Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook, Volume 1 E-Book

A. Kayode Coker

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1303

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering, and it is crucial for today's scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators to stay current. With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their capital re-tooling and adding on to existing plants. Refineries are like small cities, today, as they grow bigger and bigger and more and more complex. A huge percentage of a refinery can be changed, literally, from year to year, to account for the type of crude being refined or to integrate new equipment or processes. This book is the most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the most significant and recent changes to petroleum refining, presenting the state-of-the-art to the engineer, scientist, or student. Useful as a textbook, this is also an excellent, handy go-to reference for the veteran engineer, a volume no chemical or process engineering library should be without. Written by one of the world's foremost authorities, this book sets the standard for the industry and is an integral part of the petroleum refining renaissance. It is truly a must-have for any practicing engineer or student in this area.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Chapter 1: Introduction

References

Chapter 2: Composition of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products

2.1 Hydrocarbons

2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2.3 Heteroatomic Organic Compounds

2.4 Thiols

2.5 Oxygen Compounds

2.6 Nitrogen Compounds

2.7 Resins and Asphaltenes

2.8 Salts

2.9 Carbon Dioxide

2.10 Metallic Compounds

2.11 Products Composition

References

Chapter 3: Characterization of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Crude Oil Assay Data

3.3 Crude Cutting Analysis

3.4 Crude Oil Blending

3.5 Laboratory Testing of Crude Oils

3.6 Octanes

3.7 Cetanes

3.8 Diesel Index

3.9 Determination of the Lower Heating Value of Petroleum Fractions

3.10 Aniline Point Blending

3.11 Correlation Index (CI)

3.12 Chromatographically Simulated Distillations

References

Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Fractions

4.1 K-Factor Hydrocarbon Equilibrium Charts

4.2 Non-Ideal Systems

4.3 Vapor Pressure

4.4 Viscosity

4.5 Refractive Index

4.6 Liquid Density

4.7 Molecular Weight

4.8 Molecular Type Composition

4.9 Critical Temperature, T

c

4.10 Critical Pressure, P

c

4.11 Pseudo-Critical Constants and Acentric Factors

4.12 Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions

4.13 Compressibility Z Factor of Natural Gases

4.14 Simulation Thermodynamic Software Programs

References

Chapter 5: Process Descriptions of Refinery Processes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Refinery and Distillation Processes

5.3 Process Description of the Crude Distillation Unit

5.4 Process Variables in the Design of Crude Distillation Column

5.5 Process Simulation

5.6 Process Description of Light Arabian Crude Using UniSim

®

Simulation Software [12]

5.7 Troubleshooting Actual Columns

5.8 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations

References

Chapter 6: Thermal Cracking Processes

6.1 Process Description

6.2 Steam Jet Ejector

6.3 Pressure Survey in a Vacuum Column

6.4 Simulation of Vacuum Distillation Unit

6.5 Coking

6.6 Fluid Coking

6.7 Fractionator Overhead System

6.8 Coke Drum Operations

6.9 Hydraulic Jet Decoking

6.10 Uses of Petroleum Coke

6.11 Use of Gasification

6.12 Sponge Coke

6.13 Safety and Environmental Considerations

6.14 Simulation/Calculations

6.15 Visbreaking

6.16 Process Simulation

6.17 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations

References

Chapter 7: Hydroprocessing

7.1 Catalytic Conversion Processes

7.2 Feed Specifications

7.3 Feed Boiling Range

7.4 Catalyst

7.5 Poor Gas Distribution

7.6 Poor Mixing of Reactants

7.7 The Mechanism of Hydrocracking

7.8 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrocracking

7.9 Process Design, Rating and Performance

7.10 Increased ΔΡ

7.11 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

7.12 Measurement of Performance

7.13 Catalyst-Bed Temperature Profiles

7.14 Factors Affecting Hydrocracking Process Operation

7.15 Hydrocracking Correlations

7.16 Hydrocracker Fractionating Unit

7.17 Operating Variables

7.18 Hydrotreating Process

7.19 Thermodynamics of Hydrotreating

7.20 Reaction Kinetics

7.21 Naphtha Hydrotreating

7.22 Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization

7.23 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations

References

Chapter 8: Catalytic Cracking

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking

8.3 Modes of Fluidization

8.4 Cracking Reactions

8.5 Thermodynamics of FCC

8.6 Process Design Variables

8.7 Material and Energy Balances

8.8 Heat Recovery

8.9 FCC Yield Correlations

8.10 Estimating Potential Yields of FCC Feed

8.11 Pollution Control

8.12 New Technology

8.13 Refining/Petrochemical Integration

8.14 Metallurgy

8.15 Troubleshooting for Fluidized Catalyst Cracking Units

8.16 Health, Safety and Environment Considerations

8.17 Licensors’ Correlations

8.18 Simulation and Modeling Strategy

References

Chapter 9: Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Catalytic Reforming

9.3 Feed Characterization

9.4 Catalytic Reforming Processes

9.5 Operations of the Reformer Process

9.6 Catalytic Reformer Reactors

9.7 Material Balance in Reforming

9.8 Reactions

9.9 Hydrocracking Reactions

9.10 Reforming Catalyst

9.11 Coke Deposition

9.12 Thermodynamics

9.13 Kinetic Models

9.14 The Reactor Model

9.15 Modeling of Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Process

9.16 Isomerization

9.17 Sulfolane Extraction Process

9.18 Aromatic Complex

9.19 Hydrodealkylation Process

References

Chapter 10: Alkylation and Polymerization Processes

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Chemistry of Alkylation

10.3 Catalysts

10.4 Process Variables

10.5 Alkylation Feedstocks

10.6 Alkylation Products

10.7 Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Process

10.8 HF Alkylation

10.9 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Alkylation

10.10 Polymerization

10.11 HF and H

2

SO

4

Mitigating Releases

10.12 Corrosion Problems

10.13 A New Technology of Alkylation Process Using Ionic Liquid

10.14 Chevron – Honeywell UOP Ionic liquid Alkylation

10.15 Chemical Release and Flash Fire: A Case Study of the Alkylation Unit at the Delaware City Refining Company (DCRC) Involving Equipment Maintenance Incident.

References

Chapter 11: Hydrogen Production and Purification

11.1 Hydrogen Requirements in a Refinery

11.2 Process Chemistry

11.3 High-Temperature Shift Conversion

11.4 Low-Temperature Shift Conversion

11.5 Gas Purification

11.6 Purification of Hydrogen Product

11.7 Hydrogen Distribution System

11.8 Off-Gas Hydrogen Recovery

11.9 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Unit

11.10 Refinery Hydrogen Management

11.11 Hydrogen Pinch Studies

References

Chapter 12: Gas Processing and Acid Gas Removal

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Diesel Hydrodesulfurization (DHDS)

12.3 Hydrotreating Reactions

12.4 Gas Processing

12.5 Sulfur Management

12.6 Physical Solvent Gas Processes

12.7 Carbonate Process

12.8 Solution Batch Process

12.9 Process Description of Gas Processing using UniSim

®

Simulation

12.10 Gas Dryer (Dehydration) Design

12.11 Kremser-Brown-Sherwood Method-No Heat of Absorption [14]

12.12 Absorption: Edmister Method

12.13 Gas Treating Troubleshooting

12.14 Cause – Loss of Glycol Out of Still Column

12.15 The ADIP Process

12.16 Sour Water Stripping Process

References

Glossary of Petroleum and Technical Terminology

Appendix A: Equilibrium K values

Appendix B: Analytical Techniques

B.1 Useful Integrals

B.2 General and Trigonometric Functions

B.3 Liebnitz’s Rule – Higher Derivatives of Products

B.4 Definition of a Derivative

B.5 Product Rule

B.6 Quotient Rule

B.7 Chain Rule

B.8 Exponential / Logarithmic Functions

B.9 Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s Theorems

B.10 Differential Equations

B.11 Linear Equations

B.12 Exact Differential Equation

B.13 Homogeneous Second Order Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients

B.14 Table Of Laplace Transform

B.15 CUBIC EQUATIONS

Appendix C: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Major Hydrocarbons

Appendix D: A List of Engineering Process Flow Diagrams and Process Data Sheets

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Pages

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

xix

xx

xxi

xxii

xxiii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626