Practical Convolutional Neural Networks E-Book

Mohit Sewak

• Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 225

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is revolutionizing several application domains such as visual recognition systems, self-driving cars, medical discoveries, innovative eCommerce and more.You will learn to create innovative solutions around image and video analytics to solve complex machine learning and computer vision related problems and implement real-life CNN models.
This book starts with an overview of deep neural networkswith the example of image classification and walks you through building your first CNN for human face detector. We will learn to use concepts like transfer learning with CNN, and Auto-Encoders to build very powerful models, even when not much of supervised training data of labeled images is available.
Later we build upon the learning achieved to build advanced vision related algorithms for object detection, instance segmentation, generative adversarial networks, image captioning, attention mechanisms for vision, and recurrent models for vision.
By the end of this book, you should be ready to implement advanced, effective and efficient CNN models at your professional project or personal initiatives by working on complex image and video datasets.

Leseprobe

Practical Convolutional Neural Networks 

Implement advanced deep learning models using Python

Mohit Sewak

Md. Rezaul Karim

Pradeep Pujari

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

Practical Convolutional Neural Networks

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First published: February 2018

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ISBN 978-1-78839-230-3

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Contributors

About the authors

Mohit Sewak is a senior cognitive data scientist with IBM, and a PhD scholar in AI and CS at BITS Pilani. He holds several patents and publications in AI, deep learning, and machine learning. He has been the lead data scientist for some very successful global AI/ ML software and industry solutions and was earlier engaged in solutioning and research for the Watson Cognitive Commerce product line. He has 14 years of rich experience in architecting and solutioning with TensorFlow, Torch, Caffe, Theano, Keras, Watson, and more.

Md. Rezaul Karim is a research scientist at Fraunhofer FIT, Germany. He is also a PhD candidate at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. Before joining FIT, he worked as a researcher at the Insight Center for Data Analytics, Ireland. He was a lead engineer at Samsung Electronics, Korea.

He has 9 years of R&D experience with C++, Java, R, Scala, and Python. He has published research papers on bioinformatics, big data, and deep learning. He has practical working experience with Spark, Zeppelin, Hadoop, Keras, Scikit-Learn, TensorFlow, Deeplearning4j, MXNet, and H2O.

Pradeep Pujari is machine learning engineer at Walmart Labs and a distinguished member of ACM. His core domain expertise is in information retrieval, machine learning, and natural language processing. In his free time, he loves exploring AI technologies, reading, and mentoring.

About the reviewer

Sumit Pal is a published author with Apress. He has more than 22 years of experience in software, from start-ups to enterprises, and is an independent consultant working with big data, data visualization, and data science. He builds end-to-end data-driven analytic systems.

He has worked for Microsoft (SQLServer), Oracle (OLAP Kernel), and Verizon. He advises clients on their data architectures and build solutions in Spark and Scala. He has spoken at many conferences in North America and Europe and has developed a big data analyst training for Experfy. He has an MS and BS in computer science.

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Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright and Credits

Practical Convolutional Neural Networks

Packt Upsell

Why subscribe?

PacktPub.com

Contributors

About the authors

About the reviewer

Packt is searching for authors like you

Preface

Who this book is for

What this book covers

To get the most out of this book

Download the example code files

Download the color images

Conventions used

Get in touch

Reviews

Deep Neural Networks – Overview

Building blocks of a neural network

Introduction to TensorFlow

Installing TensorFlow

For macOS X/Linux variants

TensorFlow basics

Basic math with TensorFlow

Softmax in TensorFlow

Introduction to the MNIST dataset 

The simplest artificial neural network

Building a single-layer neural network with TensorFlow

Keras deep learning library overview

Layers in the Keras model

Handwritten number recognition with Keras and MNIST

Retrieving training and test data

Flattened data

Visualizing the training data

Building the network

Training the network

Testing

Understanding backpropagation 

Summary

Introduction to Convolutional Neural Networks

History of CNNs

Convolutional neural networks

How do computers interpret images?

