Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development E-Book

Moe Toghraei

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1125

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

An essential guide for developing and interpreting piping and instrumentation drawings Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development is an important resource that offers the fundamental information needed for designers of process plants as well as a guide for other interested professionals. The author offers a proven, systemic approach to present the concepts of P&ID development which previously were deemed to be graspable only during practicing and not through training. This comprehensive text offers the information needed in order to create P&ID for a variety of chemical industries such as: oil and gas industries; water and wastewater treatment industries; and food industries. The author outlines the basic development rules of piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) and describes in detail the three main components of a process plant: equipment and other process items, control system, and utility system. Each step of the way, the text explores the skills needed to excel at P&ID, includes a wealth of illustrative examples, and describes the most effective practices. This vital resource: * Offers a comprehensive resource that outlines a step-by-step guide for developing piping and instrumentation diagrams * Includes helpful learning objectives and problem sets that are based on real-life examples * Provides a wide range of original engineering flow drawing (P&ID) samples * Includes PDF's that contain notes explaining the reason for each piece on a P&ID and additional samples to help the reader create their own P&IDs Written for chemical engineers, mechanical engineers and other technical practitioners, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development reveals the fundamental steps needed for creating accurate blueprints that are the key elements for the design, operation, and maintenance of process industries.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Preface

Acknowledgement

About the Companion Website

Part I: Fundamentals of P&ID Development

1 What Is P&ID

1.1 Why Is P&ID Important?

1.2 What Is a P&ID?

1.3 P&ID Media

1.4 P&ID Development Activity

2 Management of P&ID Development

2.1 Project of Developing P&IDs

2.2 P&ID Milestones

2.3 Involved Parties in P&ID Development

2.4 P&ID Set Owner

2.5 Required Quality of the P&ID in Each Stage of Development

2.6 P&ID Evolution

2.7 Tracking Changes in P&IDs

2.8 Required Man‐Hours for the Development of P&IDs

3 Anatomy of a P&ID Sheet

3.1 Title Block

3.2 Ownership Block

3.3 Reference Drawing Block

3.4 Revision Block

3.5 Comments Block

3.6 Main Body of a P&ID

4 General Rules in Drawing of P&IDs

4.1 Items on P&IDs

4.2 How to Show Them: Visual Rules

4.3 Item Identifiers in P&IDs

4.4 Different Types of P&IDs

4.5 A Set of P&IDs

4.6 P&IDs Prepared in Engineering Companies Compared to Manufacturing or Fabricating Companies

4.7 Dealing with Vendor or Licensor P&IDs

5 Principles of P&ID Development

5.1 Plant Stakeholders

5.2 The Hierarchy of P&ID Development Rules

5.3 Plant Operations

5.4 What Should a P&ID Address?

5.5 Conflicting Check and Merging Opportunities Check

5.6 Dealing with Common Challenges in P&ID Development

5.7 Example: Development of P&ID of a Typical Pump

Part II: Pipes and Equipment

6 Pipes

6.1 Fluid Conductors: Pipes, Tubes, and Ducts

6.2 Pipe Identifiers

6.3 Pipe Tag Anatomy

6.4 Pipes Crossing “Borders”

6.5 Goal of Piping

6.6 Piping Arrangements

6.7 Pipe Route

6.8 Piping Movement

6.9 Dealing with Unwanted Two‐Phase Flow in Pipes

6.10 Tubes

6.11 Double–Wall Pipes

6.12 Pipes for Special Arrangements

6.13 Pipe Size Rule of Thumbs

6.14 Pipe Appurtenances

6.15 Other Approach about Piping

6.16 “Merging” Pipes

6.17 Wrapping–Up: Addressing Requirements of Pipe during the Life Span

6.18 Transferring Bulk Solid Materials

Reference

7 Manual Valves and Automatic Valves

7.1 Valve Naming

7.2 Valve Functions

7.3 Valve Structure

7.4 Classification of Valves

7.5 Valve Operators

7.6 Different Types of Actuators

7.7 Basis of Operation for Automatic Valves

7.8 Tagging Automatic Valves

7.9 Tagging Manual Valves

7.10 Valve Positions

7.11 Valve Arrangement

7.12 Control Valves and RO Combinations

7.13 Operating in the Absence of Valves

7.14 Valves in Role of Unit Operation

7.15 Special Valves

7.16 Valve Combinations

7.17 End of Valve Arrangements

7.18 Valve Sizing Rule of Thumbs

7.19 Merging Valves

7.20 Wrapping Up: Addressing Requirements of Valve During the Life Span

References

8 Provisions for Ease of Maintenance

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Different Types of Equipment Care

8.3 In‐place In‐line Equipment Care

8.4 In‐place Off‐line Equipment Care

8.5 In‐workshop Off‐line Equipment Care

8.6 Preparing Equipment for Off‐line Care

8.7 Isolation

8.8 Bringing the Equipment to a Non‐harmful Condition

8.9 Cleaning

8.10 Ultimate Destination of Dirty Fluids

8.11 Making Equipment Easy to Remove

8.12 Wrap‐up

9 Containers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Selection of Containers

9.3 Containers Purposes

9.4 Transferring Fluids Between Containers

9.5 Container Positions

9.6 Container Shapes

9.7 Container Identifiers

9.8 Levels in Non‐flooded Liquid Containers

9.9 Container Nozzles

9.10 Overflow Nozzles

9.11 Breathing of Non‐flooded Containers

9.12 Blanketed Tanks

9.13 Heating (or Cooling) in Containers

9.14 Mixing in Containers

9.15 Container Internals

9.16 Tank Roofs

9.17 Tank Floors

9.18 Container Arrangement

9.19 Merging Containers

9.20 Secondary Containment

9.21 Underground Storage Tanks

9.22 Sumps

9.23 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of the Container During its Lifespan

10 Pumps and Compressors

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Fluid Mover Roles

10.3 Types of Fluid Movers

10.4 A Brief Discussion on the Function of Fluid Movers in a System

10.5 Fluid Mover Identifiers

10.6 Liquid Movers: Dynamic Pumps

10.7 Liquid Movers: PD Pumps

10.8 Gas Movers: Fans, Blowers, Compressors

10.9 Wrapping‐up: Addressing Requirements of Fluid Movers During the Life Span

Reference

11 Heat Transfer Units

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Main Types of Heat Transfer Units

11.3 Different Types of Heat Exchangers and Their Selection

11.4 Different Types of Heat Transfer Fluids and Their Selection

11.5 Heat Exchangers: General Naming

11.6 Heat Exchanger Identifiers

11.7 Heat Exchanger P&ID

11.8 Heat Exchanger Arrangement

11.9 Aerial Coolers

11.10 Merging Heat Exchangers

11.11 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of a Heat Exchanger During its Life Span

11.12 Fired Heaters and Furnaces

11.13 Fire Heater Arrangement

11.14 Merging Fired Heaters

11.15 Wrapping‐up: Addressing the Requirements of Fired Heaters During their Lifespan

12 Pressure Relief Devices

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Why Pressure Is So Important?

