Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack E-Book

Dale Walters

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 478

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Despite the research effort put into controlling pathogens, pests and parasitic plants, crop losses are still a regular feature of agriculture worldwide. This makes it important to manage the crop appropriately in order to maximise yield. Understanding the relationship between the occurrence and severity of attack, and the resulting yield loss, is an important step towards improved crop protection. Linked to this, is the need to better understand the mechanisms responsible for reductions in growth and yield in affected crops.

Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack is unique because it deals with the effects of different attackers – pathogens, herbivores, and parasitic plants, on host processes involved in growth, reproduction, and yield. Coverage includes effects on photosynthesis, partitioning of carbohydrates, water and nutrient relations, and changes in plant growth hormones. Far from being simply a consequence of attack, the alterations in primary metabolism reflect a more dynamic and complex interaction between plant and attacker, sometimes involving re-programming of plant metabolism by the attacker.

Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack is written and designed for use by senior undergraduates and postgraduates studying agricultural sciences, applied entomology, crop protection, plant pathology and plant sciences. Biological and agricultural research scientists in the agrochemical and crop protection industries, and in academia, will find much of use in this book. All libraries in universities and research establishments where biological and agricultural sciences are studied and taught should have copies of this exciting book on their shelves

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: The Interaction Between a Plant and Its Attacker

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Different types of attacker

1.3 Symptoms exhibited by plants following attack

1.4 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 2: Growth, Development and Yield of Infected and Infested Plants and Crops

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Effects of pathogens on growth, development and yield

2.3 Effects of nematodes on growth, development and yield

2.4 Effects of herbivores on growth, development and yield

2.5 Effects of parasitic plants on growth, development and yield

2.6 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 3: Photosynthesis in Attacked Plants and Crops

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Photosynthesis in diseased plants

3.3 Photosynthesis in plants infected with nematodes

3.4 Photosynthesis in plants infested with insects

3.5 Photosynthesis in plants infected with parasitic plants

3.6 The caring robber? hardly!

3.7 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 4: Respiration in Plants Interacting with Pathogens, Pests and Parasitic Plants

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Effects of attack on respiration

4.3 Photorespiration in attacked plants

4.4 Conclusion

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 5: Effects on Carbohydrate Partitioning and Metabolism

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Carbohydrate partitioning and metabolism in plants infected by pathogens

5.3 Carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in plant–insect herbivore interactions

5.4 Carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in interactions between plants and parasitic angiosperms

5.5 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 6: Water Relations of Plants Attacked by Pathogens, Insect Herbivores and Parasitic Plants

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Effects of pathogens on plant water relations

6.3 Effects of nematodes on plant water relations

6.4 Water relations in plants infested with insect herbivores

6.5 Effects of parasitic angiosperms

6.6 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 7: Mineral Nutrition in Attacked Plants

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Mineral nutrition in plant–pathogen interactions

7.3 Mineral nutrition in plant–nematode interactions

7.4 Mineral nutrition in plant–insect interactions

7.5 Mineral nutrition in interactions between plants and parasitic angiosperms

7.6 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 8: Hormonal Changes in Plants Under Attack

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Hormonal changes in plants responding to pathogens

8.3 Hormonal changes in plants responding to insect attack

8.4 Hormonal changes in plants infected with parasitic plants

8.5 Conclusions

Recommended reading

References

Chapter 9: Bringing It Together: Physiology and Metabolism of the Attacked Plant

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Metabolic reprogramming in plant–pathogen interactions

9.3 Metabolic reprogramming in interactions between plant and parasitic nematodes

9.4 Metabolic reprogramming in plant–insect interactions

9.5 Metabolic reprogramming in interactions between plants and parasitic angiosperms

9.6 Metabolic reprogramming – is the plant just a bystander in compatible interactions?

9.7 Plant responses to attack – a look to the future

Recommended reading

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1A

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2A

Figure 2.7

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4A

Figure 4B

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

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Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

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Figure 7.17

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 2.1

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Physiological Responses of Plants to Attack

Dale R. Walters

Crop & Soil Systems Research Group

SRUC

Edinburgh, UK

This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by Dale R. Walters

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Walters, Dale, author.

