Powerboating: The RIB & Sportsboat Handbook E-Book

Peter White

• Herausgeber: Fernhurst Books Limited
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2009

Beschreibung

Powerboats are fast, fun and exhilarating. The sensation of speed as you skim across the water, the sun, the spray and the sea air combine to make it an unfortgetable experience, but the powerboat must be handled with care and treated with respect. This is the ideal guide whether you're a beginner needing an introduction or an expert seeking a refresher. Bursting with over 200 photographs and illustrations, this is your perfect companion for having fun and staying safe on the water. Armed with this book, your boat and a trailer, get out there and start exploring.

Leseprobe

Copyright © 2017 Fernhurst Books Limited

62 Brandon Parade, Holly Walk, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, CV32 4JE, UK

[phone] | www.ferhurstbooks.com

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

This edition first published in 2009 by John WIley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a license issued by The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. The Publisher accepts no responsibility for any errors or omissions, or for any accidents or mishaps which may arise from the use of this publication.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-470-69728-3 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-912177-47-9 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-912177-48-6 (Mobi)

CONTENTS

Introduction

Who is this book for?

Introducing the author

1 Quick-start guide

2 Which boat?

3 Which engine and trailer?

4 Getting afloat

5 Launching

6 Starting out

7 Very small boats

8 Mooring

9 Life begins at 25 (knots)

10 Man overboard

11 Charts and buoyage

12 Tides

13 First aid

14 Engine and trailer troubleshooting

15 Get knotted

16 Rule of the road

17 Anchors

18 Towing

19 Waterskiing

20 Recovery and the road

Acknowledgements

1 Introduction

Powerboating is fun. The sensation of speed as you skim across the water in a fast, planing boat is terrific, and the sun, spray and sea air can all combine to make it an unforgettable experience. You will want to go out again and again, and may even buy a boat of your own. You may want to use it for waterskiing, as a dive boat or simply for transport across a big lake or between islands. You may need a safety boat with your sailing club or diving school. You may just enjoy messing about. But either way, you will need to know what you are doing.

In the UK you can purchase a boat, climb onboard and take it out without any previous experience. In most other countries you need an ICC (International Certificate of Competence). With more and more boats on the water and an increase in the frequency of accidents and near misses, many people and government bodies are calling for restrictions on use and looking towards requiring people to hold Certificates of Competence before they can use their boats. Most inland waters in the UK now require some form of certification. Insurance companies and marinas can often insist that insurance is held. That follows on from the customer holding certifates of competence. Before very long it is likely that you will have to pass a test before you can take your boat out to sea.

If you follow most of the advice in this book and practise all the exercises you will be well on your way to becoming a skilled boat handler. You should have no difficulty in obtaining a Certificate of Competence, if you need one. But more to the point, you will find that your powerboating is what you hoped it would be – fun.

If you are the skipper of the family boat, not only will you have to choose one wisely, you will also probably be responsible for maintaining it. This includes arranging adequate insurance cover, buying suitable clothing and boat equipment and making appropriate preparations every time you take the boat out. If you use the boat commercially it is vital to have a regular maintenance programme. Once again, the responsibility for this usually falls on one person.

In sailing clubs there is usually one person responsible for looking after the boats and sometimes this can be a full-time occupation.

Who is this book for?

This book is for anyone who is thinking about going afloat with a small powered dinghy, sportsboat, inflatable, small cruiser or semi-rigid inflatable boat. A comprehensive and informative handbook written by one of the top professional boat trainers in the country, it is suitable for leisure powerboaters and professionals. We recommend it as the ideal accompaniment to the RYA™ Powerboating courses.

However, the book is primarily aimed at the enthusiastic amateur who is starting out on the water for the first time. The contents will give the reader all the essential material that should, or could, be covered whilst training. Each subject opens with top tips and questions and answers intended to cover the needs of both amateur and professional users. The instructional material is easy to follow and supported by true stories.