12.3 Dealing with Abnormal Pressures

12.4 Safety Relief System

12.5 What Is an “Enclosure,” and Which “Side” Should Be Protected?

12.6 Regulatory Issues Involved in PRVs

12.7 PRD Structure

12.8 Six Steps to Providing a Protective Layer

12.9 Locating PRDs

12.10 Positioning PRDs

12.11 Specifying the PRD

12.12 Selecting the Right Type of PRD

12.13 PRD Identifiers

12.14 Selecting the Right Type of PRD Arrangement

12.15 Deciding on an Emergency Release Collecting Network

12.16 Deciding on a Disposal System

12.17 Protecting Atmospheric Containers

12.18 Merging PRDs

12.19 Wrapping‐Up: Addressing the Requirements of PRDs During their Lifespan

Part III: Instrumentation and Control System

13 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Control

13.1 What Is Process Control?

13.2 Components of Process Control Against Violating Parameters

13.3 Parameters Versus Steering/Protecting Components

13.4 How Many Steering Loops Are Needed?

13.5 ICSS System Technology

13.6 ICSS Elements

13.7 Basic Process Control System (BPCS)

13.8 Instruments on P&IDs

13.9 Instrument Identifiers

13.10 Signals: Communication Between Instruments

13.11 Different Instrument Elements

13.12 Simple Control Loops

13.13 Position of Sensor Regarding Control Valves

14 Application of Control Architectures

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Control System Design

14.3 Selecting the Parameter to Control

14.4 Identifying the Manipulated Stream

14.5 Determining the Set Point

14.6 Building a Control Loop

14.7 Multi‐Loop Control Architectures

14.8 Feedforward Plus Feedback Control

14.9 Monitoring Parameters

15 Plant Process Control

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Plant‐Wide Control

15.3 Heat and Mass Balance Control

15.4 Surge Control

15.5 Equipment Control

15.6 Pipe Control System

15.7 Fluid Mover Control System

15.8 Heat Transfer Equipment Control

15.9 Container Control System

15.10 Blanket Gas Control Systems

Reference

16 Plant Interlocks and Alarms

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Safety Strategies

16.3 Concept of a SIS

16.4 SIS Actions and SIS Types

16.5 SIS Extent

16.6 Deciding on the Required SIS

16.7 The Anatomy of a SIS

16.8 Showing Safety Instrumented Functions on P&IDs

16.9 Discrete Control

16.10 Alarm System

16.11 Fire and Gas Detection System (FGS)

16.12 Electric Motor Control

Part IV: Utilities

17 Utilities

17.1 Utility System Components

17.2 Developing P&IDs for Utility Systems

17.3 Different Utilities in Plants

17.4 Air as a Utility in Process Plants

17.5 Water as a Utility in Process Plants

17.6 Heat Transfer Media

17.7 Condensate Collection Network

17.8 Fuel as Utility

17.9 Inert Gas

17.10 Vapor Collection Network

17.11 Emergency Vapor/Gas Release Collection Network

17.12 Fire Water

17.13 Surface Drainage Collection Network or Sewer System

17.14 Utility Circuits

17.15 Connection Between Distribution and Collecting Networks

Part V: Additional Information and General Procedure

18 Ancillary Systems and Additional Considerations

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Safety Issues

18.3 Dealing with Environment

18.4 Utility Stations

18.5 Off‐Line Monitoring Programs

18.6 Corrosion Monitoring Program

18.7 Impact of the Plant Model on the P&ID

18.8 Design Pressure and Temperature Considerations

19 General Procedures

19.1 Introduction

19.2 General Procedure for P&ID Development

19.3 P&ID Reviewing and Checking

19.4 Methods of P&ID Reviewing and Checking

19.5 Required Quality of P&IDs at Each Stage of Development

20 Examples

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 PFD symbols compared with P&ID symbols.

Table 1.2 A PFD callout compared with a P&ID equipment callout.

Table 1.3 Comparing the differing traits of the PFD and the P&ID.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Change markups on P&IDs.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Typical design notes.

Table 3.2 Typical operator notes.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Items by different groups on P&ID.

Table 4.2 Analogy between a man identifier and a P&ID components identifiers.

Table 4.3 Source of information for elements' identifiers.

Table 4.4 Location of different identifiers for different P&ID items.

Table 4.5 Type of technical information for different items.

Table 4.6 Examples of sparing philosophies.

Table 4.7 Different services of network P&IDs.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 The features of main operation bands.

Table 5.2 Parameter matrix for a typical warm lime softener.

Table 5.3 Temperature levels.

Table 5.4 Arbitrary required values of flexibility parameters.

Table 5.5 Turndown ratio of some selected equipment.

Table 5.6 Utility surge container to provide turndown ratio.

Table 5.7 Turndown ratio of selected instruments.

Table 5.8 Options for dealing with a low‐efficiency operation.

Table 5.9 Some typical values of MTBF and MTTR for three items.

Table 5.10 Options for dealing with lack of a component.

Table 5.11 Development of a centrifugal pump P&ID.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Different fluid conductors.

Table 6.2 Symbol for fluid conductors.

Table 6.3 Two examples of pipes that may not assigned pipe tags.

Table 6.4 Commodity acronyms and their meaning.

Table 6.5 Three reasons for spec break.

Table 6.6 Concept of a pipe spec break extension.

Table 6.7 Applications of different types of strainers for protection.

Table 6.8 Rule of thumb for selecting three‐way connections.

Table 6.9 Different methods of connecting pipes end to end.

Table 6.10 Different methods of ending pipes.

Table 6.11 Finding better items for replacing other items.

Table 6.12 Bulk solid transfer methods.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Valve action vs. the number of ports.

Table 7.2 Features of throttling vs. blocking valves.

Table 7.3 Non‐exhaustive list of valves.

Table 7.4 Valve symbols on P&IDs.

Table 7.5 P&ID symbol for three‐way and four‐way valves.

Table 7.6 Different types of three‐way valves.

Table 7.7 Different types of four‐way valves.

Table 7.8 Different types of actuators.

Table 7.9 Two main types of valves and their tagging.

Table 7.10 Regular and failure position of valves.

Table 7.11 Regular position of blocking valves.

Table 7.12 Failure position of automatic valves.

Table 7.13 Failure reasons of different actuators.

Table 7.14 Failure case acronyms regarding different types of driver loss.

Table 7.15 Automatic valves on P&IDs.

Table 7.16 Explanation of two poppet valves.

Table 7.17 P&ID symbol for connecting valves.

Table 7.18 P&ID symbol for check valves.