Physiological responses of plants to attack / Dale R. Walters.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4443-3329-9 (pbk.)

1. Plant-pathogen relationships. 2. Plant physiology. I. Title.

SB732.7.W35 2015

632—dc23

2014041920

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image by Archie Graham

To Beverley

Preface

The continued existence of plants is remarkable given the huge range of organisms that uses them as a source of nourishment. The fact that plants survive in the face of continual onslaught from attackers is testimony to their defensive abilities and their ability to cope with damage inflicted during attacks. Understanding the changes that occur in plants under attack is important in attempts to produce crops better able to withstand the ravages of pathogens and pests. Feeding an ever-increasing human population requires not only efficient crop production, but also the ability to protect crops, allowing them to realise their yield potential. In the study of crop protection, plant defence has attracted most attention from researchers. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that understanding the metabolism and physiology of interactions between plants and their attackers is important, not least because of the connections between plant defence and primary metabolism. The interaction between a plant and an attacker is dynamic, and, for example, in an incompatible interaction, host defence is financed by primary metabolism, and often, effective resistance is associated with a cost in terms of plant growth. In compatible interactions, despite the fact that attackers are able to manipulate host metabolism for their own benefit, the host plant is still able to alter metabolic processes to make life difficult for the invader.

We are beginning to understand interactions of plants with the biotic environment at a level of detail that was difficult to imagine when I was an undergraduate student at Wye College in the mid-1970s. My interest in what was then called ‘physiological plant pathology’ started at Wye, but it was my move to Lancaster for postgraduate work that cemented my interest in plant disease physiology. I was very fortunate to be supervised for my PhD by Peter Ayres whose gentle approach to supervision and enthusiasm for physiological plant pathology made my time at Lancaster very happy. Over the years, I have been very fortunate to be able to discuss ideas with various colleagues, especially Nigel Paul, Ian Bingham and Adrian Newton. I am most grateful to Nigel Balmforth, who has always been supportive of my ideas for books and has shown considerable patience when I've asked for deadline extensions. Finally, I owe a huge debt of gratitude to Beverley for not only encouraging me in my book-writing activities, but also putting up with my grumpiness when the writing is not going well.

I have taught modules on the physiological responses of plants to pathogens since 1982, and over the years, this has developed to include physiological responses to pests and parasitic plants. It appears logical to me to study plant responses to different attackers in the same module, and in the absence of a single text adopting this approach, I decided to write one. It took me longer than expected, and there were times I thought I'd taken on too big a task, but the more I delved into the literature, the more fascinated I became. I hope this fascination comes through in the following chapters.

Dale R. WaltersSRUCEdinburgh, UK

Chapter 1The Interaction Between a Plant and Its Attacker

1.1 Introduction

Plants are the only higher organisms on the planet capable of converting energy from the Sun into chemical forms of energy that can be stored or used (Agrios, 2005). Not surprisingly therefore, plants are a source of food for a great many organisms. Indeed, directly or indirectly, plants are a source of nourishment for all humans and animals. Although plants have evolved a bewildering array of defences with which to ward off attack (Walters, 2011), many plants succumb to attack and suffer damage and disease as a result. This, in turn, can affect the growth and reproductive output of the plant, which can exert a significant effect on competitive ability and survival. In terms of crop production, damage and disease can affect the yield and quality of produce, with economic consequences to the farmer or grower. In this book, we examine the mechanisms responsible for the changes in plant growth, development and yield following attack by various organisms. Such knowledge is important because it can be useful in our attempts to protect crops from attack, as well as helping them to cope with the consequences of attack.

Plants that are attacked are likely to show visible signs of the encounter and the resulting after effects. Symptoms can be useful, not only in identifying an affected plant, but also in hinting at the cause of the problem and even the nature of the attacker. We look at symptoms in some detail later in this chapter, but let us turn our attention first to the attackers, because the nature of the attacker and the way it obtains food from the plant can exert a profound influence on the way the plant responds and the symptoms we observe.