35,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
Packaging Sustainability Take the lead with sustainable package design solutions The classic role of packaging is to "Protect, Inform, and Sell." Today, packaging must do all that--but with minimal eco-impact. Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems, and Strategies for Innovative Package Design is a comprehensive guide to thinking outside the box to create practical, cost-effective, and eco-responsible packaging. With a broad range of contributions from pioneers of sustainability, Packaging Sustainability not only describes the concepts of sustainability but reveals the logic behind them, providing you with the tools to sift through and adapt to the ever changing barrage of materials, services, regulations, and mandates. The book: * Enables the designer to make smart, informed decisions at all points throughout the packaging design process * Offers a comprehensive overview of sustainable packaging design issues from leading practitioners, designers, engineers, marketers, psychologists, and ecologists * Describes materials and processes in current use and helps the reader understand how they interconnect With solid information and actionable ideas, Packaging Sustainability gives you all the tools for maximizing a product's shelf impact--while minimizing its ecological footprint.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 724
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
Ähnliche
Contents
Cover
Contents
Title page
Copyright page
Introduction
How to Use This Book
The Making of This Book
Giving Thanks
Biographies
1 Taking the First Step
Consumption and Renewal
Choices, Choices, Choices
Nearly All New Products Fail
What Does Change Look Like?
Taking Responsibility and Thriving
Transparency and Honesty
Ceres
A Taste of Things to Come
Making the Business Case
Packaging and Sustainability
2 The Mechanics of Human Behavior
Chapter Themes
Assumptions vs. Data
Inside the Consumer
The Nitty Gritty of Collecting Data
Wrapping It Up
3 Marketing and Truth
The Consumer Relationship
Ethics-Based Marketing and Business
Package as Bridge or Barrier
Thing or Service?
Eco-Labeling and Eco-Marketing Claims
Speaking the Truth, and Meaning It
How to Get It Right
The Package/Product Team
How to Create an Eco-Package in Three Easy Steps
4 Laws and Economics
The Changing Landscape: Laws and Regulations
Regulations Around the Globe
A Path Forward
Unwrapping Global Packaging: Trade and Policy
The Scope of Global Trade in Packaging
The Scope of Environmental Impact of Packaging
Looking Forward
5 Systems Thinking
The Systems View
Bridging the Gap with Systems
Systems and Design
Package as a System
Adapt to the Environment
Properties of Systems
Taking Advantage of the Systems View
Biomimicry
Permaculture Principles in Design
Change Management
Technical Approaches
Systems Approaches
The Next Level in the Picture
Your Nearest Advantage May Be Behind You
Innovation Heuristics
6 Materials and Processes
Paper or Plastic? Neither!
What Are We Trashing?
Paper
Alternative Papers
Plastics
Metals
Glass
Energy Changes Everything
Printing
The Wonderful World of Waste
7 Innovation Toolbox
Eco-Packaging In Three Easy Steps
Definition of Sustainable Packaging
Consumer’s Shopping List for Positive Change
Innovation Heuristics
Fair Trade Essentials
Overview of Environmental Marketing Claims
Eco Seals, Certifications, and Claims
Materials Choices at a Glance
Eco-Resources at a Glance
Glossary of Basic Packaging Terminology
Select Bibliography
Notes by Chapter
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
4: Laws and Economics
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Pages
i
ii
iii
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
1
2
4
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
122
120
121
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
160
159
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
226
225
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
Packaging Sustainability
Tools, Systems, and Strategies for Innovative Package Design
Wendy Jedlička, CPP
With:Dr. Elise L. Amel, Dr. Dayna Baumeister, Arlene Birt, Jeremy Faludi, Terry Gips, Fred Haberman, Dan Halsey, Garth Hickle, Dr. Christie Manning, Tim McGee, Curt McNamara, Jacquelyn Ottman, Dennis Salazar, Dr. Pamela Smith, Dion Zuess
Environmental Paper Network, Eureka Recycling, Package Design Magazine, Packaging Strategies, Sustainable Packaging CoalitionSM
Additional contributions by:Amelia McNamara, John Moes, Tom Nelson, Holly Robbins, Sharon Sudman
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
Select portions of the glossary that appear in Chapter 7 are reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. from The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd Edition.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.
Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data:
Jedlicka, Wendy
Packaging sustainability : tools, systems and strategies for innovative package design / Wendy Jedlicka.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6 (pbk.)
1. Packaging. I. Title.
TS158 .J44
688.8—dc22 2008013183
Introduction
Wendy Jedlička, CPP
o2 International Network for Sustainable Design
Photo: Salazar Packaging, Inc. Photographer: Don Hinds
Sustainability isn’t hard; it’s just not simple.
Approaching problems the same way they always have, companies seem to think they have done their part if they can just locate what could be referred to as the “happy list” of magically green materials. They then pick something off the menu for their project and check “get eco” off their to-do list. Any eco-practitioner worth his or her salt getting a request for such a list, will ask if the inquirer understands systems thinking concepts, or if their company has a training program in place to help the people using the list figure out what will actually be eco for their applications. The answer will almost always be, “No, we don’t do any of that; we just want the list.”
In theory, picking an eco-material is better than a non-eco one. Very rich lists can be found at packagedesignmag.com and ecopackaging.net. But these are only simple indexes of companies that offer materials, goods, or services with some level of sustainability/eco/green as part of their point of difference. Some of these companies are third-party certified; some are not.
Choosing to be granola for the Minneapolis, MN market. Birchwood Cafe’s - Granola To-Go.
If one doesn’t know why a material is eco, how to apply its use correctly, or even if it actually is eco, taking a typically shallow replacement approach can result in environmental and economic impacts far worse than the thing being replaced.