Table 7.19 P&ID symbol for regulators.

Table 7.20 Different groups of safety‐related valves.

Table 7.21 P&ID symbol of some valve combinations.

Table 7.22 Arrangements of valves in end of pipes.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Different types of equipment care.

Table 8.2 Different types of isolation.

Table 8.3 Features of different types of blinds.

Table 8.4 Sequence of isolating for different positions of blind.

Table 8.5 Actions needed to bring the process parameters into the safe range.

Table 8.6 Approximate drain sizes required for voluminous equipment.

Table 8.7 Features of different cleaning/purging methods.

Table 8.8 Requirements of roddability and piggability.

Table 8.9 Ultimate destination of dirty fluids.

Table 8.10 Examples of “removal spools.”

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Different types of process material storage/holding.

Table 9.2 Advantages and disadvantages of above ground and underground container...

Table 9.3 Features of different container shapes.

Table 9.4 Open top versus fully enclosed containers.

Table 9.5 P&ID symbols of different containers.

Table 9.6 Duties of nozzles.

Table 9.7 Nozzle locations for tanks.

Table 9.8 Nozzle locations for tanks.

Table 9.9 Size of nozzles.

Table 9.10 Concepts of container breathing.

Table 9.11 Different types of free vents.

Table 9.12 Concept of secondary containment in containers and pipes.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 The varied traits of liquid versus gas movers.

Table 10.2 Comparison of different fluid movers.

Table 10.3 Comparison of fluid movers and their differing definitions of rated d...

Table 10.4 Demonstration of the pump/compressor operating curve in differing typ...

Table 10.5 Continuation of the demonstration of the pump/compressor operating cu...

Table 10.6 Fluid mover P&ID symbols.

Table 10.7 Relationship between NPSH

A

and NPSH

R

.

Table 10.8 Solution for the issue of NPSH

A

being too close to NPSH

R

.

Table 10.9 Rules of thumb for the selection of liquid movers.

Table 10.10 Minimum flow in centrifugal pumps and compressors.

Table 10.11 Summary of various gas movers.

Table 10.12 Fluid mover auxiliary systems.

Table 10.13 Rules of thumb for the selection of gas movers.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Rule of thumbs for selecting heat exchanger types.

Table 11.2 Terminology of twin enclosures in heat exchangers.

Table 11.3 Utility stream choices for cooling.

Table 11.4 Utility stream choices for heating.

Table 11.5 PFD symbols for heat exchanger types.

Table 11.6 P&ID symbols for heat exchanger types.

Table 11.7 Different arrangements of heat exchangers in series and in parallel.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Passive and active solutions.

Table 12.2 Application of passive and active solutions.

Table 12.3 Two types of pressure in enclosures.

Table 12.4 Requirements for installing a relief device.

Table 12.5 Codes versus standards.

Table 12.6 Examples of codes and standards.

Table 12.7 Codes in the pressure relief device industry.

Table 12.8 Requirements of a PRD connecting pipe.

Table 12.9 PRD sizes.

Table 12.10 Different types of rupture disks.

Table 12.11 P&ID symbols for different relieving devices.

Table 12.12 Ultimate destination.

Table 12.13 Four components of pressure issues in tanks.

Table 12.14 Two types of pressure in enclosures.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Manual versus automatic control.

Table 13.2 Control system “carriers.”

Table 13.3 Example of control system symbology.

Table 13.4 Control system elements.

Table 13.5 Instrument identifiers.

Table 13.6 Examples of instrument acronyms.

Table 13.7 Divider types.

Table 13.8 Types of instrument symbols.

Table 13.9 Instrument symbology.

Table 13.10 Types of signals.

Table 13.11 Signal math functions.

Table 13.12 Signal selectors.

Table 13.13 Gauges.

Table 13.14 Sensors.

Table 13.15 Gauge points.

Table 13.16 Temperature sensors.

Table 13.17 Pressure sensors.

Table 13.18 Level sensors.

Table 13.19 Full flow conductor flow sensors.

Table 13.20 Partial‐flow conductor flow sensors.

Table 13.21 Application of pressure control loops.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Sensor location.

Table 14.2 Set point application.

Table 14.3 Two ways of handling hunger.

Table 14.4 Feedback versus feedforward control.

Table 14.5 Schematic of feedback versus feedforward control.

Table 14.6 Override versus selective control.

Table 14.7 Action points for override and limit control.

Table 14.8 High versus low operators.

Table 14.9 Process cases that call for the application of override control.

Table 14.10 Types of split range control.

Table 14.11 Process cases that call for the application of split‐ or parallel‐ra...

Table 14.12 Deciding on the type of monitoring.

Table 14.13 Guidelines for deciding on monitoring type.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Plant hydraulic control.

Table 15.2 Disturbance control of different fluids.

Table 15.3 Container roles in process plants.

Table 15.4 Parameter of the main purpose for different equipment.

Table 15.5 Example of the minimum flow requirement for pumps.

Table 15.6 Parameters for “operating window” control.

Table 15.7 Fixed pressure points and fluctuating pressure points.

Table 15.8 Options for centrifugal pump capacity control analogy.

Table 15.9 Options for centrifugal pump capacity control.

Table 15.10 Control methods for gas movers.

Table 15.11 Control methods for gas movers.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 SIS primary elements.

Table 16.3 Features of two types of alarm systems.

Table 16.4 Different types of alarms.

Table 16.5 P&ID symbol for the final element of alarm logic.

Table 16.6 P&ID symbol for alarm logic.

Table 16.7 Symbols of commands and responses.

Table 16.8 Examples of non‐specific parameters.

Table 16.9 Examples motor control.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Various types of utilities and their collection networks.

Table 17.2 Some typical utility users in process plants.

Table 17.3 Features of each distribution system.

Table 17.4 Heat transfer media and their applications.

Table 17.5 Some typical utility users in process plants.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Hazard and injury.

Table 18.2 P&ID presentation of personal protection insulation for different ite...

Table 18.3 Impact of environmental parameters on process plants.

Table 18.4 Thermal isolation of the plant from the environment.

Table 18.5 P&ID presentation of heat conservation insulation for different items...

Table 18.6 Pipes that most likely do not need HC insulation.

Table 18.7 Winterization methods.

Table 18.8 P&ID presentation of winterization for different items.

Table 18.9 Insulation priority of items.

Table 18.10 Different requirements in insulation systems.

Table 18.11 Specific rebel pressure scenarios.

Table 18.12 Specific rebel temperature scenarios.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Correspondence of importance level versus I&C requirement.

Table 19.2 An example of a parameter matrix for a pump in hot water service.

Table 19.3 Quick and dirty decision‐making on control architecture.

Table 19.4 Quality of P&IDs at each step of a design project.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 The P&ID is used by other groups to prepare other project documents.

Figure 1.2 The P&ID is a document consolidated and used by different groups.

Figure 1.3 Each element is represented through a symbol on the P&ID.

Figure 1.4 Root of P&ID.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The P&ID milestones.

Figure 2.2 A more complete list of P&ID milestones.

Figure 2.3 Workload of different groups during P&ID development.

Figure 2.4 Management of change on P&IDs.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The outline of a P&ID sheet.

Figure 3.2 Typical Title block.

Figure 3.3 Typical Ownership block.

Figure 3.4 Typical Reference block.

Figure 3.5 Typical Revision block.

Figure 3.6 Typical Comment block.

Figure 3.7 Typical Note in note side area.

Figure 3.8 Design notes versus operation notes.

Figure 3.9 The amount of content on P&IDs.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 P&ID representation of pipe circuits.

Figure 4.2 P&ID orientation.

Figure 4.3 Keeping the relative size of equipment on the P&IDs.

Figure 4.4 Equipment should be fairly distributed horizontally on the P&ID.

Figure 4.5 Showing visiting streams is not a good practice.

Figure 4.6 P&ID representation of pipe crossing.

Figure 4.7 Lines prevailing rule.

Figure 4.8 Examples of line crossings.

Figure 4.9 Equipment–equipment crossing is not allowed.

Figure 4.10 Equipment–line crossing is allowed.

Figure 4.11 Off‐page connector appearance.

Figure 4.12 A single element on the P&ID.

Figure 4.13 The concept of “no repetition” on a sheet of a P&ID.

Figure 4.14 Positioning of callout for equipment.

Figure 4.15 The anatomy of a callout.

Figure 4.16 Sparing philosophy of three filters during normal operation and onl...

Figure 4.17 Example of a callout for a vessel.

Figure 4.18 P&ID type classification.

Figure 4.19 A P&ID legend sheet.

Figure 4.20 A Process P&ID.

Figure 4.21 A Utility Generation P&ID.

Figure 4.22 A Utility Distribution P&ID.

Figure 4.23 A Battery Limit P&ID.

Figure 4.24 A Utility Distribution P&ID.

Figure 4.25 An HVAC P&ID.

Figure 4.26 A P&ID sheet with a reference to a sampling system sheet.

Figure 4.27 A sampling system P&ID.

Figure 4.28 A P&ID referring to a hypothetical seal flush P&ID.

Figure 4.29 A Seal Flush P&ID.

Figure 4.30 A given set of P&IDs.

Figure 4.33 Vendor borderline.

Figure 4.34 Vendor‐supplied loose items.

Figure 4.36 Integrating vendor P&IDs by referencing.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Plant stakeholders and their needs.

Figure 5.2 Hierarchy of rule makers.

Figure 5.3 The most important process parameters.

Figure 5.4 Seven levels for each parameter.

Figure 5.5 Main operation bands.

Figure 5.6 Names of parameters levels.

Figure 5.7 Pressure levels.

Figure 5.8 Temperature levels.

Figure 5.9 Liquid/solid levels.

Figure 5.10 Flow levels.

Figure 5.11 Analyte levels.

Figure 5.12 Process guard layers.

Figure 5.13 Action levels or bands for process guards.

Figure 5.14 Safety actions for a flow parameter.

Figure 5.15 Operators' actions.

Figure 5.16 Required flexibility of different elements of a plant.

Figure 5.17 Concept of turndown ratio.

Figure 5.18 Map of turndown ratio for a typical utility network.

Figure 5.23 A centrifugal pump minimum flow recirculation to increase TDR.

Figure 5.24 General procedure for starting up a unit.

Figure 5.25 Necessity of inspection and maintenance for equipment.

Figure 5.26 A “train” in a plant.

Figure 5.27 The “sweet spot” for providing items for a plant.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Showing an arrowhead on direction change.

Figure 6.2 Showing an arrowhead on inlet of equipment.

Figure 6.3 No arrowhead on inlet of valves and instruments.

Figure 6.4 No arrowhead short bypasses.

Figure 6.5 Bidirectional lines.

Figure 6.6 A sample pipe tag.

Figure 6.7 Good and bad examples of showing pipe tags.

Figure 6.8 A leaving off‐page connector for pipe.

Figure 6.9 An incoming off‐page connector for pipe.

Figure 6.10 An excerpt of A0 pipe spec table.

Figure 6.11 A sample piping material spec summary.

Figure 6.12 Functionality of pipe spec.

Figure 6.13 Specifying pipe spec.

Figure 6.14 Availability of pipes and tubes.

Figure 6.15 A smaller‐than‐2″ pipe on pipe rack.

Figure 6.16 An example of the interpretation of pipe tags.

Figure 6.17 Another example of the interpretation of pipe tag.

Figure 6.18 A border in a P&ID.

Figure 6.19 A battery border.

Figure 6.20 An area border.

Figure 6.21 A specific example of an area border.

Figure 6.22 Interpretation of a building border.

Figure 6.23 A building border.

Figure 6.24 Work division border between two companies.

Figure 6.25 Work division border between two disciplines within a company.

Figure 6.26 A ground border.

Figure 6.27 Insulation border together with building border.

Figure 6.28 Pipe spec border and its effect on the pipe tag.

Figure 6.29 (a–c) Pipe spec break border systems.

Figure 6.30 (a, b) Options for placing a pipe spec border on the border system.

Figure 6.31 (a, b) Mistakes in placing a pipe spec border.

Figure 6.32 Pipe spec break because of a severe pressure drop by a control valv...

Figure 6.33 Pipe spec break because of a change in commodity.

Figure 6.34 (a–d) Different piping arrangements.

Figure 6.35 Multiple‐destination pipe arrangement.

Figure 6.36 (a, b) Air gap.

Figure 6.37 Backflow preventing device.

Figure 6.38 Inverted U for backflow prevention.

Figure 6.39 Check valve.

Figure 6.40 (a, b) Multiple check valves.

Figure 6.41 Diverting flow in a multiple‐destination pipe route.

Figure 6.42 Distributing flow in multiple‐destination pipe route by control val...

Figure 6.43 Distributing flow in multiple‐destination pipe route through symmet...

Figure 6.44 An example of symmetrical piping.

Figure 6.45 Slope symbol on pipes.

Figure 6.46 Slope symbol and slope magnitude on pipe.

Figure 6.47 (a, b) Two examples of sloped pipe.

Figure 6.48 Example of sloped pipe in steam pipe.

Figure 6.49 No liquid pocket piping.

Figure 6.50 No gas pocket piping.

Figure 6.51 Requirement of gravity flow and the pipe routes.

Figure 6.52 Min. length of a note to eliminate dead end.

Figure 6.53 Min. length of a note for control valve stations.

Figure 6.54 Expansion loop in pipes.

Figure 6.55 Flexible connection on a large bore pipe connected to a tank.

Figure 6.56 Flexible connection on the inlet of centrifugal compressor.

Figure 6.57 Heat tracing to prevent the generation of condensation.

Figure 6.58 Demister to prevent carrying over of liquid droplet.

Figure 6.59 Stream trap action.

Figure 6.60 Steam trap in steam pipes.

Figure 6.61 P&ID symbols for different types of steam traps.

Figure 6.62 Bypass for steam traps.

Figure 6.63 Steam trap function concept.

Figure 6.64 Sloped pipe to direct the liquid phase to more tolerant system.

Figure 6.65 Air release valve.

Figure 6.66 Instrument air tube inside of control loops.

Figure 6.67 Fluid heat traced pipe.

Figure 6.68 Tubes or capillaries for instruments.

Figure 6.69 Tagging a double‐wall pipe.

Figure 6.70 Unit bypass pipe.

Figure 6.71 Recirculation bypass pipe.

Figure 6.72 (a, b) Unit recirculation pipe.

Figure 6.73 Series units pipes.

Figure 6.74 Pipe sizes of parallel units, a spare one operating.

Figure 6.75 Pipe sizes of parallel units, both operating.

Figure 6.76 (a, b) Tying‐in and branching‐off piping arrangement.

Figure 6.77 (a–c) Examples of reducer applications to match the manufacturers.

Figure 6.78 Reducer applications for pipe sturdiness.

Figure 6.79 Reducer or enlarger size on P&ID.

Figure 6.80 Two types of reducers.

Figure 6.81 Showing eccentric reducers on P&IDs

Figure 6.82 Need for eccentric reducer to use identical pipe supports.

Figure 6.83 Using FOB eccentric reducer or enlarger to satisfy full draining of...

Figure 6.84 Using FOB eccentric reducer for control valve.

Figure 6.85 Using FOT eccentric reducer in suction of centrifugal pump.

Figure 6.86 Specialty item tags.

Figure 6.87 Specialty item examples.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Structure of a typical valve.

Figure 7.2 Two different plugs in ball valves that make it a blocking or thrott...

Figure 7.3 Valve spectrum regarding their functionality.

Figure 7.4 Rule of thumb for valve selection based on functionality and size.

Figure 7.5 Rule of thumb for valve selection based on environment.

Figure 7.6 Application of four‐way blocking valve on cooling water heat exchang...

Figure 7.7 Throttling three‐way valve.

Figure 7.8 Application of three‐way throttling valve for heat exchanger control...

Figure 7.9 Rule of thumb for selection of operators for throttling valves.

Figure 7.10 Rule of thumb for selection of operators for blocking valves.

Figure 7.11 Control valve and switching valve.

Figure 7.12 Failure position of automatic valves.

Figure 7.13 Few examples showing switching valves with detailed driver.

Figure 7.14 Manual valves in series: blocking and throttling.

Figure 7.15 Two manual blocking valves in series and saving opportunity.

Figure 7.16 Two manual blocking valves in parallel.

Figure 7.17 Similarity between “control valve in series with RO” and “control v...

Figure 7.18 Similarity between “control valve in parallel with RO” and “control...

Figure 7.19 (a–c) Different arrangements for control valves to provide reliabil...

Figure 7.20 Details of control valve station.

Figure 7.21 Options for dealing with requirement of large manual throttling val...

Figure 7.22 Spec. break on control valve station.

Figure 7.23 Details of a switching valve station.

Figure 7.24 A valve to shear the fluid.

Figure 7.25 Regulator set point and failure position.

Figure 7.26 Excess flow valve P&ID symbol.

Figure 7.27 Drip catching system.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Dependency of need or lack of need for isolation systems for items.

Figure 8.2 General overview of isolation.

Figure 8.3 Root valve for isolation of a pressure gauge.

Figure 8.4 Block valve and blind.

Figure 8.5 Spectacle blind: outside of the pipe and in the pipe.

Figure 8.6 Isolation for utility streams across different areas.

Figure 8.7 Automatic double block and bleed system.

Figure 8.8 Location of isolation systems.

Figure 8.9 Inbound versus outbound blind location.

Figure 8.10 Vents and drains on different equipment.

Figure 8.11 Requirements of drain valves on pipes.

Figure 8.12 High point vents and low point drains.

Figure 8.13 Rules of thumb for sizes of drains and vents for pipes.

Figure 8.14 BFD of a CIP system.

Figure 8.15 Drip tray in pumps.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Storm water detention pond.

Figure 9.2 Problem of pouring liquid out of a can.

Figure 9.3 Fluid transfer between containers.

Figure 9.4 Different ways of facilitating flow.

Figure 9.5 Position of containers.

Figure 9.6 Elevation of containers.

Figure 9.7 Different shapes of containers.

Figure 9.8 Call‐out of a tank.

Figure 9.9 Call‐out of a vessel.

Figure 9.10 The two ways of stating vessel length.

Figure 9.11 Multiple trims in a distillation tower.

Figure 9.12 Call‐out of a sand filter.

Figure 9.13 Showing container nozzles on P&IDs.

Figure 9.14 Problems with the elevated inlet in non‐flooded containers.

Figure 9.15 Required elevated outlet nozzle in intermittent, operator involved ...

Figure 9.16 Required elevated inlet nozzle when the pump cannot handle both low...

Figure 9.17 Preference of elevated inlet nozzle for two phase liquid‐gas flow p...

Figure 9.18 Decision on the number of process nozzles.

Figure 9.19 Nozzles internals.

Figure 9.20 Nozzle with an internal floater.

Figure 9.21 Conventional overflow system.

Figure 9.22 Inverted “U” overflow system.

Figure 9.23 Cold vent stack.

Figure 9.24 Different methods of handling vent vapors.

Figure 9.25 Blanketed tank.

Figure 9.26 Different arrangements for regulating gas and vapor streams.

Figure 9.27 Two types of container heating by heating fluid.

Figure 9.28 Tank electrical heaters.

Figure 9.29 Complementary heat exchanger for a container.

Figure 9.30 Different types of mixing in containers.

Figure 9.31 Tank roofs.

Figure 9.32 Tank floors.

Figure 9.33 Drain valve arrangement for cone‐down and cone‐up floors.

Figure 9.34 Tanks in parallel and series arrangements.

Figure 9.35 Dedication of tank water to fire water and to plant water.

Figure 9.36 Merging tanks into a compartmented tank: HLS example.

Figure 9.37 Leak monitoring of interstitial space in double wall containers.

Figure 9.38 Underground vessel with dry vault.

Figure 9.39 Plan view of a sump system.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 A pump call‐out.

Figure 10.2 Various acceptable reducer and enlarger pairs.

Figure 10.3 Acceptable eccentric enlargers on the suction side of pumps.

Figure 10.4 Centrifugal pump with associated reducer/enlarger.

Figure 10.5 P&ID representation of a centrifugal pump.

Figure 10.6 Two potential locations of the minimum flow pipe take‐off point.

Figure 10.7 Spillback destinations.

Figure 10.8 Minimum flow protection pipe with control loop.

Figure 10.9 Minimum flow protection pipe with switching loop.

Figure 10.10 Minimum flow protection pipe with restrictive orifice.

Figure 10.11 Functioning of a minimum flow protection pipe.

Figure 10.12 Minimum flow protection pipe with an automatic recirculation valve...

Figure 10.13 Relationship between NPSH

A

and NPSH

R

.

Figure 10.14 Parallel pumps.

Figure 10.15 Minimum flow pipe for parallel operating pumps.

Figure 10.16 Preventing reverse flow though minimum flow pipe of parallel pumps...

Figure 10.17 Preventing reverse flow though minimum flow pipe of parallel pumps...

Figure 10.18 Pump in series.

Figure 10.19 Centrifugal pumps in series and multi‐stage centrifugal pump symbo...

Figure 10.20 A sample P&ID for centrifugal pumps in series.

Figure 10.21 Warm up arrangement 1.

Figure 10.22 Variation of warm up arrangement 1.

Figure 10.23 Warm up arrangement 2.

Figure 10.24 Extension of high design pressure class to the suction side of the...

Figure 10.25 Centrifugal pump drives.

Figure 10.26 Loose shaft casing touch.

Figure 10.27 Two ways of showing a seal flush plan on P&IDs.

Figure 10.28 Centrifugal pump also working as a mixer.

Figure 10.29 Pulsation in reciprocating pumps.

Figure 10.30 Symbols of various PD pumps.

Figure 10.31 P&ID arrangement of a reciprocating pump.

Figure 10.32 P&ID arrangement of a rotary pump.

Figure 10.33 Additional PSVs for PD pumps in parallel.

Figure 10.34 Dissimilar pumps in parallel.

Figure 10.35 Different arrangements of dissimilar pumps in series.

Figure 10.36 PD pump drives.

Figure 10.37 P&ID representation of a dosing pumps.

Figure 10.38 Transferring liquids by gas pressure through a blow case.

Figure 10.39 Pump is role of pump plus valve.

Figure 10.40 Fluid mover and drive as a pair.

Figure 10.41 Various lubrication methods depending on the harshness of conditio...

Figure 10.42 Block flow diagram of a recirculating oil system.

Figure 10.43 Uunfavorability of gas movers.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Usage of heat transfer units in process plants.

Figure 11.2 Selection of heat exchangers based on the required heat transfer ar...

Figure 11.3 A heat exchange call‐out.

Figure 11.4 Stream arrangements in a heat exchanger.

Figure 11.5 Vents and drains on a shell and tube heat exchanger.

Figure 11.6 Chemical cleaning valves on a heat exchanger.

Figure 11.7 Arrangement of a series heat exchanger regarding both streams.

Figure 11.8 Stacked heat exchangers.

Figure 11.9 The tube bundle of an aerial cooler.

Figure 11.10 The unit and bank in aerial coolers.

Figure 11.11 Definition of bay.

Figure 11.12 An aerial cooler call‐out.

Figure 11.13 Flow distribution in aerial coolers.

Figure 11.14 P&ID detail of an aerial cooler.

Figure 11.15 Aerial cooler with the air recirculation concept implemented.

Figure 11.16 Back‐flushing in heat exchangers.

Figure 11.17 Three fluid streams within a fired heater.

Figure 11.18 P&ID of a fuel gas burner with pilot gas.

Figure 11.19 Fundamentals of the fuel route to burner.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Process parameter “guards.”

Figure 12.2 Importance of pressure as the “index” for other process parameters.

Figure 12.3 Pressure relief device system.

Figure 12.4 Early type of pressure relief valve.

Figure 12.5 Fundamentals of relief device operation.

Figure 12.6 PRV schematic and operation.

Figure 12.7 Two questions regarding inclusion of a PRD for a system.

Figure 12.8 Positioning the PRD.

Figure 12.9 P&ID schematic of a PSV with connecting pipe.

Figure 12.10 Vertical or horizontal installation of PRDs.

Figure 12.11 Different types of pressure/vacuum relief devices.

Figure 12.12 Different types of relief valves.

Figure 12.13 PSVs on P&IDs.

Figure 12.14 Rupture disks on P&IDs.

Figure 12.15 Different PRD arrangements.

Figure 12.16 A single simple PRD.

Figure 12.17 A PRD with provisions for inline care for the PRD.

Figure 12.18 2 × 100% spare PRDs.

Figure 12.19 Combination of safety valves and rupture disks.

Figure 12.20 Combination of safety valves and rupture disks.

Figure 12.21 A combined solution to deal with leakage of the rupture disk upstr...

Figure 12.22 A PSV with a flush ring.

Figure 12.23 Rupture disk upstream and downstream of a PSV on the outlet of a P...

Figure 12.24 An emergency release collection network.

Figure 12.25 Features of an emergency release collection network.

Figure 12.26 Preventing liquid accumulation by using a drain hole.

Figure 12.27 Preventing liquid accumulation by using a drip pan elbow.

Figure 12.28 Different liquid disposal systems.

Figure 12.29 System relieving for thermal expansion PSVs on a pipeline.

Figure 12.30 General meaning of “safe location” for releasing to atmosphere.

Figure 12.31 Different gas/vapor disposal systems.

Figure 12.32 Emergency release two‐phase separators.

Figure 12.33 PVRV symbol.

Figure 12.34 Seal lock.

Figure 12.35 Evolution of one enclosure to two enclosures and the concept of a ...

Figure 12.36 Combined PSV and thief hatch; “gauged thief hatch.”

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Swinging parameters versus steering/protecting components.

Figure 13.2 Level of control.

Figure 13.3 Imaginary layers of control.

Figure 13.4 Everyday example of a control loop.

Figure 13.5 Temperature control loop.

Figure 13.6 Level control loop.

Figure 13.7 Fundamental terminology.

Figure 13.8 Instrument identifiers.

Figure 13.9 Acronym descriptors.

Figure 13.10 Instrument acronyms shown on a P&ID.

Figure 13.11 Instrument divider types versus their location in reality.

Figure 13.12 Additional information.

Figure 13.13 How do “boxes” communicate?

Figure 13.14 A leaving off‐page connector for a signal.

Figure 13.15 Examples of signal selection.

Figure 13.16 Magnitude limiter and magnitude selector.

Figure 13.17 Signal selector on non‐homogeneous signals.

Figure 13.18 Discrete signal logic functions.

Figure 13.19 Flow sight glass.

Figure 13.20 Thermocouple installation on narrow pipes (option 1).

Figure 13.21 Thermocouple installation on narrow pipes (option 2).