Code for visualizing an image 

Dropout

Input layer

Convolutional layer

Convolutional layers in Keras

Pooling layer

Practical example – image classification

Image augmentation

Summary

Build Your First CNN and Performance Optimization

CNN architectures and drawbacks of DNNs

Convolutional operations

Pooling, stride, and padding operations

Fully connected layer

Convolution and pooling operations in TensorFlow

Applying pooling operations in TensorFlow

Convolution operations in TensorFlow

Training a CNN

Weight and bias initialization

Regularization

Activation functions

Using sigmoid

Using tanh

Using ReLU

Building, training, and evaluating our first CNN

Dataset description

Step 1 – Loading the required packages

Step 2 – Loading the training/test images to generate train/test set

Step 3- Defining CNN hyperparameters

Step 4 – Constructing the CNN layers

Step 5 – Preparing the TensorFlow graph

Step 6 – Creating a CNN model

Step 7 – Running the TensorFlow graph to train the CNN model

Step 8 – Model evaluation

Model performance optimization

Number of hidden layers

Number of neurons per hidden layer

Batch normalization

Advanced regularization and avoiding overfitting

Applying dropout operations with TensorFlow

Which optimizer to use?

Memory tuning

Appropriate layer placement

Building the second CNN by putting everything together

Dataset description and preprocessing

Creating the CNN model

Training and evaluating the network

Summary

Popular CNN Model Architectures

Introduction to ImageNet

LeNet

AlexNet architecture

Traffic sign classifiers using AlexNet

VGGNet architecture

VGG16 image classification code example

GoogLeNet architecture

Architecture insights

Inception module

ResNet architecture

Summary

Transfer Learning

Feature extraction approach

Target dataset is small and is similar to the original training dataset

Target dataset is small but different from the original training dataset

Target dataset is large and similar to the original training dataset

Target dataset is large and different from the original training dataset

Transfer learning example

Multi-task learning

Summary

Autoencoders for CNN

Introducing to autoencoders

Convolutional autoencoder

Applications

An example of compression

Summary

Object Detection and Instance Segmentation with CNN

The differences between object detection and image classification

Why is object detection much more challenging than image classification?

Traditional, nonCNN approaches to object detection

Haar features, cascading classifiers, and the Viola-Jones algorithm

Haar Features

Cascading classifiers

The Viola-Jones algorithm

R-CNN – Regions with CNN features

Fast R-CNN – fast region-based CNN

Faster R-CNN – faster region proposal network-based CNN

Mask R-CNN – Instance segmentation with CNN

Instance segmentation in code

Creating the environment

Installing Python dependencies (Python2 environment)

Downloading and installing the COCO API and detectron library (OS shell commands)

Preparing the COCO dataset folder structure

Running the pre-trained model on the COCO dataset

References

Summary

GAN: Generating New Images with CNN

Pix2pix - Image-to-Image translation GAN

CycleGAN 

Training a GAN model

GAN – code example

Calculating loss 

Adding the optimizer

Semi-supervised learning and GAN

Feature matching

Semi-supervised classification using a GAN example

Deep convolutional GAN

Batch normalization

Summary

Attention Mechanism for CNN and Visual Models

Attention mechanism for image captioning

Types of Attention

Hard Attention

Soft Attention

Using attention to improve visual models

Reasons for sub-optimal performance of visual CNN models

Recurrent models of visual attention

Applying the RAM on a noisy MNIST sample

Glimpse Sensor in code

References

Summary

Other Books You May Enjoy

Leave a review - let other readers know what you think

Preface

CNNs are revolutionizing several application domains, such as visual recognition systems, self-driving cars, medical discoveries, innovative e-commerce, and many more. This book gets you started with the building blocks of CNNs, while also guiding you through the best practices for implementing real-life CNN models and solutions. You will learn to create innovative solutions for image and video analytics to solve complex machine learning and computer vision problems.

This book starts with an overview of deep neural networks, with an example of image classification, and walks you through building your first CNN model. You will learn concepts such as transfer learning and autoencoders with CNN that will enable you to build very powerful models, even with limited supervised (labeled image) training data.

