Practical Pharmacology for the Pharmaceutical Sciences E-Book

D. Michael Salmon

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 286

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Practical Pharmacology for the Pharmaceutical Sciences is a lab survival guide for those studying Pharmacology, providing hands-on advice on developing pharmacology laboratory and data handling skills. Suitable for both undergraduates and postgraduates, it focuses on laboratory techniques rather than computer-simulated data. It also guides the reader through the process of communicating experimental results in a variety of formats, including posters, oral presentations and project reports.

Split into three main areas, the following topics are covered in detail: 

Preparation for Experimental Pharmacology

• Legal aspects
• Fundamentals of Pharmacology
• Definitions, calculations and statistics

Experiments in Pharmacology

• Microtitre-based techniques using isolated cells
• In vitro techniques using isolated tissues and organs
• Biochemical techniques using cell-free systems

Communicating experimental results

• Data presentation
• How to write scientific reports
• Pharmacological literature

Supported with numerous questions throughout the text, as well as step by step instructions for practical experiments, this book presents an approach to learning pharmacology through an appreciation of authentic experimental data.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

REFERENCES

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Before Entering the Pharmacology Laboratory

1.1 SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT

1.2 THE LABORATORY RECORD BOOK

1.3 USE OF ANIMALS IN PRACTICAL PHARMACOLOGY

1.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1.5 UNITS, DILUTIONS AND LOGARITHMS

1.6 ESSENTIAL STATISTICS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Basic Pharmacological Principles

2.1 DRUG–RECEPTOR INTERACTION

2.2 BIOASSAYS

REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Isolated Tissues and Organs

3.1 EQUIPMENT FOR IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS

3.2 ORGAN BATHS

3.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL SALT SOLUTIONS

3.4 TRANSDUCERS

3.5 RECORDING EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE

3.6 DOSING

3.7 ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED PREPARATIONS

3.8 FAULT-FINDING OF IN VITRO ISOLATED TISSUE PREPARATIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Smooth Muscle Preparations

4.1 GASTROINTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE PREPARATIONS

4.2 GUINEA PIG ISOLATED ILEUM

4.3 RABBIT ISOLATED JEJUNUM AND THE FINKLEMAN PREPARATION

4.4 ISOLATED TRACHEAL RINGS

4.5 ISOLATED VAS DEFERENS

QUESTIONS ON ISOLATED TISSUE PREPARATIONS

ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Cardiovascular Preparations

5.1 ISOLATED PERFUSED HEART PREPARATIONS

5.2 THORACIC AORTA PREPARATION

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Skeletal Muscle

6.1 TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

6.2 MULTIPLY-INNERVATED SKELETAL MUSCLE PREPARATIONS

6.3 FOCALLY INNERVATED SKELETAL MUSCLE PREPARATIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Isolated Cells

7.1 FRESHLY ISOLATED AND CULTURED CELLS

7.2 PLATELETS

7.3 NEUTROPHILS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Biochemical Pharmacology

8.1 PHARMACOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF COMMON BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

8.2 ENZYME INHIBITORS

8.3 ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

8.4 MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS

8.5 THROMBIN INHIBITORS

8.6 ATP ASE INHIBITORS

REFERENCES

Chapter 9: Complementary Methods for Teaching Practical Pharmacology

9.1 THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF AVAILABLE METHODS

9.2 INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 10: Communicating Results

10.1 PRELIMINARY REPORTS

10.2 POSTER PRESENTATIONS

10.3 ORAL PRESENTATIONS

10.4 PROJECT REPORTS

10.5 PHARMACOLOGICAL LITERATURE

10.6 HOW TO CITE SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION SOURCES

10.7 PLAGIARISM

REFERENCES

Appendix 1: Molecular Weights of Commonly Used Drugs

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS (MW OR FW) OF COMMONLY USED DRUGS

Appendix 2: Useful Resources for Practical Pharmacology

Index

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Salmon, Michael (D. Michael), author. Practical pharmacology for the pharmaceutical sciences / Dr. Michael Salmon. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-97550-2 (pbk.) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Pharmacology--Laboratory Manuals. 2. Chemistry, Pharmaceutical--Laboratory Manuals. 3. Pharmaceutical Preparations--Laboratory Manuals. QV 25] RM301.25 615.1078--dc23 2013037819