This is a great book for anyone who believes that there is more to the subject than glancing at headings and sub headings and ticking boxes!

It is essential reading for members of water-based clubs operating safety and rescue boats.

This handbook does not claim to solve every mystery involved in boat handling but it does provide sound ideas based upon experience.

Introducing the author

Peter White has spent over 40 years on the water, of which the first 15 years were spent teaching young people to sail dinghies and training RYA Instructors and Senior Instructors. He is now a professional powerboat trainer.

Peter says, “I don’t go to work. I just go boating.”

1 Quick Start Guide

Pre-start checks

Before you even put the boat in the water, make sure you have:

■ a suitable boat (This is not a joke. I have seen boats launched and sink.);

■ protective clothing;

■ personal buoyancy for everybody;

■ fuel;

■ fenders and lines;

■ boathook and paddles;

■ food and water;

■ charts and tide tables,

■ weather report;

■ the KEYS and KILL CORDS.

Once the boat is in the water:

■ Safely stow all equipment, spare fuel and ropes.

■ Turn the electrics on where necessary.

■ Let the crew know what you plan to do.

■ Inspect engine, propeller and mounting.

■ Lower the engine.

■ Start engine.

■ Check cooling system.

■ Check kill cords are working correctly.

■ Ensure there are no obstructions to the propeller.

■ Test the steering from lock to lock. (Count the number of turns.)

■ Decide how you are going to depart.

■ Check the direction of the wind and water.

■ Use kill cord.

■ Look where you are going.

■ Engage brain.

■ Engage gear.

■P Power

■O Oil

■W Water

■E Electrics

■R pRopeller

The toggle in place. Secure the other end round your leg, your wrist or to your lifejacket.

Weather

Conditions always look better when the sun is shining!

Obtain local weather reports to ensure it is safe to go out. At this stage, if in doubt, ask.

Temperature

Without the correct equipment, wind chill will significantly reduce your body temperature and inhibit your operating ability.

Rain

Rain will reduce visibility and, without appropriate equipment, can lower your body temperature and take the pleasure out of the experience

Wind

The most important factor, apart from sun and rain, is the wind, since this will determine the state of the water. Strong winds build large waves, while the direction of the wind determines the nature and effect of the waves. Wind strength is measured on the Beaufort scale. The direction is defined by the source of the wind: a westerly gale blows from the west. Wind is measured at 33ft (10m) above sea level in clear air; its strength is reduced by about a third at sea level.

A line squall, typical of a cold front or trough of low pressure in cold air.

Beaufort Force

Description

Boating Conditions

Wind Speed (Knots)

0-3

No white horses

Comfortable

0-10

4-6

White horses

Uncomfortable

11-27

7-9

Spume and spray

Dangerous

28-47

10+

Large waves and no visibility

Calamitous

48+

Try this quick reference guide to wind strength, if you know the strength of the gusts in knots: knots divided by 5 plus 1

It works the other way too: shipping forecast force, subtract 1, multiplied by 5

Anything above Force 7, don’t bother to subtract 1; it’s a rough guide but often good enough for making passage planning decisions.

Wind and tide can combine to significantly worsen any condition.

If in doubt, don’t go out.

Tides

Tides are the vertical rise (flood) and fall (ebb) of a body of water. The size of the tide is directed by the relative positions of the sun and the moon. When sun, moon and Earth are in line, we experience the highest and lowest of the tides (springs). When we see half a moon, tidal range is at its lowest and we do not experience very high or very low tides (neaps).

Local tide tables can be found in your nautical almanac or from the local harbour master.

High tide is at 1254 on Sunday 16 June and is 11ft (3.5m) above chart datum and it is a new moon.

Navigation

Your chart is your map at sea. Before starting out, you should understand the following principles:

■ latitude, longitude and the scale and date of the chart;

■ true, magnetic and compass north;

■ Chart Datum (CD) or Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT);

■ transits and bearings;

■ course through the water.