Later we build upon these learnings to achieve advanced vision-related algorithms and solutions for object detection, instance segmentation, generative (adversarial) networks, image captioning, attention mechanisms, and recurrent attention models for vision. Besides giving you hands-on experience with the most intriguing vision models and architectures, this book explores cutting-edge and very recent researches in the areas of CNN and computer vision. This enable the user to foresee the future in this field and quick-start their innovation journey using advanced CNN solutions. By the end of this book, you should be ready to implement advanced, effective, and efficient CNN models in your professional projects or personal initiatives while working on complex images and video datasets.

Who this book is for

This book is for data scientists, machine learning, and deep learning practitioners, and cognitive and artificial intelligence enthusiasts who want to move one step further in building CNNs. Get hands-on experience with extreme datasets and different CNN architectures to build efficient and smart ConvNet models. Basic knowledge of deep learning concepts and Python programming language is expected.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Deep Neural Networks - Overview, it gives a quick refresher of the science of deep neural networks and different frameworks that can be used to implement such networks, with the mathematics behind them.

Chapter 2, Introduction to Convolutional Neural Networks, it introduces the readers to convolutional neural networks and shows how deep learning can be used to extract insights from images.

Chapter 3, Build Your First CNN and Performance Optimization, constructs a simple CNN model for image classification from scratch, and explains how to tune hyperparameters and optimize training time and performance of CNNs for improved efficiency and accuracy respectively.

Chapter 4, Popular CNN Model Architectures, shows the advantages and working of different popular (and award winning) CNN architectures, how they differ from each other, and how to use them.

Chapter 5, Transfer Learning, teaches you to take an existing pretrained network and adapt it to a new and different dataset. There is also a custom classification problem for a real-life application using a technique called transfer learning.

Chapter 6, Autoencoders for CNN, introduces an unsupervised learning technique called autoencoders. We walk through different applications of autoencoders for CNN, such as image compression.

Chapter 7, Object Detection and Instance Segmentation with CNN, teaches the difference between object detection, instance segmentation, and image classification. We then learn multiple techniques for object detection and instance segmentation with CNNs.

Chapter 8, GAN—Generating New Images with CNN, explores generative CNN Networks, and then we combine them with our learned discriminative CNN networks to create new images with CNN/GAN.

Chapter 9, Attention Mechanism for CNN and Visual Models, teaches the intuition behind attention in deep learning and learn how attention-based models are used to implement some advanced solutions (image captioning and RAM). We also understand the different types of attention and the role of reinforcement learning with respect to the hard attention mechanism. 

To get the most out of this book

This book is focused on building CNNs with Python programming language. We have used Python version 2.7 (2x) to build various applications and the open source and enterprise-ready professional software using Python, Spyder, Anaconda, and PyCharm. Many of the examples are also compatible with Python 3x. As a good practice, we encourage users to use Python virtual environments for implementing these codes.

We focus on how to utilize various Python and deep learning libraries (Keras, TensorFlow, and Caffe) in the best possible way to build real-world applications. In that spirit, we have tried to keep all of the code as friendly and readable as possible. We feel that this will enable our readers to easily understand the code and readily use it in different scenarios.

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Deep Neural Networks – Overview

In the past few years, we have seen remarkable progress in the field of AI (deep learning). Today, deep learning is the cornerstone of many advancedtechnological applications, from self-driving cars to generating art and music. Scientists aim to help computers to not only understand speech but also speak in natural languages. Deep learning is a kind of machine learning method that is based on learning data representation as opposed to task-specific algorithms. Deep learning enables the computer to build complex concepts from simpler and smaller concepts. For example, a deep learning system recognizes the image of a person by combining lower label edges and corners and combines them into parts of the body in a hierarchical way. The day is not so far away when deep learning will be extended to applications that enable machines to think on their own.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

Building blocks of a neural network

Introduction to TensorFlow

Introduction to Keras

Backpropagation

Installing TensorFlow

There are two easy ways to install TensorFlow:

Using a virtual environment (recommended and described here)

With a Docker image