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119975502

Preface

It is a startling fact that it is 30 years since the last text book on pharmacology laboratory practicals (Kitchen, 1984) was published. An obvious assumption would be that there has been a drastic fall in demand. A common response is that laboratory practicals are redundant and have been replaced by computer-assisted learning (CAL) and simulated experiments (Hughes, 2003). This is due to the challenges of increasing student numbers, decline in staff numbers and the high cost of maintaining laboratories and animal facilities (Hughes, 2001). It has been claimed that CAL experiments and problem-based learning provide an equal or superior student learning experience (Hughes, 2001, 2002). Yet surveys of the curriculum of pharmacology courses in the United Kingdom (Dewhurst and Page, 1998), and currently using a world-wide Internet survey, quickly reveals that this is not the case. “Wet” laboratory practicals remain a central part of most courses, and clearly many universities and colleges are reluctant to abandon them completely, as employers in the pharmaceutical industry and academia expect hands-on experience of pharmacological techniques. In the United Kingdom, the British Pharmacology Society (www.bps.ac.uk/Education/Universityresources/Core curricula in pharmacology, (accessed June 2013)) currently recommends an undergraduate pharmacology core curriculum in which skills in pharmacological experimentation form an essential component (see www.bps.ac.uk/education/universityresources/core curricula). Most courses now appear to rely on in-house schedules of variable quality. Meanwhile, the equipment available for the pharmacology laboratory has greatly improved mainly through the use of computers to control experiments and record data, which makes them easier to use and improve the quality of data obtained by novice students. It is a fear that some of the skills involved in real, wet experimentation may be lost as new lecturers themselves have not been taught these methods. It is therefore timely to produce a book for use in pharmacology practical classes using state-of-the-art equipment and using modern nomenclature. Several books have recently described laboratory techniques and calculations for the biosciences in general. In contrast, this book specifically aims to introduce practical pharmacology to the pharmaceutical sciences undergraduate student.

The book opens with an outline of how to prepare to work in the pharmacology laboratory, and progresses to briefly describe some of the basic principles of pharmacology, which I believe are most clearly understood from a historical perspective. The central core includes experiments using in vitro tissues, isolated cells and cell-free biochemical systems, focusing on those that are unique to pharmacology. Some of these are classical experiments which were introduced some years ago, and form the basis of the discipline of pharmacology. However, it is important to note that they are still topical in that they are still being interpreted in new ways in the light of current research. Several techniques included in the BPS core curriculum, such as molecular biology, biochemistry, electrophysiology and tissue culture widely used in pharmacological research are only alluded to, as these have been well covered elsewhere. In conclusion, since no experiment is complete without communicating the results, there is a section on the presentation and interpretation of results and how to use and cite information sources. This book aspires to be useful for students in all pharmaceutical science courses that include pharmacology modules giving a real life experience in learning pharmacology.

Powerpoint slides to accompany this book can be downloaded from http://booksupport.wiley.com by entering the book name, author or isbn information.

REFERENCES

Dewhurst, D.G. and Page, C.P. (1998) A survey of the content of B.Sc. courses in Pharmacology in UK universities – is it time for a core curriculum? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 19: 262–265.

Hughes, I.E. (2001) Do computer simulations of laboratory practicals meet learning needs? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22: 71–74.

Hughes, I.E. (2002) Simulations – as much learning as with wet practicals? in Teaching Pharmacology Tomorrow: Tools and Techniques.

Hughes, I.E. (2003) Teaching pharmacology in 2010–new knowledge, new tools, new attitudes. Folia. Pharmacol JPN 122: 411–418. doi:10.1254/fpj.122.41

Kitchen, I. (1984) Textbook of In Vitro Practical Pharmacology, Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0-632-01216-1.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to many colleagues at the University of East London with whom I worked for many years. Without their experience and fortitude this book would not have been written. I am especially indebted to my fellow lecturers, Barry Jones, Alun Morrinan, Wilson Steele, Pat Freeman and Gill Sturman. I also received unstinting technical support from Nick Seeley and Kevin Clough. Finally, I must take the blame for any errors in this book that have been overlooked, and would be most grateful if they are brought to my attention.

1

Before Entering the Pharmacology Laboratory

Before embarking on any new activity, it is wise to be familiar with the language, concepts and possible risks of the venture. So this book begins with a number of topics with which an experimenter must be familiar, such as health and safety, ethical and legal considerations and fundamental principles of experimental pharmacology. No experiment has much value unless a coherent design has been devised first. The design of an experiment is crucial if it is to yield meaningful results. Having obtained the experimental data, it is important to decide on the relevant statistical methods that will be employed to evaluate the results. Obvious as this may seem, it is shocking, even in professional research, how many experiments are wasted due to a lack of planning in design.

1.1 SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT

All activities which involve the use of chemicals, from the factory floor to the research laboratory, are subject to the Health and Safety legislation. In the United Kingdom, this is done by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), and of particular relevance in the laboratory is the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSSH, 2002). In the United States, the body is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), who require a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) for each experiment, whilst in the EC the relevant body is the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA).