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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
PETROLEUM REFINING With no new refineries having been built in decades, companies continue to build onto or reverse engineer and re-tool existing refineries. With so many changes in the last few years alone, books like this are very much in need. There is truly a renaissance for chemical and process engineering going on right now across multiple industries. This fifth and final volume in the "Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook" set, this book continues the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the state-of-the-art to the engineer, scientist, or student. Besides the list below, this groundbreaking new volume describes blending of products from the refinery, applying the ternary diagrams and classifications of crude oils, flash point blending, pour point blending, aniline point blending, smoke point and viscosity blending, cetane and diesel indices. The volume further reviews refinery operational cost, cost allocation of actual usage, project and economic evaluation involving cost estimation, cash flow involving return on investment, net present values, discounted cash flow rate of return, net present values, payback period, inflation and sensitivity analysis, and so on. It reviews global effects on the refining economy, carbon tax, carbon foot print, global warming potential, carbon dioxide equivalent, carbon credit, carbon offset, carbon price, and so on. It reviews sustainability in petroleum refining and alternative fuels (biofuels and so on), impact of the overall greenhouse effects, carbon capture and storage in refineries, process intensification in biodiesel, biofuel from green diesel, acid-gas removal and emerging technologies, carbon capture and storage, gas heated reformer unit, pressure swing adsorption process, steam methane reforming for fuel cells, grey, blue and green hydrogen production, new technologies for carbon capture and storage, carbon clean process design, refinery of the future, refining and petrochemical industry characteristics. The text is packed with Excel spreadsheet calculations and Honeywell UniSim Design software in some examples, and it includes an invaluable glossary of petroleum and petrochemical technical terminologies. Useful as a textbook, this is also an excellent, handy go-to reference for the veteran engineer, a volume no chemical or process engineering library should be without. Written by one of the world's foremost authorities, this book sets the standard for the industry and is an integral part of the petroleum refining renaissance. It is truly a must-have for any practicing engineer or student in this area.
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Seitenzahl: 1575
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Companion Web Page
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
23 Pressure Relieving Devices and Emergency Relief System Design
23.0 Introduction
23.1 Types of Positive Pressure Relieving Devices (See Manufacturers’ Catalogs for Design Details)
23.2 Types of Valves/Relief Devices
23.3 Materials of Construction
23.4 General Code Requirements [1]
23.5 Relief Mechanisms
23.6 Pressure Settings and Design Basis
23.7 Unfired Pressure Vessels Only, But Not Fired or Unfired Steam Boilers
23.8 Relieving Capacity of Combinations of Safety Relief Valves and Rupture Disks or Non-Reclosure Devices (Reference ASME Code, Par. UG-127, U-132)
23.9 Establishing Relieving or Set Pressures
23.10 Selection and Application
23.11 Capacity Requirements Evaluation for Process Operation (Non-Fire)
23.12 Piping Design
23.13 Selection Features: Safety, Safety-Relief Valves, and Rupture Disks
23.14 Calculations of Relieving Areas: Safety and Relief Valves
23.15 Standard Pressure Relief Valves Relief Area Discharge Openings
23.16 Sizing Safety Relief Type Devices for Required Flow Area at Time of Relief
23.17 Effects of Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Mixture on Relief Valve Capacity
23.18 Sizing for Gases or Vapors or Liquids for Conventional Valves with Constant Backpressure Only
23.19 Orifice Area Calculations [42]
23.20 Sizing Valves for Liquid Relief: Pressure-Relief Valves Requiring Capacity Certification [5D]
23.21 Sizing Valves For Liquid Relief: Pressure Relief Valves Not Requiring Capacity Certification [5D]
23.22 Reaction Forces
23.23 Calculations of Orifice Flow Area using Pressure Relieving Balanced Bellows Valves, with Variable or Constant Backpressure
23.24 Sizing Valves for Liquid Expansion (Hydraulic Expansion of Liquid Filled Systems/Equipment/Piping)
23.25 Sizing Valves for Subcritical Flow: Gas or Vapor But Not Steam [5d]
23.26 Emergency Pressure Relief: Fires and Explosions Rupture Disks
23.27 External Fires
23.28 Set Pressures for External Fires
23.29 Heat Absorbed
23.30 Surface Area Exposed to Fire
23.31 Relief Capacity for Fire Exposure
23.32 Code Requirements for External Fire Conditions
23.33 Design Procedure
23.34 Pressure Relief Valve Orifice Areas on Vessels Containing Only Gas, Unwetted Surface
23.35 Rupture Disk Sizing Design and Specification
23.36 Specifications to Manufacturer
23.37 Size Selection
