ethernet frames

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

Full-duplex operation

Token Ring Networks

Fiber Distributed Data Interface Networks

Automation Networks

X10 and home automation

Process control systems

Summary

Chapter 13: Wide Area Networks and Backbones

What Is a WAN?

Circuit Switching Networks

The Public Switched Telephone Network

Integrated Services Digital Network

Digital Subscriber Line

Cable network

T- and E-Carrier Networks

Synchronous Optical Networking

SONET architecture

Framing

Packet over SONET

Packet Switching Networks

X.25 Networks

Switched Multi-megabit Data Services

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Frame Relay

Multi Protocol Label Switching

The Internet and Internet2

Internet Exchange Points

Internet2

Summary

Chapter 14: Wi-Fi Networks

Wireless Networking

Wi-Fi networks

IEEE 802.11x Standards

802.11 legacy

802.11y

Modulation

802.11 protocol

Wireless Access Points and Gateways

Repeaters and bridges

Wireless Distribution System

Wireless Routers and Gateways

Router configuration

Router upgrades

OLPC XO Wireless Network

Antennas

Antenna characteristics

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

Wireless Software

Security

Wired Equivalent Privacy

Wi-Fi Protected Access

Summary

Chapter 15: Storage Networking

Storage Networking

Storage Network Types

SANs versus NAS

Business Continuance Volumes

Storage virtualization

The Shared Storage Networking Model

The shared tape extension

The Storage Domain

Aggregation

Device models

Fibre Channel Networks

Fibre Channel standards

Port designations

The Fibre Channel Protocol

Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loops

Fibre Channel Switched fabrics

Storage over IP

iSCSI protocol

Fibre Channel over IP

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol

Storage Area Network Management

Internet Storage Name Service

Summary

Chapter 16: High-Speed Interconnects

High-Performance Computing

Beyond Gigabit Ethernet

TCP Offloading Engines

Zero Copy Networks

Virtual Interface Architecture

InfiniBand

Network Clusters

Load balancing

Grid systems

Summary

Part IV: TCP/IP Networking

Chapter 17: Internet Transport Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol

Packet Structure

Header fields

Flags

Checksum field

Control fields

Data field

Protocol Operation

Connections

Flow Control

Sliding windows

Congestion control

Multiplexing

User Datagram Protocol

Ports

Problems with TCP

Summary

Chapter 18: The Internet Protocols

Internet Protocol Overview

Internet Protocol Version 4

Addressing

Subnetting

Setting an IP Address

Static addressing

Dynamic addressing

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Configuration

Securing DHCP

Bootstrap Protocol

Internet Control Message Protocol

Internet Protocol Version 6

Addressing

IPv6 datagrams

IPv6 Neighbor Discovery

ICMPv6

Summary

Chapter 19: Name Resolution Services

HOSTS Files

Address Resolution Protocol

ARP requests

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Viewing the ARP cache

Network Basic Input/Output System

Windows Internet Name Service

Domain Name System

DNS requests

DNS topology

Resource records

Name Resolution versus Directory Services

Summary

Part V: Applications and Services

Chapter 20: Network Operating Systems

What Is a Network Operating System

Protocols and services

General versus Special-Purpose NOS

NOS Systems and Software

UNIX

Linux

Solaris

Novell NetWare and Open Enterprise Server

Windows Server

Summary

Chapter 21: Domains and Directory Services

Directory Services and Domains

Banyan VINES

Domain types

Interoperability

Domain Servers

Directory Services

Synchronization and replication

Single sign on

Namespaces

Policy engines

Role-Based Access Control

Identity management

X.500 and LDAP

Network Information Service

LDAP servers

LDAP Data Interchange Format

Novell eDirectory

Distinguished Names

Microsoft Active Directory

Replication

Summary

Chapter 22: File Services and Caching

Network Attached Storage

Features

NAS versus SAN

Network file caching

File Service Protocols

Network File System

Server Message Block/Common Internet File System

Samba

Samba security

Samba name resolution and browse lists

Samba on Ubuntu

Distributed File System

Summary

Chapter 23: Web Services

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP requests

HTTP status codes

Static versus dynamic pages

Web Services

Service Oriented Architectures

Summary

Chapter 24: Mail Protocols

The Three Main Protocols

Polled e-mail

Push e-mail

Message Parts

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

Post Office Protocol

Web mail clients

Internet Message Access Protocol

Mail Servers

Setting Up a Mail Client

Summary

Chapter 25: Streaming Media

How Streaming Works

Streaming versus progressive downloads

Unicasting versus multicasting

Streaming Protocols

Real-Time Streaming Protocol

Real-Time Transport Protocol

Real-Time Control Protocol

Synchronized Markup Integration Language

Encoding

Streaming Servers

Streaming file formats

Players

Flash

Silverlight

Summary

Chapter 26: Telephony and VoIP

Telephony

Private Branch Exchange Systems

Asterisk

Cisco Unified Communications Manager

Microsoft Response Point

Voice over Internet Protocol

Analog telephone adapters

Internet Protocol phones

VoIP protocols

Computer Telephony Integration

Video Telephony

Mobile VoIP

Webcams

Summary

Part VI: Network Security

Chapter 27: Security Protocols and Services

Network Security Overview

Network vulnerabilities

The National Vulnerability Database

Points of Attack

Principles of secure network design

Location Awareness and Network Access Protection

Internet Security Protocols

IPsec

Transport Layer Security

HTTPS

Encryption and Cryptography

Brute force and ignorance

Symmetric key algorithms

Asymmetric or public key algorithms

Kerberos

Summary

Chapter 28: Firewalls, Gateways, and Proxy Servers

Firewalls

Firewall features

Network zones

Stateless filters

Stateful filters

Application filters

Deny by default

Network Address Translation

Proxy Servers

Transparent proxy servers and honeypots

Reverse proxy servers

Summary

Chapter 29: Virtual Private Networks

VPN Technologies

VPN types

VPN links

Site-to-site topologies

VPN hardware

VPN software

Encryption

Tunneling

Tunneling Protocols

Generic Routing Encapsulation

IPsec tunnels

Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security

Point-to-Point tunneling protocols

Summary

Part VII: Network Management and Diagnostics

Chapter 30: Network Management

The Importance of Network Management

FCAPS

Fault management

Configuration management

Accounting and administration

Performance management

Security management

Network Management Software Categories

Network Frameworks

Summary

Chapter 31: Network Diagnostic Commands

Network Diagnostics

Network Commands

Command line tools

Network Shells

The Windows NetShell

Telnet sessions

PowerShell

Summary

Chapter 32: Remote Access

Remote Access

Remote connection protocols

Remote access services

Remote desktops

RADIUS Servers

RADIUS sessions

RADIUS roaming

The Diameter protocol

Summary

Appendix TCP - UDP Port Assignments

Networking Bible

Barrie Sosinsky

Networking Bible

Published byWiley Publishing, Inc.10475 Crosspoint BoulevardIndianapolis, IN 46256www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-470-43131-3

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This book is dedicated to my wife Carol Westheimer, with all my love.

About the Author

Barrie Sosinsky has written about computers and technology for over 25 years beginning with writing about personal computers for the Boston Computer Society in the early 1980s. He has published books on operating systems, applications, databases, desktop publishing, and networking for publishers such as Que, Sybex, Ventana, IDG, Wiley, and others and seen the industry change and reinvent itself several times.

At heart Barrie is a PC enthusiast. He loves building computers, finding and learning about new applications that allow him to do new things, and keeping up with the latest advances in the field of computer technology, which he believes is just in its infancy. Having lived long enough to see the Boston Red Sox win not one but two World Series, he remains committed to living long enough to see grandchildren and to someone clone a wooly mammoth. To this list (replacing the Red Sox) he adds the new milestone of holding a universal translator in his hands; a device he believes will appear within this next decade.

The author lives in Medfield Massachusetts about 25 miles southwest of Boston with his six cats Stormy, Shadow, Smokey, Scamper, Slate, and Spat; his son Joseph, his daughter Allie, his wife Carol; and Brittany the turtle surrounded by pine trees, marauding deer, and wild turkeys.

You can reach Barrie at [email protected], where he welcomes your comments and suggestions.

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Introduction

Networking is a vast subject that touches all aspects of computer technology. Indeed, some will argue that a computer that isn't networked isn't really a computer at all. It may be hyperbole to suggest that “The network IS the computer” as Sun did some years ago, but every important computer technology has incorporated some method for sending and receiving data to and from other computers. If you go as far back as you care to, the very first commercial computers were built to amortize their costs by allowing users to time share. Computer reservation systems such as SABRE linked to terminals worldwide, and when the personal computer became nearly as cheap as a dumb terminal, those PCs became the distributed nodes.

The rise of the personal computer in the early 1980s and 1990s helped to spawn networking technologies that made connectivity easier to achieve, cheaper, and most importantly more standardized. A whole host of different proprietary networking technologies have given way to the networking technologies of the Internet, TCP/IP networking. Although this book discusses some of the older technologies, the focus of this book is on the current state of computer networking and, therefore, much of the book explains internetworking standards based on TCP/IP. In ultrafast, high-bandwidth, and highly reliable networks, other technologies are used.

A number of these alternative technologies are presented in the context of the different capabilities that they provide. So while you will learn about local area networks of various types, a number of chapters in this book describe important technologies in the field of wide area networks, fiber optics, storage area networks, grid and cloud computing, and other advanced technologies. Sprinkled in the book are descriptions of new products such as the X0-1 laptop created by the One Laptop Per Child organization, SETI @ Home grid system, SONET networking, optical solitons, and many other things that you may not have heard about but that make the experience of reading this book I hope richer for you.

This book was written to be a general networking book and not to favor one computer platform over another. By nature I'm not a computer platform zealot. My first computer was a Macintosh, and over the years I've switched to Windows systems. Recently I've been working on a Ubuntu system, and at various times I've worked on different Linux as well as Solaris systems. I work on a small network, but over the years I've worked on both large and small, homo- and heterogeneous networks. Each network operating system has its plusses and minuses, but I've found that it is rare that I couldn't perform some essential function on all of these operating systems.

This book presents examples of networking technology using a number of different platforms. Unfortunately (from my way of thinking) there are more examples drawn from Windows that I would have liked. Please take this as being largely the result of the time I had and the convenience these examples offered, more than a statement of their being particularly special.

I've tried to walk the fine line between being theoretical enough to give you a solid foundation in computer networking, while being practical enough for you to find and use new technologies and products in your everyday work. There is a considerable amount of product information in this book, and I've tried very hard to make this information both accurate and up to date. Unfortunately, product information ages faster than any one of use would like, and many times in the course of writing this book, I've encountered products and companies I've known that are no longer with us. Many of these products were associated with people I've either met, known, or had some acquaintance with, so the passing of these products forces me to reminisce about times gone by.

This book is organized into seven parts:

• Part 1. The first part of this book presents general theory and networking principles. I've presented much of the material in the context of different networking models that have been widely used in the industry.

• Part 2. The second part of this book looks at various network hardware components, which includes systems, network interfaces, various physical media, and methods for creating and maintaining circuits with particular emphasis on routing.

• Part 3. The third part of this book focuses on different network types, small and home networks, peer to peer technology, LANs and WANs, storage networks (SANs), as well as various high speed and high performance networks.

• Part 4. The fourth part of this book describes the various parts of the TCP/IP networking suite. This includes not only how TCP/IP is used, but details on addressing, name resolution, and other features that both bedevil and occupy modern network administrators.

• Part 5. The fifth part of this book describes different applications and services that run on computer networks. Various network operating systems are discussed from a general principles viewpoint, and network services such as directory services, file services, mail, streaming media, and voice over IP round out this part of the book.

• Part 6. The three chapters in Part 6 focus on computer network security. In these chapters, you learn about: security protocols and services; firewalls, gateways, proxy servers, and other isolation technologies: and virtual private networks.

• Part 7. In the final part of this book, different network management and diagnostic technologies are discussed. This includes classes of network management applications, some of which are large management frameworks that you might be unfamiliar with. Two chapters on network diagnostics and remote access technologies round out this book.

I hope that you enjoy reading this book as much as I have enjoyed writing it.

Barrie Sosinsky

Medfield, Massachusetts

March 18, 2009

Part I: Network Basics

In This Part

Chapter 1: Networking IntroductionChapter 2: The Network StackChapter 3: Architecture and DesignChapter 4: Network Discovery and MappingChapter 5: Bandwidth and Throughput

Chapter 1: Networking Introduction

In This Chapter

Network and transmission typesTopologiespLANs, LANs, MANs, CANs, and WANs

A computer network is a connection or set of connections made between two or more computers for the purpose of exchanging data. Networks are built from a variety of building blocks: computers, switches, cables, and so forth. In order to classify networks into different types, you need to consider factors such as the number of elements, distribution of objects, and connection methods. In this chapter, different types of networks are described, as well as how the different network types impact their design.

The smallest network is a direct attachment between two computers with a cable. Peer-to-peer systems are used in computer workgroups where there are a small number of systems that don't require a central service. Some computer buses are configurable and thus are considered small networks. These are called personal LANs, or pLANs, and Bluetooth is an example of this type of network. USB is not configurable and is therefore not a network.