Figure 13.22 Skin temperature sensor.

Figure 13.23 Pressure gauge and pressure indicator connected to process.

Figure 13.24 Pressure gauge with root valve and drain/calibration valve.

Figure 13.25 Pressure gauge with double block and bleed arrangement.

Figure 13.26 Pressure gauge with diaphragm.

Figure 13.27 Pressure gauge with flush ring.

Figure 13.28 Level transmitter.

Figure 13.29 Level gauge together with a level transmitter.

Figure 13.30 Flow sensor with high velocity requirement.

Figure 13.31 Flow sensor with very clean fluid requirement.

Figure 13.32 Flow sensor with bypass.

Figure 13.33 Two types of process analyzer.

Figure 13.34 Transmitter block.

Figure 13.35 Controller block.

Figure 13.36 Indicators.

Figure 13.37 Control valve.

Figure 13.38 Damper.

Figure 13.39 P&IS schematic of pump with rotational speed control.

Figure 13.40 Level control loop schematic.

Figure 13.41 Pressure loop schematic.

Figure 13.42 Temperature control loop schematic.

Figure 13.43 Flow loop schematic.

Figure 13.44 Control loop configurations.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Examples of sensor location.

Figure 14.2 Moving from a simple loop to cascade control.

Figure 14.3 Cascade control terminology.

Figure 14.4 Sluggish control system.

Figure 14.5 Common cascade control architectures.

Figure 14.6 Simple composition control architecture.

Figure 14.7 Composition‐to‐flow cascade control architecture.

Figure 14.8 Composition‐to‐temperature‐to‐flow cascade control architecture.

Figure 14.9 Level‐to‐flow cascade control in a steam drum.

Figure 14.10 Different types of FF + FB control.

Figure 14.11 First attempt to control a neutralization vessel‐feedback control.

Figure 14.12 Second attempt to control a neutralization vessel‐feedforward cont...

Figure 14.13 FF + FB control for neutralization vessel feedback plus feedforwar...

Figure 14.15 Role of ratio control.

Figure 14.16 Ratio control symbology.

Figure 14.17 Ratio control: alternative scheme.

Figure 14.18 Ratio control: FF + FB.

Figure 14.19 Selective control.

Figure 14.20 Selective control example.

Figure 14.21 Example of override control: steam generator.

Figure 14.22 Deciding on the selector type in an overriding control system.

Figure 14.23 Assumptions in deciding the type of selector.

Figure 14.24 Another set of assumptions in deciding the type of selector.

Figure 14.25 Changing the selector type based on a new set of assumptions.

Figure 14.26 Example of override control: compressor.

Figure 14.27 Example of override control: steam header.

Figure 14.28 Example of limit control in a furnace.

Figure 14.29 Examples of split‐range control – blanket gas.

Figure 14.30 Examples of split‐range control – wide range control valves.

Figure 14.31 Cascade control versus ratio control.

Figure 14.32 Single loop versus ratio control.

Figure 14.33 Selective versus override control.

Figure 14.35 Monitoring of stacked heat exchangers.

Figure 14.36 Monitoring of fired heaters.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Plant‐wide control – first attempt.

Figure 15.2 Plant‐wide control – second attempt.

Figure 15.3 Plant‐wide control – third attempt.

Figure 15.4 Surge dampening through condensation.

Figure 15.5 Pressure loop for large surges.

Figure 15.6 Pressure loop for a large amount of vapor.

Figure 15.7 Two options of level + control valve pairs.

Figure 15.8 Scheme one – spreading a surge: upstream strategy.

Figure 15.9 Spreading a surge: downstream strategy.

Figure 15.10 Pure surge dampener.

Figure 15.11 Surge dampening using a tank to block + transfer surge.

Figure 15.12 Pure feed container.

Figure 15.13 Feed container plus mild surge dampening capability.

Figure 15.14 Surge dampening using feed + surge tanks.

Figure 15.15 Pressure change in a pipe.

Figure 15.16 Control of pressure in a pipe.

Figure 15.17 Control of flow.

Figure 15.18 “Fixing” flow rate.

Figure 15.19 Flow merging: route of least resistance.

Figure 15.20 Flow merging with composition loop.

Figure 15.21 Flow merging with combined stream response.

Figure 15.22 Flow merging with feedback, cascade control.

Figure 15.23 Flow merging with ratio control.

Figure 15.24 Flow merging with ratio control, other schematic.

Figure 15.25 Flow merging with ratio control and composition feedback.

Figure 15.26 Flow merging: specific flow rate and specific composition.

Figure 15.27 Cross‐limiting control.

Figure 15.28 Flow splitting: independent branch control.

Figure 15.29 Flow splitting with parallel control.

Figure 15.30 Flow splitting from a tank.

Figure 15.31 Flow splitting in a distillation column.

Figure 15.32 Flow splitting on flow/pressure control.

Figure 15.33 Options for centrifugal pump capacity control.

Figure 15.34 Minimum flow control.

Figure 15.35 Minimum flow control by RO.

Figure 15.36 Minimum flow control by switching valve.

Figure 15.37 Automatic control of minimum flow.

Figure 15.38 Minimum flow pipes for parallel operating pumps.

Figure 15.39 Control of minimum flow pipes for parallel operating pumps.

Figure 15.40 PD pump control by recirculation line.

Figure 15.41 PD pump control by recirculation line.

Figure 15.42 PD pump control by VSD.

Figure 15.43 PD pump control by adjusting stroke length.

Figure 15.44 Recirculation control for a gas mover.

Figure 15.45 Speed control of a motor‐driven gas mover.

Figure 15.46 Speed control of a turbine‐driven gas mover.

Figure 15.47 Suction‐throttling control of a gas mover.

Figure 15.48 Discharge‐throttling control of a gas mover.

Figure 15.49 Discharge‐throttling control of a gas mover.

Figure 15.50 Discharge‐throttling control of a gas mover.

Figure 15.51 Anti‐surge system on a centrifugal compressor.

Figure 15.52 Heat exchanger control.

Figure 15.53 Direct control of a heat exchanger.

Figure 15.54 Heat exchanger direct control – cascade control example.

Figure 15.55 Heat exchanger bypass control.

Figure 15.56 Heat exchanger bypass control with two control valves.

Figure 15.57 Heat exchanger bypass control with a three‐way valve.

Figure 15.58 Heat exchanger bypass control with a PDC.

Figure 15.59 Reactor control – jacketed reactor.

Figure 15.60 Reactor control – external heat exchanger.

Figure 15.61 Reactor with three level cascade control.

Figure 15.62 Reactor control with split‐range control on utility line.

Figure 15.63 Methods of steam heater control.

Figure 15.64 Heat exchanger control by partial flooding.

Figure 15.65 Poor control design.

Figure 15.66 Steam heater control for high‐pressure steam.