By using all or some of this information, you can accurately find your position on Earth.

Fixing your position

Taking bearings from three easily identifiable objects on the chart, convert bearings to true. Plot your lines – they should form a small triangle. You should be in or near that triangle. If this is not the case recheck or take a fourth bearing.

All latitude and longitude gridlines on charts are shown in true. Remember to adjust for variation and deviation.

GPS (Global Positioning Systems)

GPS relies on communication with a number of geostationary satellites. By calculating the difference in time between the GPS unit and the satellite, your position on Earth can be accurately pinpointed. Your unit will give you a latitude and longitude reading – remember that latitude comes first. (Always remember to carry spare batteries for your hand-held GPS unit.)

Enter the latitude and longitude of your waypoint in your GPS. If you press ‘Go to A’, your GPS draws a line from your current position to the waypoint and gives you a bearing and distance from the waypoint.

Remember:

■ It will give you a straight-line course regardless of shallows, rocks or land.

■ Do not make a lighthouse or anything solid a waypoint – you might hit it.

Common mistakes

■ Confusing degrees and minutes, and minutes and seconds.

■ Working down the page in the northern hemisphere and up in the southern hemisphere. Always increase numerically in the right direction.

■ With latitude, the errors are normally east or west. For example, when travelling from A to B on different sides of the 000° line, you must input west for A and east for B. The difference is considerable.

■ Recording tenths and minutes in the wrong direction. Ensure the scale is building north or south of the equator, and east or west of Greenwich.

Launch and recovery

In an ideal world, we would always launch and recover in flat water with no wind or tide, on a fairly steep, ribbed, concrete slipway. However, in the real world this is not often the case; waves, tide, seaweed, mud and wind complicate launch and recovery and it is your responsibility to plan a safe exercise. Always seek advice from local officers.

Launching on a shallow slope.Tie a bowline around the trailer if the boat is not too heavy.

Loop the rope around the car’s ball hitch.

Allow gravity to take the boat and trailer down into deep water, the rope sliding around the ball hitch.

Launching

■ Find a suitable site and check availability. Angle, width and construction are critical to a safe launch.

■ Establish local protocols and bylaws.

■ Position vehicle and boat out of the way of other slipway users, especially emergency vehicles.

■ Remove lighting board and electric cable from the trailer and place them in the vehicle.

■ Remove cover and ties from boat and engine – do not detach strop from bow winch. Also consider a separate safety strop.

■ Pre-launch checks (see page 8)

■ Ensure engine is tilted up on the hydraulics or locked in the up position if manual.

■ Reverse to water’s edge and then put one competent person onboard.

■ Check depth and reverse trailer wheels into the water ensuring vehicle remains dry.

■ Final checks: wind strength and direction and stream.

■ In sufficient depth of water it is possible to drive the boat off and on the trailer.

■ Where it is too shallow to run the engine, launch the boat and stand with it while trailer and vehicle are removed and made secure.

Recovery

Recovering the boat is essentially the reverse of launching it. If possible always put at least one crew member ashore to prepare vehicle and trailer. This person should be prepared to get wet, and should line the bow up with the trailer and connect the strop.

WARNING

A free-running winch handle can break your arm.

Manoeuvring

Driving a boat in a straight line in open water is easy. Most problems occur at slow speed in confined spaces. Creative use of wind and current can greatly simplify manoeuvres.

THREE-POINT TURN – TOP TIPS

Always spin the wheel from one lock to the other before engaging gear. You need to know the number of turns and also that the steering is free.

On a jet boat you do not have to change lock to achieve your three-point turn.

Stopping, picking up a buoy and leaving

You should aim to approach the buoy in a controlled manner and pick it up easily without using reverse gear. To do this, you have to be aware of:

■ wind direction and strength;

■ current direction and strength;

■ wind and current direction combined;

■ weight of boat carrying way;

■ speed of boat – most people travel too fast;

■ available room to manoeuvre and escape.

To determine wind direction, look at smoke, flags, and direction of waves and ripples. Waves created by wind and undisturbed by other craft will be at 90° to the wind.

To find the direction of the current, look which way the buoy is leaning and watch the swirl of water around posts and jetties – the wave pattern will show you the water direction.

To pick up the buoy:

■ Stop with the buoy on the bow or alongside.

■ Raise pickup by hand or boathook.

■ Tie your painter to the chain or buoy using a round turn and two half hitches.

To depart:

■ Start up procedure using pre-start checks.

■ Nudge forwards or alongside using engine – don’t overshoot.

■ Check vicinity for clear water.

■ Engage brain.

■ Release painter and slip.

■ Secure painter.

Approach slowly, into the tide or wind so it stops the boat.

Pick up the small buoy.

Tie your painter to the chain from the large buoy.

To leave the buoy drive up to it, cast off then allow the boat the drift clear.

Approaching and leaving a jetty

Approaching a windward or leeward jetty, always remember:

■ Assess wind, tide, current and depth of water.

■ Crew communication.

■ Fenders at correct height and made secure.

■ Lines in correct positions (tied to the boat!).

■ Plan an escape route.

Downwind jetty

■ Approach slowly.

■ Balance boat in wind and current.

■ Neutral.

■ Boat drifts onto jetty.

■ Secure boat.

■ Plan an escape route.

Windward side (heavy wind):

■ Fenders at bow.

■ Attach bow spring.

■ Engage forward at jetty, full lock. Gear in, out, in, out.

■ Roll bow against jetty.

■ Stern swings out.

■ Engage neutral.

■ Release spring.

■ Spin wheel to opposite lock.

■ Engage reverse.

■ Stern swings into wind.

■ Move away.

Upwind jetty

■ Approach jetty at approx 20°.

■ Engage neutral, allowing boat to carry way.

■ Engage reverse before striking jetty.

■ Pin wheel at jetty.

■ Stern swings in as forward speed comes off.

■ Engage neutral.

■ Secure boat.

■ Plan an escape route.

On leaving a jetty, always remember:

■ Pre-start checks;

■ Check departure route is clear;

■ Communicate your plan to the crew.

Alongside an upwind jetty

■ Helm straight, gently push

■ Release lines.

■ Boat drifts away from jetty.

■ Control boat against tide and current.

Alongside a downwind jetty (light wind)

■ Similar to upwind jetty, but…

■ Essential to push bow out at least 20°.

■ Helm straight

■ Engage gear with engine straight to protect stern of boat.

When in doubt, using the bow line as a spring should always get you out of trouble. It is important not to dawdle with the controls.

High speed

Before considering driving at high speed, check:

■ Sea conditions are suitable.

■ Visibility.

■ Density of traffic.

■ Local speed regulations.

■ You have appropriate safety equipment on board.

■ IMPORTANT: Remove crew from bow position and into area of safety in small boats.

■ Crew are safe, prepared and happy.

■ Boat is balanced.

As you start to increase speed, it is essential that you are aware of the position of the engine, or trim tabs where fitted. A poorly trimmed engine is inefficient and could be uncomfortable or even dangerous.

As boat speed rises, ensure engine is straight and trimmed down so bow digs in, to ride the bow wave. As you increase power, the hull lifts over the bow wave, the bow wave moves towards the stern. The bow stays low and speed increases. Now trim up to lift the bow. The hull is freed to move over the water at high speed. You can now throttle back to maintain economical cruising speed.

■ Always keep hand on throttle lever unless using foot accelerator.

To turn:

■ One hand on the throttle, the other on the wheel.

■ Look where you are turning and look behind.

■ Notify crew.

■ Trim down to make sure the propeller does not ventilate.

■ Look again, and behind.

■ Make a controlled, gentle turn.

■ Increase power in the turn where appropriate to maintain planing speed.

TOP TIP

A perfectly trimmed boat is easier to drive, safer and more economical.