In addition to applying eco-materials properly, clients are looking to their designers to help them meet new; more restrictive legislation; new initiatives from their own clients (Wal-Mart’s scorecard, for example); and a whole host of hot-button issues. These are problems much bigger than picking a recycled paper and calling it good, requiring a careful look at the system of the design, and not just a substrate or two.
The classic request of packaging is only that it protect, inform, and sell. Eco-packaging must do all that but also have minimal eco-impact, be well targeted, be a team player, plan for end of life, and plan for the next life. One might say, “Well, mainstream packaging is supposed to do all that,” and you’d be right. But in many markets, the United States in particular, until recently no one’s required it to do all that — leaving many of those who do packaging scrambling to figure out how to meet new directives.
One thing that never fails to get eco-practitioners to smile is when very earnest people say, “We want to see pictures of your really cutting edge eco-packaging examples.” Most long standing eco-practitioners will reply, “If I’ve done my job right, you really can’t tell the difference, unless that look was the goal.” The realities of sustainable packaging are, if a designer chooses to play the granola-look card, that was done completely as a strategic marketing move. In fact, very eco-looking packages may not be eco at all. The real difference between an eco-package and an un-eco one is what the package has embodied, from variables and inputs weighed in the concept phase, through conversion and fulfillment, to the shelf and through the user’s hands, and finally through to rebirth — not what it looks like.
As companies adopt sustainability practices for their business model, most quickly find opportunities to leverage whole new profit avenues without changing their packaging at all. When they choose to also visibly change their packaging, that’s a strategic decision, with all the marketing benefits that go with communicating that particular message.
To understand sustainable packaging, you must tell an honest story, leverage consumer triggers for the greater good, understand the economic impacts of design choices, and fit how all of that works in a sustainability context. Without that depth of backgrounding, the designer is just decorating another box and calling it “green.”
How to Use This Book
One of the author’s requirements for doing this book was that the question of sustainable design related to packaging needed to be approached in a completely new way, not only looking at systems thinking in general terms, but looking deeply into the very soul of packaging and its stakeholders. In addition, rather than the outpouring of a single voice, the book needed to be a collection of many voices. This chorus of voices allows people new to sustainable design to experience the broad range of contributions the pioneers of sustainability and today’s eco-practitioners draw from. Readers find they can hit the ground running, as they race to catch up with the overwhelming flow of sustainability information coming out daily.
This book is designed to help people clearly see the big picture, what all that means for design, how all the various groups that serve packaging connect and interact — all in a sustainability context.
For those in academia, this book is representative of the core approach of Minneapolis College of Art and Design’s (MCAD) Sustainable Design Certificate Program (mcad.edu/sustainable). Most of the key contributors to this book are Sustainable Design Certificate faculty, who welcome the opportunity to open a dialogue about higher education’s roll and responsibility in reshaping industry. Taking a holistic approach, MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate students are taught how to think in sustainability terms, and empower the students to be fellow agents for positive change, fueling true innovation.
Just as one should not pick from a “happy list” of eco-materials and consider the job done, this book is not a complete one-size-fits-all tome. It is a comprehensive guide to sustainability approaches applied to design and business employed by today’s sustainability leaders and eco-practitioners using packaging as the industry where examples are drawn from. The goal of this book is to show the reader not only sustainability ideas, but the logic behind them. It is designed to provide the reader with the tools needed to sift through the ever-changing barrage of materials, services, regulations, and mandates that would render any book taking an old-school “replacement approach” out of date.
This book is meant to be used as a portal to works by the original content providers participating, or referred to, as it takes the reader through the process, touching on inputs that make up what packaging is really about. By seeing how those works fit together into the bigger picture, and how they flow together and overlap, identifying quality resources that will address a company’s specific needs becomes much easier.
To get an even more detailed picture, it is suggested the reader expand their library to include, The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, a great resource partner to Packaging Sustainability.
Created as a general industry overview of packaging terms and processes, the book is an essential tool for understanding packaging terms, common materials, structures, processes, technologies, and the related disciplines that serve the packaging industry.
Sustainable packaging options today are growing faster than any one person can keep up with. It is highly recommended that packaging professionals subscribe to one or more of the materials and regulations information update services mentioned throughout this book, and identified through resources like: ecopackaging.net, packstrat.com, and packagedesignmag.com. Additionally, the Sustainable Packaging CoalitionSM provides services for members not available through other distribution channels. In collecting cases and examples for this book, it became apparent we would not be able to fit in all of the great work from both past and current production cycles. This in no way is a comment on the value of the work not included. This book is not a portfolio collection of the most eco-packaging ever produced. Examples and cases were selected from companies doing new solutions for their category, and who were willing to offer readers a deeper look at their processes and design logic.
Some of the examples showcased in this book are very good; some are just a solid step in the right direction. But in all cases the companies contributing were willing to talk about the issues they weighed to arrive at their solution. We are still in the early stages of this paradigm shift, and many people are shy about helping to train their competition. Ecoleaders, though, have recognized that the greatest benefits come when ideas and efforts, successes as well as failures, are shared openly. The louder you are they’ve found, the greater the rewards, and the stronger your market position — leaving competitors scrambling for the me-too slot — which itself creates a positive-shift ripple effect throughout their whole industry.
The Making of This Book
Wiley Publishing is committed to continuous reevaluation of its environmental impacts and partnering with stakeholders to help achieve ever-improving performance. The paper for this book is Rolland Enviro100, manufactured by Cascades Fine Papers Group. It’s made from 100 percent post-consumer fiber, and processed chlorine free. Cascades’ Rolland Enviro100 is a Chlorine Free Products Association endorsed product.
According to Cascades, for every ton of Rolland Enviro100 Book paper used instead of traditionally processed virgin pulp source paper, the environment is served in the following ways:
— 17 mature trees saved,
— 6.9 lbs. waterborne waste generation avoided,
— 10,196 gal. waterflow saved,
— 2,098 lbs. atmospheric emissions eliminated,
— 1,081 lbs. solid waste reduced,
— 2,478 cu. ft. natural gas use eliminated by using biogas.
Giving Thanks
This book features the work and ideas of many current eco-practitioners. But we all stand on the shoulders of giants — those who walked tirelessly forward in spite of the obstacles set before them. Today we are empowered to make their dreams a reality.
We offer this work as a tribute to the example they set and whose work we are building on. For making our work possible, we would like to extend our deepest gratitude to:
R. Buckminster Fuller, Victor Papanak, David Orr, Sim Van der Ryn, Fritjof Capra, E. F. Schumacher, Karl-Henrik Robèrt, Janine Benyus, Paul Hawken, Hunter Lovins, Amory Lovins, John Thackara, J. I. and Robert Rodale, and of course Rachel Carson.
We are called to be architects of the future, not its victims.
R. Buckminster Fuller
Biographies
Contributing Authors
Wendy Jedlička, CPP
Contributing Editor / Creative Contributor
An IoPP Certified Packaging Professional, Jedlička is president of Jedlička Design Ltd. (jedlicka.com), with over twenty years of packaging and print experience, coupled with eleven years as a retail industry insider. As a design and business strategy vendor, she has served clients such as 3M, Target, Hormel, Anchor Hocking, and Toro. Jedlička writes the regular feature “Sustainability Update” for Package Design Magazine, and is regularly tapped to speak on eco-packaging and print design, as well as a variety of sustainable design and business issues.
As part of her professional outreach efforts, Jedlička is the United States co-coordinator for the o2 International Network for Sustainable Design (o2.org) as well as Upper Midwest chapter chair (o2umw.org). Working to change minds in higher education, Jedlička is program development team member and faculty for the groundbreaking Sustainable Design Certificate Program at Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD). (mcad.edu/sustainable)
Attracted to packaging since learning origami at age eight, Jedlička started her formal art training through the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts experimental youth art program, continuing through high school at Parsons School of Design and the Art Students League of New York. She completed her bachelor’s degree in graphic and industrial design at the University of Bridgeport, and her master’s degree in international management with a certificate in marketing at the University of St. Thomas.
Dr. Elise L. Amel
Elise L. Amel has a Ph.D. in industrial-organizational psychology from Purdue University and has been teaching at the University of St. Thomas since 1997. She teaches general psychology, research methods, and industrial-organizational psychology. She has consulted for local industry regarding improving job satisfaction, as well as selection, training, and performance appraisal systems. Her current research addresses variables believed to be related to sustainable behavior. Together with Christie Manning and Britain Scott she has worked with governmental (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency), non-profits (e.g., myCV.com), and business organizations (e.g., Peace Coffee) to assess and maximize the attractiveness and likelihood of sustainable behavior. Their work has also been highlighted in the community (e.g., Bell Museum’s Café Scientifique) and the media (e.g., The Rake). Dr. Amel has appeared as a featured panelist on the Minnesota Public Radio program, In the Loop, to discuss psychology and sustainability.
Dr. Dayna Baumeister
Dayna Baumeister, Ph.D. is an educator, researcher, design consultant, and co-founder of the Biomimicry Guild (biomimicryguild.com). She holds degrees in marine biology and resource conservation, and a Ph.D. in organismic biology and ecology. Dr. Baumeister has worked in the field of biomimicry since 1998, unifying her lifelong passions for biology, applied natural history, and sharing the wonders of nature. Dr. Baumeister has introduced the idea of biomimicry — nature as model, measure, and mentor — to thousands of designers, business managers, and engineers around the country; she brings her skills as a systems thinker and organic communicator to her dynamic workshops, presentations, seminars, and exhibits. Dr. Baumeister finds sustenance as a gardener, hunter, yoga instructor, and naturalist. She lives with her family in the foothills of the rugged Rocky Mountain Front in Montana. Dr. Baumeister is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program.
Arlene Birt
Arlene Birt (arlenebirt.com) is a visual storyteller at Haberman & Associates, Modern Storytellers for Media + Marketing, a public relations and marketing agency dedicated to telling the stories of pioneers who change the way business is done or make the world a better place. She created Background Stories, her master’s thesis, while studying in the Netherlands on a Fulbright grant. Birt is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program and a member of the o2 International Network for Sustainable Design.
Jeremy Faludi
Jeremy Faludi (faludidesign.com) is a product designer and researcher specializing in eco-design. He has consulted for Rocky Mountain Institute, Janine Benyus, Chorus Motors, ExBiblio, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, and others. He was a finalist in the 2007 California Cleantech Open competition and is a juror for Dell’s ReGeneration contest on green computing. A bicycle he helped design appeared in the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum’s exhibit Design for the other 90%.
In addition to his design work, Faludi is a contributing editor to worldchanging.com and is one of the many authors of Worldchanging: A User’s Guide for the 21st Century. His articles have appeared in GreenBiz, Package Design Magazine, Samsung’s DigitALL magazine, and the Secretariat of the Commonwealth of Nations’s newsletter Commonwealth Today. He also speaks at conferences, schools, and businesses around the world. Faludi is active in the o2 International Network for Sustainable Design, serving the o2 Bay Area and Cascadia groups. Faludi is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program, and is a lecturer in the product design program at Stanford University.
Terry Gips
Terry Gips is a widely published ecologist, agricultural economist, sustainability consultant, certified independent Natural Step Framework Instructor, speaker, author (Breaking the Pesticide Habit and The Humane Consumer and Producer Guide), and faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program.
Gips, president of Sustainability Associates, works with business, government, and organizations to save money, improve performance, and become socially and environmentally responsible. (sustainabilityassoc.com)
Previously, Gips served as Aveda Corporation’s director of ecological affairs and sustainability, Cargill grain merchant and assistant to the chief economist, congressional and White House aide, Wall Street brokerage assistant, and co-founder and director of the Cooperative Extension Sacramento Community Garden Program.
Gips volunteers as the co-founder and president of the Alliance for Sustainability (afors.org). As a founding board member of Ceres (ceres.org), he helped develop the Ceres Principles for Corporate Environmental Responsibility. He completed his M.S. in agricultural and applied economics at UC Davis and an M.B.A. at the Yale School of Management.
Fred Haberman
As the co-founder and CEO of Haberman & Associates (modernstorytellers.com), Fred Haberman specializes in brand and cause-related storytelling. He has counseled hundreds of companies on how to create emotional connections between their brands and their customers to generate brand awareness, sales, and positive change.
Dan Halsey
Daniel Halsey (Halsey1.com) is a certified permaculture designer, graphic designer, and food photographer. He lives with his wife Ginny in South Woods of Spring Lake, Minnesota, a twenty-five-acre wetland with an edible forest garden installed by the Twin Cities Permaculture Collaborative. He is working on a degree in temperate climate polyculture design at the University of Minnesota, and is faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program, and his articles have appeared in Package Design Magazine.
Garth Hickle
Garth T. Hickle is the product stewardship team leader with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). He has been with the MPCA since 1996, working on product stewardship for various products including packaging, electronics, and carpet. He has received fellowships from the Bush Foundation and the American-Scandinavian Foundation to study product policy in the European Union. He sits on the board of directors for the Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE) and the board of advisors for the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT). He has published articles on products policy in The Environmental Forum, Resource Recycling, Waste Management World, Pollution Prevention Review, Environmental Quality Management, and Package Design Magazine. Hickle is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program, teaching classes on product policy and sustainable development. He holds a B.A. from the College of Wooster, an M.S.E.L. from Vermont Law School, and an M.P.A. from Hamline University.
Tim McGee
Tim McGee is a trained interdisciplinary biologist with an interest in applying biological know-how to industrial systems. McGee obtained his undergraduate degree in biology from Colby College, where he focused on utilizing the tools of computer science to investigate natural phenomena. McGee’s graduate research at the University of California Santa Barbara further refined his interest in sustainable systems by investigating the exciting world of biological molecular materials science, learning how life makes materials.
McGee is a regular contributor to TreeHugger.com, one of the leading media outlets dedicated to driving sustainability mainstream. McGee’s wealth of experience in biological research, industry, and design enables him to act as a biologist at the Design Table with the Biomimicry Guild, where he helps clients explore how the natural world can help their company innovate and create a sustainable future.
Curt McNamara, P.E.
Curt McNamara, P.E. ([email protected]), is a practicing designer with twenty years experience in commercial and industrial markets. He is a scholar of R. Buckminster Fuller and authored the entry on Fuller in the UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, and his articles have appeared in Package Design Magazine. An active Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers member, McNamara received the IEEE Millennium Medal in 2000 for his ongoing work in education. McNamara is a board member and serves as the engineering liaison for the o2-USA/Upper Midwest chapter of the o2 International Network for Sustainable Design. McNamara is also faculty and program development team member for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program.
Dr. Christie Manning
Christie Manning has a Ph.D. in cognitive and biological psychology from the University of Minnesota. She is currently a visiting assistant professor of environmental studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. Her research examines the cognitive and other psychological factors that influence environmentally relevant behavior choices. She is particularly interested in environmental communication and the role of framing in conveying information about environment and sustainability. Together with her colleagues Elise Amel and Britain Scott she is helping local “green” events broaden their impact through well-crafted messages and a better understanding of the barriers that people face in trying to live a more sustainable life.
Jacquelyn Ottman
Since 1989, Jacquelyn Ottman has been helping businesses find competitive advantage through green marketing and eco-innovation. President and founder of J. Ottman Consulting, Inc., she advised clients such as IBM, Interface, DuPont, and the US EPA’s Energy Star® label.
A popular speaker at industry conferences around the world, Ottman authored Green Marketing: Opportunity for Innovation, 2nd edition, described by the American Marketing Association as the “definitive work on the subject.” For seven years, she chaired the special Edison Awards for Environmental Achievement jury.
Her firm is the principal organizer of Design:Green, a pioneering eco-design educational initiative endorsed by the Industrial Designers Society of America. (designgreen.org)
A graduate of Smith College, Ottman also attended the NYU Graduate School of Business. She holds a certificate from the Creative Education Foundation in facilitating the Osborn Parnes Creative Problem Solving Process. Ottman is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program, and a longtime member of the o2 International Network for Sustainable Design.
Dennis Salazar
Dennis Salazar is founder and president of Salazar Packaging (salazarpackaging.com). Salazar has combined passion with over thirty years of industry experience, and has been actively sharing his insight in the area of packaging sustainability through numerous print and internet outlets, including SustainableIsGood.com, GreenBiz.com, TreeHugger.com, Package Design Magazine, and Contract Packaging magazine.
Dr. Pamela Smith
Pamela J. Smith, Ph.D., is a faculty member in the department of applied economics at the University of Minnesota. Her specializations include international economics and econometrics (statistics). (http://www.apec.umn.edu/Pamela_Smith.html) Dr. Smith is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program, and her articles have appeared in Package Design Magazine.
Dion Zuess
With over a decade of design experience in ecodesign and visual communications, Dion Zuess is a green advocate who believes designers have a unique opportunity to integrate talent, communication strategies, and social responsibility. Her studio, ecoLingo, is dedicated to green design, blending design ecology, style, and sustainability. The award–winning studio (ecolingo.com) is an approved member of Co-op America’s Green Business Network, as well as a member of 1% For The Planet, Design Can Change, The Designers Accord, and the o2 International Network for Sustainable Design.
Her work has been published in a variety of publications, including Package Design Magazine, and she is frequently invited to be a guest speaker, guest teacher, mentor, portfolio reviewer, writer, and consultant. In 2006, Zuess received an American Graphic Design Award for excellence in communication from Graphic Design: USA. In 2007, she was nominated as a candidate for a Communications Design Award as part of the prestigious Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum’s National Design Awards program. Zuess is also faculty for MCAD’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program.
When we heal the earth, we heal ourselves.
David Orr
Contributing Groups
Environmental Paper Network
Environmental Paper Network is a diverse group of over 100 nonprofit social and environmental organizations joined together to achieve the Common Vision for the Transformation of the Pulp and Paper Industry. The EPN provides information, tools, events, and strategic collaboration to advance a more socially and environmentally responsible paper industry.
Eureka Recycling
Eureka Recycling is one of the largest nonprofit recyclers in the United States and an industry leader demonstrating the best waste reduction and recycling practices not only for the Twin Cities metro area, but for the nation. For over fifteen years, Eureka Recycling has been St. Paul’s nonprofit recycler. Under a long-term contract with the city, Eureka Recycling provides recycling services to St. Paul’s homes and apartments. In addition, Eureka Recycling is a leader in waste reduction education and advocacy. (EurekaRecycling.org)
Package Design Magazine
Package Design Magazine delivers the news and information professionalss need to stay on top of the latest innovations and technology driving industry.
Sustainability is driving changes in industry to protect the earth and find efficient solutions. In addition to their monthly feature column, “Sustainability Update,” Package Design’s year-end issue is devoted to the latest sustainable materials, initiatives, processes, and advances affecting the packaging industry. (packagedesignmag.com)
Packaging Strategies
Packaging Strategies (packstrat.com) is a leading provider of unbiased insights, analysis, and perspectives on the business and technologies of packaging. Besides producing a twice-monthly newsletter read by top packaging executives in thirty-seven countries. Packaging Strategies also produces worldclass conferences, including the Sustainable Packaging Forum, the only event of its kind to earn the official endorsement of the Sustainable Packaging CoalitionSM and GreenBlueSM for four consecutive years. Packaging Strategies directs the content and publishes multi-client reports covering the gamut of packaging business, technology, and trends topics, including the Sustainability & Sustainable Packaging series, authored by Packaging & Technology Integrated Solutions. Packaging Strategies is led by David Luttenberger, CPP, an eighteen-year packaging industry veteran.
Sustainable Packaging Coalition
The Sustainable Packaging CoalitionSM (SPC) is an industry working group dedicated to creating and implementing sustainable packaging systems. Through informed design practice, supply chain collaboration, education, and innovation, the coalition strives to transform packaging into a system that encourages an economically prosperous and sustainable flow of materials, creating lasting value for present and future generations. (SustainablePackaging.org)
The Sustainable Packaging Coalition is a project of GreenBlue,SM a nonprofit, 501(c) 3 tax-exempt institute committed to sustainability by design. (GreenBlue.org)
Creative Contributors
Amelia McNamara
Illustrations
Amelia McNamara is a student at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. Since leaving a design program in the University of Cincinnati’s college of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning, she has continued to balance her left and right brains with a double major in English and mathematics. She continues to be passionately interested in graphic and lighting design.
Tom Nelson
Product photography
Tom Nelson (tnphoto.com) earned his bachelor’s degree in political science from Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. An Upper Midwest native, Nelson has traveled extensively around the world, adding to an already impressive catalog of both captured and created photographic art. Nelson is a board member and serves as the photo industry liaison for o2-USA/Upper Midwest.
Sharon Sudman
Book design
Sharon Sudman (ImageSpigot.com) has been working in graphics and packaging for over thirty years. Her award-winning work has been part of our daily lives. Currently principal of her own firm, Image Spigot, she works with commercial clients as well as nonprofit groups. Her passion is in advocacy work for peace, justice, and sustainability. She is also active with a variety of groups working to effect meaningful change.
Additional Contributions
Holly Robbins
Holly Robbins is currently a creative manager for Target Corporation. She is a graduate of the design program at the University of Wisconsin-Stout. She also studied graphic design and art metals in Hildesheim, Germany at the Fachhochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden. In 1994, Robbins, with partner John Moes, founded Studio Flux, a boutique design firm focused on ecologicall-sustainable design and quality, award-winning work. Her work has appeared in Print, American Corporate Identity, American Graphic Design Awards, How, and AIGA shows, including two AIGA national Greening of Design and five AIGA/Minnesota Green Leaf awards.
Robbins has written articles and lectured on the subject of eco-design and helped develop guidelines for designing more sustainably, including the GreenBlue SPC Design Guidelines for Sustainable Packaging and AIGA Green Leaf award criteria. She also is a representative to the Sustainable Packaging Coalition (SPC) on behalf of Target and contributes to themightyodo.com, a collaborative of creatives seeking to reconnect people to nature though design. Robbins is also a program development team member and faculty for Minneapolis College of Art and Design’s Sustainable Design Certificate Program.
John Moes
John Moes is a graphic designer and art director specializing in eco-graphic design. He is also a founding member of Organic Design Operatives (ODO), a collaborative of like-minded creatives seeking to reconnect people with Nature via design. His clients include Target Corporation and Ecoenvelopes. In 1994, Moes, along with partner Holly Robbins, co-founded Studio Flux, one of the first eco-minded graphic design firms. He has written articles on sustainable design, contributed to the AIGA Green Leaf award criteria, and created the ODO Eco-Design Toolkit specifically aimed at graphic designers. (themightyodo.com)
Moes was educated in the design program at the University of Wisconsin-Stout. He also worked an extended stint at the well-known multidisciplinary firm Design Guys, where he designed a vast array of high-visibility projects for the likes of Target, Virgin, Neenah Paper and Apple. Over the years he has received many honors for his work, including recognition from AIGA, Communication Arts, Print, How and IDSA. His work for Target was honored by the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum 2003 National Design Awards and 365 AIGA Annual Design Competition: Gold Certificate of Excellence. Moes is most proud of his awards for eco-minded design, which include two AIGA national Greening of Design awards and five AIGA/Minnesota Green Leaf awards. Beyond graphic design, Moes has an appreciation for the amazing design model of Nature, organic architecture and designing and building just about anything.
Eric Edelman: Bottle Whimsy
Also known as a ship in a bottle, this age-old folkcraft shows just how engrained in the culture some packaging forms can become.
Rendered in a variety of motifs, from the familiar ship to a fan carved from a single piece of wood, this modern example does not challenge the viewer to ponder the construction of the piece inside, but just how did the artist close that bottle?
1Taking the First Step
Wendy Jedlička, CPP
Minneapolis College of Art and DesignSustainable Design Certificate Program
With additional contributions from:
Caux Round Table, Ceres, Packaging Strategies, Sustainable Is Good
Pondering the Great Wall, 1986Photo: W. Jedlička
The longest journey begins with a single step.
Lao-tzu (c 604–531 bce)
How do market forces shape the way we live, work, and even play? What are the economic lessons that can be drawn from nature? What is natural capital and how is it spent? How can we nurture the green thumb on the invisible hand? Today’s eco-leaders understand the interplay between producer and consumer, governments and people, stockholders and stakeholders, humans and the environment, and how all of these things interconnect and direct what and how we create.
Consumption and Renewal
The concept of birth > life > death is linear. It has a beginning, a middle, and an end. We view the things we surround ourselves with as having the same linear quality. Things are made, we use them, and then toss them away. But the reality is, there is no “away.” Products and their packages have a life after we use them, as garbage (landfill or incineration) or feeder stock for new objects (recycling or reuse reclamation). When objects are reborn (recycled or reclaimed) and put back into the system again, this becomes circular consumption and thus imitates nature: making, using, and remaking without limit. Imagine an upwardly spiraling system where we not only refresh what we take and use, but restore what we’ve previously destroyed through linear consumption. To get to this level we need to start reexamining not just how we do what we do, but why we do it.
Choices, Choices, Choices
Many examples of human impact on the environment abound in both recent and ancient history. The bestknown one is the fate of the Easter Islanders. This group, it has been suggested, drove themselves to extinction by their own excesses and severe lack of planning. As we consider the choices we make each day, think about too what must have been going through the mind of the Easter Islander who cut down the last tree, leaving his people no way to build, repair, or heat their homes, build or repair boats to fish (their main food source), or even get off the island. With a simple strike of his axe he sealed their collective fate.
We must hope in our lifetime, we will not be faced with this dilemma, but every choice we make each day adds or subtracts from the resources available to us tomorrow. Bad choices are accumulating like a death by a thousand cuts. Our salvation will come in much the same way, by regular people making everyday choices.
One of the most powerful avenues for impact we have is what and how we choose to consume. What we buy reveals a lot about how we frame our own impacts. Buying a perfect red apple vs. one that is kind of blemished but just as sweet and free of chemicals needed to attain that perfection, would be a great example.
Heritage Flakes by Nature’s Path uses organic grains, and supports sustainable farming practices and biodiversity efforts. They also really understand their buyer.
Not only does the box illustrate an attractive product, plus key into potential buyers looking for more healthful choices and good taste, they also realize they needed to seal the deal by creating and talking about, their packaging reduction efforts. SAME NET WEIGHT, 10% LESS BOX is featured on the front. Finally, someone addressed one of the things that has been a nagging thorn in the consumer’s side since boxed cereal came on the scene over 100 years ago: how to fill the box and not leave such a huge space at the top. For most people, this is one of those packaged goods annoyances that just must be endured.
On the product’s side panel, Nature’s Path continues the discussion of packaging reduction by providing information regarding annual water savings (700,000 gallons), energy savings (500,000 kilowatts), and paperboard savings (about 1300 trees). These are serious and significant impacts all coming from what is in essence just a bit of air space. Now, along with information detailing nutrition and sustainable production practices, not only can the consumer make an educated decision about the food they eat, but about the impact of that choice. By connecting with the consumer on a deeper level, Nature’s Path has armed them with the information needed to know they do have a choice — and what instinctively seemed wrong, was indeed very wrong.
Nature’s Path: Right-Sized Cereal BoxSame net product weight, 10% less box. This seemingly small redesign resulted in significant energy, water, and wood resource savings.
As we look at the decisions we make with regard to design, in order to achieve more than simply making things less bad, we have to provide the mechanism for the consumer to participate in the pursuit of good.
Like Nature’s Path, we need to consider all of our design choices as part of a greater contract with society. As product producers, we’re charged with nothing less than the health and safety of our fellow beings. Nowhere was this contract more brutally illustrated than in the case of the Tylenol murders in the early 1980s, which showed how easily our distribution system can be compromised.
At the time, Johnson & Johnson, the makers of Tylenol, were distributing their product using common and completely legal packaging technology for this product category. To their credit, Johnson & Johnson responded quickly and decisively. They not only pulled all of their products immediately from the store shelves, but became very proactive in the development of tamper-evident packaging — the norm across the pharmaceutical industry today.1
As product producers, we’re charged with nothing less than the health and safety of our fellow beings.
Underconsumption
It’s odd to think of not consuming enough, but this in fact is a very real problem. Malnutrition is a form of underconsumption (not having access to enough nourishment), and so is lack of education (not taking in or being allowed access to knowledge). One might also consider lack of research and the foresight it enables a type of underconsumption (not consuming enough time to make sure what you’re going to do will be smart in the long run). There are also systematic imbalances caused by underconsumption.
Deer overpopulation and subsequent overgrazing and habitat destruction are due to too few predators to help keep herds in harmony with the area that sustains them. This is a classic example of an imbalance caused by man’s interference. The deer herd’s health and their environment’s health suffers (too many deer for a given area to support), as the deer are underconsumed because the wolves that helped keep them in healthy balance were overconsumed (hunted to near extinction).
By being aggressive about keeping forests underconsumed by small fires, as had been the standard mode of forest management for the past century, too much underbrush is allowed to build up. What had been taken care of by nature’s renewal system, quickly becomes a devastating catastrophe resulting in complete ecosystem collapse. More progressive forest managers have found that working within nature’s plan allows their areas to remain healthier, more diverse, and better able to recover after disturbances.
As we begin to look at our products and behavior with an eye to restore what we’ve been taking out of our natural systems rather than create unstable monocultures for our convenience, looking for balance becomes key. We must look at things as a system and find ways of working to maintain all elements in harmony. Yet to do this, we need to not rush to find “the” solution: one that is convenient for us at the time, but completely ignores long-term impacts.
Overconsumption
Writer Dave Tilford tackled the idea of consumption in a 2000 Sierra Club article, “Sustainable Consumption: Why Consumption Matters”:
Our cars, houses, hamburgers, televisions, sneakers, newspapers and thousands upon thousands of other consumer items come to us via chains of production that stretch around the globe. Along the length of this chain we pull raw materials from the Earth in numbers that are too big, even, to conceptualize. Tremendous volumes of natural resources are displaced and ecosystems disrupted in the uncounted extraction processes that fuel modern human existence. Constructing highways or buildings, mining for gold, drilling for oil, harvesting crops and forest products all involve reshaping natural landscapes. Some of our activities involve minor changes to the landscape. Sometimes entire mountains are moved.2
An ecological footprint is defined as the amount of productive land area required to sustain one human being. As most of our planet’s surface is either under water or inhospitable, there are only 1.9 hectares (about 4 football fields) of productive area to support each person today (grow food, supply materials, clean our waste, and so on) but our collective ecological footprint is already 2.3 hectares. This means, given the whole of the human population’s needs, we would need 1.5 Earths to live sustainably. But this assumes all resources are divided equally. The largest footprint, the biggest consumers, are US citizens, requiring 9.57 hectares each to meet their demands. This means 5 Earths would be needed if everyone in the world consumed at that rate. People in Bangladesh, on the other hand, need just 0.5 hectares, with China for the moment at 1.36 hectares.3
What will it look like in just a few decades? As China continues to prosper and grow, what will happen when their new population of 1.5 billion citizens demand their fair share of the pie? If the rest of the world continues to use the United States as the benchmark for success, we would need 25 Earths to meet that level of consumption. Something has to change. (Want to make it personal? Calculate your own footprint: footprintnetwork.org.)
Part of why the United States’ footprint is so large has to do with trade access to more than their own account’s balance of natural capital. Much of this natural capital comes from countries that have some resources but not much else from which to earn cash. These resources are quickly being sold off regardless of the long-term consequences. With such unbridled access fueling its success, North America (and the United States in particular) hasn’t yet developed the deep concern needed to use those resources efficiently. After six months, 99 percent of the resources to make the things we use are converted to waste — disposed of as finished goods, but mostly as process waste.4
How did the United States get into this position? After WWII, the chairman of President Eisenhower’s Council of Economic Advisors stated that the American economy’s ultimate goal was to produce more consumer goods. In 1955 retail analyst Victor Lebow, summed up this strategy that would become the norm for the American economic system: “Our enormously productive economy… demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert he buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption …We need things consumed, burned-up, replaced and discarded at an ever accelerating rate.”5
This is in sharp contrast to how resources and goods were viewed in preindustrial times, when moving goods around or even making them in the first place, was a really big deal. In those days, Old Country territories occupied for millennia made residents think hard about resource use. What they had around them was pretty much all there would be, so they had to figure out how to make it work. In contrast the New World was perceived as nothing but space, filled with endless vistas of trees (and a few indigenous people) in the way. Because of this seemingly limitless abundance, the New World’s detachment from the realities of resource management and the lingering idea today that resources are limitless and easily obtained, compound the high level of resources demanded per output unit to meet consumption needs. Led by the West, and the United States in particular, “Since 1950 alone, the world’s people have consumed more goods and services than the combined total of all humans who ever walked the planet before us.”6
Too many of today’s products, have been allowed to remain market viable simply because they have not had to carry their true weight — their true costs for resource impacts.
Restorative Consumption
The concept of capital (money) has been understood by civilizations since it was brought into common use thousands of years ago. How much we have and how quickly we earn it has come to be the indicator of successful effort.
As we reexamine why and how we consume — looking for ways to move in a more restorative direction — how we measure our success must also evolve.
In 2003, in the first of a series of annual conferences, Brazilian statisticians got together with the ultimate aim of coming up with a globally applicable Index of “Gross National Happiness,” a “Genuine Progress Index” (GPI). This measure was meant to eventually supersede the current global economic indicators embodied by a country’s Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).7
The 2005 conference focused on the topics of “profiling initiatives around the world that integrate sustainable and equitable economic development with environmental conservation, social and cultural cohesion, and good governance.” If all developing countries consumed like the West, we would need several Earths to satisfy that “need.” The concept of spending every dime you ever made — like using resources until they’re gone — must change, or we as a species have no hope of survival.
Author Dave Tilford highlighted some of the problems with our current economic metrics in a 2000 Sierra Club article:
In 1998, more than $100 billion was spent in the United States dealing with water, air, and noise pollution-and considered growth by the nation’s GDP. That same year, criminal activity added $28 billion to the GDP through replacement of stolen goods, purchase of home security systems, increased prison building, and other necessary responses.
By the curious standard of the GDP ... The happiest event is an earthquake or a hurricane. The most desirable habitat is a multibillion-dollar Superfund site ... It is as if a business kept a balance sheet by merely adding up all “transactions,” without distinguishing between income and expenses, or between assets and liabilities.8
The originator of the GDP (and GNP) measure, Simon Kuznets, acknowledges these indicators were not a measure of well-being but only economic activity. Expanding on this idea in her booklet Economic Vitality in a Transition to Sustainability, Neva Goodwin notes:
Qualitative improvement of goods as services determines material well-being as much or more than physical quantity of output (especially in the more developed economies).
Goodwin goes on to point out:
It is not inherent in market systems that they will orient towards social goals. It is a half-truth that market capitalism is the best economic system yet invented. The other half of the truth is that, when markets are allowed to work as though they were self-contained systems, operating within a vacuum, they become increasingly self-destructive, because they degrade the social and environmental contexts in which they exist, and upon which they are entirely dependent.9
These ideas have huge implications for packaging, the backbone of today’s free market system. Too many of today’s packages, and the consumer goods inside, have been allowed to remain market viable simply because they have not had to carry their true weight — their true costs for resource impacts, transportation impacts (greenhouse gas loads, plus fuel extraction and refinement), human health and its economic impacts, and so on.
For an industry that exists on the sheer volume of units produced, how will producers survive when people start to ask fundamental questions like, Can we each be happy without having more and more stuff? Can we create more economic activity without creating stuff (service-based vs. manufacturingbased economy)? Can the activities we value happen without owning stuff at all? Is stuff really the problem, or is it just the way we perceive and produce stuff? And, if we’re in the business of making and selling stuff, how can we key into new ways of thinking to help drive true innovation, especially when customer satisfaction is a moving target? (Want to know more? Watch Free Range Studio’s Story of Stuff at storyofstuff.com.)
Change will come not by just thinking outside the box, but by throwing the box out the window and looking at the space it left behind. Was it needed, will we miss it or some part of it? Was it done well? What impacts did it make? Was making it an investment in our future? Did it add to natural capital (resources each nation naturally possesses) — or was it simply a drawdown of our account? Is it possible to “create more good,” as systems thinking pioneer William McDonough is often heard to ask?
With maybe a few exceptions, nobody wakes up in the morning calculating how to trash the planet. Instead, our daily lives are a series of choices, each minuscule in its individual impact. But when multiplied billions of times, day after day and year after year, the impact is enormous.
Your product in its natural environment
So far what we’ve been doing is “successful” because of, or in spite of, our choices. The funny part about being successful, though, is that it can turn you into a one-trick pony, creating a huge disincentive to change. Capital investment in one production system or reliance on one material type or resource flow, as is common for capital intensive packaging businesses, locks a firm into a narrow operating model. Though the rewards are great when the timing is right, there’s no guarantee it can go on forever — be sustainable in the original sense of the word. But in the general scheme of evolution, the species that can adapt quickly are the ones that survive.
Nearly All New Products Fail
The old ways of popping out this week’s brilliant ideas and then churning them out by the gazillion despite the consequences still works great. Or does it? The store shelves are bulging with “brilliance,” each SKU fighting with their neighbor to be the lucky one to go home with the consumer. Brimming with choice, and competition, there is a generally accepted industry rule of thumb that nearly 70 to 90 percent of all new products fail. Why?
The simplest answer is that the whole selling environment is changing. Or maybe the old products aren’t as good as they could be. In addition, consumers are becoming better educated. From nutrition facts, to advocacy groups, to instant information access through the Internet the days of dumping “whatever” out there (at least in the developed world) are over. Finally, there are simply more of us, not only to sell to, but to compete with. As the days of the one-trick pony draw rapidly to a close, products must not only do everything they promise, but must offer more to cut through the noise of the competition.
This concept of offering you more is no better exemplified than in sustainable products. These products are produced to not only meet a need, but depending on the product, are; healthier, more energy efficient (save you run-time dollars), more resource efficient (meaning you can make more selling units per resource unit), and have minimal impact on the waste stream compared to their less conscientious competition — making these products in general better for both the consumer and society at large.
So why aren’t all products already sustainable?
As noted before, few people wake up devising ways to trash the planet. Our choices have become a death by a thousand cuts. Manufacturers, their creative service vendors, and the consumer all play a part in this scene, and fear is one of the key factors why change is slow to arrive: fear felt by the consumer that the unfamiliar product isn’t as good (or what they’re used to) coupled with fear of wasting their ever-stretched dollar, fear felt by the manufacturer that the consumer won’t accept the new product, and fear by the manufacturer’s creatives of being fired (losing the account) for stepping too far out of the norm.
Yet innovation is about embracing fear and using it to your advantage. Fear is good, and fear is a powerful motivator. In the PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 2002 Sustainability Survey Report, respondents indicated it was fear that not adopting green business practices would have an adverse effect on consumer perception, and so, negatively impact their market share.
In their 2007 Cause Evolution & Environmental Survey, Cone LLC (coneinc.com) a strategy and communications agency, found of the people responding:10
— 93% believe companies have a responsibility to help preserve the environment
— 91% have a more positive image of a company when it is environmentally responsible
— 85% would consider switching to another company’s products or services because of a company’s negative corporate responsibility practices