Figure 15.67 Steam heater control for utility steam.

Figure 15.68 Steam heater with elevation adjusted condensate drum.

Figure 15.69 Air cooler control.

Figure 15.70 Air cooler with split‐range control.

Figure 15.71 Backpressure regulator on the outlet of heat exchanger.

Figure 15.72 Simple fired heater control.

Figure 15.73 Fired heater with cascade control.

Figure 15.74 Fired heater with override control.

Figure 15.75 Fired heater with ratio control of airflow.

Figure 15.76 Fired heater with ratio control.

Figure 15.77 Fired heater with residual oxygen control on the flue gas stream.

Figure 15.78 Firing control of a fired heater when the heating value of fuel ga...

Figure 15.79 Firing control of a fired heater when the heating value of the fue...

Figure 15.80 Blanket gas control systems.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Concept of SIS.

Figure 16.2 SIS band.

Figure 16.3 Automatic double block and vent/bleed switching valves.

Figure 16.4 A typical HIIPS.

Figure 16.5 SIS anatomy.

Figure 16.6 Switching valve as SIS final element.

Figure 16.7 Switching valve.

Figure 16.8 Louver as SIS final element.

Figure 16.9 Actuator arrangements.

Figure 16.10 Valve position validation.

Figure 16.11 Merging switching and control valves.

Figure 16.12 Electric motor as SIS final element.

Figure 16.13 Example of a SIS.

Figure 16.14 Example of a SIS.

Figure 16.15 Shutdown key.

Figure 16.16 Simplified depiction of SIS functions on a P&ID.

Figure 16.17 SIS symbology on a fired heater.

Figure 16.18 Variation of SIS symbology on a fired heater.

Figure 16.19 Variation of SIS symbology on a fired heater.

Figure 16.20 SIS control on two interconnected tanks.

Figure 16.21 Discrete control variations.

Figure 16.22 Discrete control in a batch system.

Figure 16.23 Anatomy of an alarm system.

Figure 16.24 Pre‐alarm and alarm positions on a parameter level system.

Figure 16.25 Different ways of showing one alarm system on a P&ID.

Figure 16.26 Some example of alarm systems on a P&ID.

Figure 16.27 Common alarm on P&ID.

Figure 16.28 Flammable gas detection system.

Figure 16.29 Sensor locations of a FGS.

Figure 16.30 Manual alarm system.

Figure 16.31 Illustration of motor control.

Figure 16.32 Motor control center.

Figure 16.33 HOA switch.

Figure 16.34 HOA symbology.

Figure 16.35 Reporting by motor.

Figure 16.36 Example of electromotor control.

Figure 16.37 Example of electromotor control.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Utility cycle of a plant.

Figure 17.2 Utility distribution networks.

Figure 17.3 Using loop distribution to take care of a more important user.

Figure 17.4 Using loop distribution for ultra‐pure water.

Figure 17.5 Dealing with high important users in pipe network design.

Figure 17.6 Permanent versus temporary utility users.

Figure 17.7 Different users of water in a plant.

Figure 17.8 Vapor collection network.

Figure 17.9 Emergency vapor/gas release collection network.

Figure 17.10 BFD of a fire water system.

Figure 17.11 Arrangement of shared fire water and raw water tank.

Figure 17.12 Fire water loop.

Figure 17.13 Surface drainage collection network.

Figure 17.14 Piping network as a surface drainage collection system.

Figure 17.15 BFD of once‐through and mating utility systems.

Figure 17.16 Instrument air and plant air route.

Figure 17.17 Air circuit BFD.

Figure 17.18 Steam–condensate circuit pair.

Figure 17.19 Steam generation.

Figure 17.20 Cooling water circuit.

Figure 17.21 Glycol circuit pair.

Figure 17.22 Distribution and collection network of a utility.

Figure 17.23 Connecting pipe between distribution and collection networks.

Figure 17.24 Connection between distribution and collection networks.

Figure 17.25 Connection between steam and condensate networks.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Soundproof insulation.

Figure 18.2 Typical details of a combined safety shower and eye washer.

Figure 18.3 P&ID symbols for personnel emergency washers.

Figure 18.4 Temperature drop when a hot service pipe goes through a cold space.

Figure 18.5 Two main methods of active heat conservation.

Figure 18.6 Heat trace arrangement.

Figure 18.7 P&ID representation of steam tracing, glycol tracing and electrical...

Figure 18.8 Winterization of some instruments.

Figure 18.9 A utility station on a P&ID.

Figure 18.10 P&ID presentation of utility stations.

Figure 18.11 Positioning of utility stations in a plant based on the plot plan.

Figure 18.12 A utility network connected to a utility station.

Figure 18.13 Detail of utility streams in utility stations.

Figure 18.14 Off‐line monitoring programs.

Figure 18.15 Block flow diagram of a sampling system.

Figure 18.16 Simplest type of sampling system.

Figure 18.17 A luxury sampling system.

Figure 18.18 A sample cooler on a simple sampling system.

Figure 18.19 A sampling system with sink and hood.

Figure 18.20 Sampling system on the main P&ID.

Figure 18.21 Sampling system flag on the main P&ID referring to auxiliary P&IDs...

Figure 18.22 Sampling system on auxiliary P&IDs.

Figure 18.23 Corrosion coupon.

Figure 18.24 Direct route and reverse route.

Figure 18.25 P&ID change because of piping model.

Figure 18.26 Pressure–temperature pair fluctuations in a piece of equipment.

Figure 18.27 Pipe rating border.

Figure 18.28 Pressure change in a string of units.

Figure 18.29 Design pressure of units in a string.

Figure 18.30 Units in a string with different design pressures.

Figure 18.31 Limiting each pressure for each unit in a string by adding a press...

Figure 18.32 Different methods for limiting pressure to each unit.

Figure 18.33 Tying together two pipes with different ratings.

Figure 18.34 Equalization of pipe rating after tying them in together.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Process plant, a bird's eye view.

Figure 19.2 Steering component selection matrix.

Figure 19.3 Moving from a BPCS toward a SIS.

Figure 19.4 Developing a control system for a two phase liquid–liquid separator...

Figure 19.5 Developing a control system for a flash drum.

Figure 19.6 Example of check list using API14C.

Guide

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Piping and Instrumentation Diagram Development

Moe Toghraei

This edition first published 2019© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Toghraei, Moe, 1968– author.Title: Piping and instrumentation diagram development / Moe Toghraei.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |Identifiers: LCCN 2018034188 (print) | LCCN 2018037545 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119329343 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119329831 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119329336 (hardcover)Subjects: LCSH: Chemical plants–Piping–Drawings. | Chemical apparatus–Drawings. | Blueprints.Classification: LCC TP159.P5 (ebook) | LCC TP159.P5 T64 2018 (print) | DDC 621.8/6720222–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018034188

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