23.38 Calculation of Relieving Areas: Rupture Disks for Non-Explosive Service
23.39 The Manufacturing Range (MR)
23.40 Selection of Burst Pressure for Disk, P
b
(Table 23.3)
23.41 Effects of Temperature on Disk
23.42 Rupture Disk Assembly Pressure Drop
23.43 Gases and Vapors: Rupture Disks [5a, Par, 4.8]
23.44 API for Subsonic Flow: Gas or Vapor (Not Steam)
23.45 Liquids: Rupture Disk
23.46 Sizing for Combination of Rupture Disk and Pressure Relief Valve in Series Combination
23.47 Pressure-Vacuum Relief for Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
23.48 Basic Venting For Low-Pressure Storage Vessels
23.49 Non-Refrigerated Above Ground Tanks; API-Std. 2000
23.50 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs)
23.51 Managing Runaway Reactions
23.52 Hazard Evaluation in the Chemical Process Industries
23.53 Hazard Assessment Procedures
23.54 Thermal Runaway Chemical Reaction Hazards
23.55 Two-Phase Flow Relief Sizing for Runaway Reaction
23.56 Discharge System
23.57 Sizing for Two-Phase Fluids
23.58 Flares/Flare Stacks
23.59 Compressible Flow for Discharge Piping
23.60 Vent Piping
References
24 Process Safety and Energy Management in Petroleum Refinery
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Process Safety
24.3 General Process Safety Hazards in a Refinery
24.4 Example of Process Safety Incidents and Hazards
24.5 Process Safety Hazards
24.6 Hazards Relating to Equipment Failure
24.7 Columns and Other Process Pressure Vessels and Piping
24.8 Inadequate Design and Construction
24.9 Inadequate Material of Construction Specification
24.10 Material Failures and Process Safety Prevention Programs
24.11 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
24.12 HAZAN
24.13 Fault Tree Analysis
24.14 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
24.15 The Swiss Cheese Model
24.16 Bowtie Analysis
24.17 Inherently Safer Plant Design
24.18 Energy Management in Petroleum Refinery
24.19 Benchmarking in Refinery
Glossary
Acronyms and Abbreviations
References
25 Product Blending
25.0 Introduction
25.1 Blending Processes
25.2 Ternary Diagram of Crude Oils
25.3 Reid Vapor Pressure Blending
25.4 Flash Point Blending
25.5 Alternative Methods for Determining the Blend Flash Point
25.6 Pour Point Blending
25.7 Cloud Point Blending
25.8 Aniline Point Blending
25.9 Smoke Point Blending
25.10 Viscosity Blending
25.11 Regular Gasoline
25.12 Product Blending
25.13 Viscosity Prediction From the Crude Assay
25.14 Gasoline Octane Number Blending
25.15 Other Blending Correlations
25.16 Fluidity of Residual Fuel Oils
25.17 Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal
25.18 Determination of Molecular-Type Composition
25.19 Determination of Viscosity From Viscosity/Temperature Data at Two Points
25.20 Linear Programming (LP) for Blending
25.21 Environmental Concern of Gasoline Blending
References
Bibliography
26 Cost Estimation and Economic Evaluation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Refinery Operating Cost
26.3 Capital Cost Estimation
26.4 Equipment Cost Estimations by Capacity Ratio Exponents
26.5 Yearly Cost Indices
26.6 Factored Cost Estimate
26.7 Detailed Factorial Cost Estimates
26.8 Bare Module Cost for Equipment
26.9 Summary of the Factorial Method
26.10 Computer Cost Estimating
26.11 Project Evaluation
26.12 Cash Flows
26.13 Refining Economics
26.14 Global Effects on Refining Economy
26.15 Economic Terminologies on Sustainability
References
Bibliography
27 Sustainability in Engineering, Petroleum Refining and Alternative Fuels
27.0 Introduction
27.1 Impacts on the Overall Greenhouse Effect
27.2 Carbon Capture and Storage in Refineries
27.3 Sustainability in the Refinery Industries
27.4 Sustainability in Engineering Design Principles
27.5 Alternative Fuels (Biofuels)
27.6 Process Intensification (PI) in Biodiesel
27.7 Biofuel from Green Diesel
27.8 Fast Pyrolysis
27.9 Acid Gas Removal
27.10 Alkaline Salt Process (Hot Carbonate)
27.11 Ionic Liquids
27.12 Advanced Modeling
27.13 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
27.14 Risk Management
27.15 The Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE, U.K.) Position on Climate Change
27.16 Oil & Gas and Petrochemical Companies with Zero Carbon Emissions Targets by 2050
27.17 Offshore Petroleum Regulator for Environment and Decommissioning (OPRED), UK
27.18 Gas Heated Reformer (GHR)
27.19 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
27.20 Distribution and Storage
27.21 Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) for Fuel Cells
27.22 New Technologies of Carbon Capture Storage
27.23 Carbon Clean Process Design (CC)
27.24 Electrochemically Mediated Amine Regeneration (EMAR)
27.25 Refinery of the Future
27.26 The Crude Oil to Chemical Strategy (COC)
27.27 Available Crude to Chemicals Processing Routes
27.28 Chemical Looping
27.29 Conclusions
Glossary
References
Bibliography
Appendix D
Glossary of Petroleum and Petrochemical Technical Terminologies
About the Author
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Companion Web Page
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Begin Reading
Appendix D
Glossary of Petroleum and Petrochemical Technical Terminologies
About the Author
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
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