Knots

These are two of the most important knots:

Bowline: Can be used in most applications and will not come undone when under load. Use a half hitch to make it more secure, if left for a long period.

Round turn and two half hitches: Use where you need to be able to release a knot under strain. It can easily be turned into a fisherman’s bend for a permanent knot.

TOP TIPS

Always wash your ropes with fresh water after use and hang up to dry.

Always buy the best ropes available and seek advice.

Always carry a 6ft (2m) length of light rope. You’ll be amazed at how useful it will be, whether for temporarily lashing two boats together or keeping your trousers up.

VHF

Man Overboard

Helm responsibility

The moment you hear the shout ‘Man Overboard’:

■ Reply, ‘point at casualty’.

■ Hit MOB button on GPS if available.

■ Make a Mayday call where appropriate.

■ Get the boat under full control.

■ Slow down.

■ Turn towards the same side as the MOB if possible.

■ Assess wind direction and determine method of approach.

■ In light conditions, consider the broadside approach.

■ Balance the boat across the wind, allowing time for the boat to stop naturally.

■ Drift down onto MOB.

■ Shut down engine 6ft (2m) away.

■ Consider heaving line if boat is downwind of MOB.

MOB responsibility

Improve your chances of survival by:

■ Shouting as you fall overboard, otherwise you may not be noticed.

■ Closing your mouth as you hit the water.

■ Inflating your lifejacket if you are not wearing a buoyancy aid.

■ Keeping calm – you may be in shock.

■ Remembering that in swell, you may not immediately be able to see the boat.

■ Checking yourself for injuries; hitting the water at speed is like hitting a brick wall.

■ Remaining still and bringing your knees together and up towards the surface.

■ Holding your arms close to your sides, place your hands in your groin area – this will help you to keep warm and to survive for up to one third longer. This obviously only works if you are wearing a Personal Flotation Device (PFD).

■ Watch for the return of the boat.

Getting the MOB back on board is not covered in this section due to the wide variety of techniques required for different types of boat.

Troubleshooting

The best way of making sure you don’t have problems to troubleshoot is to ensure that your boat and equipment are always well maintained and up-to-date. However, there is always the unexpected.

If the engine will not start or fails whilst underway, you must source the reason. It must be mechanical, electrical or a fuel problem.

Engine won’t turn over:

■ No electricity – check battery, isolator switch, fuse and wiring. See if other electrical equipment is working.

■ Engine may be in gear. Most should not start in gear.

Engine turns over but won’t start:

■ Kill cord not attached.

■ No fuel.

■ Stale fuel – replace with fresh or use a recommended additive.

■ Fuel lines – check they are connected, and not kinked or damaged.

■ Fuel pump – check priming bulb. If empty, prime.

■ Water in the system – check water separator and drain if necessary.

Engine stops instantly:

■ Rope round propeller.

■ Electrical problem.

■ Kill cord detached.

Engine falters or stutters:

■ Fuel starvation.

■ Engine overheating.

Steering fails:

■ Hydraulics fluid – check level and leakage. If low top up.

■ Cable snaps due to rust and corrosion. Strap paddles to engine outboard cover to make a tiller.

Propeller:

■ Fails to turn. Old and small engines – shear pin is broken. Modern engines – thrust bearing is slipping. Replace shear pin or propeller. Potential gearbox failure.

■ Vibration – damaged blades. Aluminium can be filed, gently reshaped or rebuilt. Stainless steel often needs to be replaced.

■ Carry a spare propeller and the means to change it – a floating spanner. Work in a bin liner attached to the engine to catch anything you drop.

Cooling system:

■ No telltale on outboard engine – check telltale is not blocked. A thin piece of wire can be used to remove blockages (hair grip or paper clip). If still blocked, remove hood, disconnect tube from inside of engine and start engine. If still no water, lift engine leg and check inlet grating is not blocked by a plastic bag. If still no water, consider a tow.

Cavitation: