Pumps and Compressors E-Book

Marc Borremans

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Wiley-ASME Press Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 431

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

A practical guide to the majority of pumps and compressors used in engineering applications Pumps and compressors are ubiquitous in industry, used in manufacturing, processing and chemical plant, HVAC installations, aerospace propulsion systems, medical applications, and everywhere else where there is a need to pump liquids, or circulate or compress gasses. This well-illustrated handbook covers the basic function, performance, and applications for the most widely used pump and compressor types available on the market today. It explains how each device operates and includes the governing mathematics needed to calculate device performance such as flow rates and compression. Additionally, real-world issues such as cavitation, and priming are covered. Pumps & Compressors is divided into two sections, each of which offers a notation of variables and an introduction. The Pumps section covers piston pumps, radial turbopumps, axial turbopumps, rotating pumps, hydraulic pumps, and pumps with driving flow. The Compressors section covers piston compressors, rotating compressors, turbo compressors, ejectors, vacuum pumps, and compressors for cooling purposes. * A virtual encyclopedia of all pumps and compressors that describes the mechanics of all devices and the theory, mathematics, and formulas governing their function * Allows the reader to develop the skills needed to confidently select the appropriate pump or compressor type and specification for their applications Pumps & Compressors is an excellent text for courses on pumps and compressors, as well as a valuable reference for professional engineers and laymen seeking knowledge on the topic.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Preface

Acknowledgment

Used Symbols

About the Companion Website

Part I: Pumps

1 General Concepts

1.1 Hydrostatics

1.2 Flow

1.3 Law of Bernoulli

1.4 Static and Dynamic Pressure

1.5 Viscosity

1.6 Extension of Bernoulli's Law

1.7 Laminar and Turbulent Flow

1.8 Laminar Flow

1.9 Turbulent Flow

1.10 Moody's Diagram

1.11 Feed Pressure

1.12 Law of Bernoulli in Moving Reference Frames

1.13 Water Hammer (Hydraulic Shock)

1.14 Flow Mechanics

2 Positive Displacement Pumps

2.1 Reciprocating Pumps

2.2 Maximum Suction Head

2.3 Characteristic Values

2.4 Hydraulic Pumps

2.5 Other Displacement Pumps

3 Dynamic Pumps

3.1 Radial Turbopumps (Centrifugal Pumps)

3.2 Axial Turbopumps

3.3 Turbopumps Advanced

4 Flow‐Driven Pumps

4.1 General

4.2 Liquid Jet Liquid Pump

4.3 Liquid Jet Solid Pump

4.4 Liquid Jet Mixers

4.5 Steam Jet Liquid Pump

4.6 The Feedback Pump

4.7 Air Pressure Pump

5 Sealing

5.1 Labyrinth Sealing

5.2 Lip Seals

5.3 V‐Ring Seals

5.4 Gland Packing

5.5 Lantern Rings

5.6 Mechanical Seals

5.7 Hydrodynamic Seal

5.8 Floating Ring Seals

5.9 Hermetic Pumps

Part II: Compressors

6 General

6.1 Terminology

6.2 Normal Volume

6.3 Ideal Gasses

6.4 Work and Power

6.5 Nozzles

6.6 Flow

6.7 Choice and Selection

6.8 Psychrometrics

7 Piston Compressors

7.1 Indicator Diagram

7.2 Parts

7.3 Volumetric Efficiency

7.4 Membrane Compressor

7.5 Work and Power

7.6 Two‐stage Compressor

7.7 Three or More Stages

7.8 Problems with Water Condensation

7.9 Flow Regulation

7.10 Star Triangle Connection

7.11 Refrigeration Piston Compressor

8 Other Displacement Compressors

8.1 Roots Compressor

8.2 Vane Compressor

8.3 Screw Compressor

8.4 Mono‐screw Compressor

8.5 Scroll Compressor

8.6 Tooth Rotor Compressor

8.7 Rolling Piston

8.8 Liquid Ring Compressor

8.9 Regulation Displacement Compressors

8.10 Refrigerant Compressors

9 Turbocompressors

9.1 Centrifugal Fans

9.2 Cross‐stream Fans

9.3 Side Channel Fans

9.4 Turbo Fan

9.5 Centrifugal Compressor

9.6 Refrigerant Turbocompressor

9.7 Axial Fans

9.8 Axial Compressor

9.9 Calculation Example

9.10 Surge Limit

9.11 Choke Limit (Stonewall Point)

9.12 Comparison Axial/Radial Compressor

9.13 Regulation of Turbocompressors

9.14 Efficiency of Turbocompressors

10 Jet Ejectors

10.1 Steam Ejector Compressor

10.2 Gas Jet Ejector

10.3 Applications

11 Vacuum Pumps

11.1 Vacuum Areas

11.2 Measuring Devices

11.3 Types of Flow

11.4 Rough Vacuum (1000–1 [mbar])

11.5 Medium Vacuum (1–10 [mbar])

11.6 High Vacuum (10–10 [mbar])

11.7 Ultrahigh Vacuum (10–10 [mbar])

Appendix A: The Velocity Profile and Mean Velocity for a Laminar Flow

Appendix B: Calculation of λ for a Laminar Flow

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Guide values for fluids.

Table 1.2 Perpendicular bend.

Table 1.3 Absolute roughness.

Table 1.4 Aging factor.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Loss suction head caused by vapor pressure (water).

Table 2.2 Standard atmospheric pressures.

Table 2.3 Maximum suction head.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Values for

λ

.

Table 7.2 Limit‐pressure ratio.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Mean free distance at 20 °C.

Table 11.2 Steam table saturated steam.

Table 11.3 Mean thermal velocity molecules.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Law of Pascal.

Figure 1.2 Flow.

Figure 1.3 Law of Bernoulli.

Figure 1.4 Static and dynamic pressure.

Figure 1.5 Venturi.

Figure 1.6 Viscosity.

Figure 1.7 Channel.

Figure 1.8 Velocity and shear stress profile in laminar flow.

Figure 1.9 Conversion between different viscosity units.

Figure 1.10 Heating of heavy oils.

Figure 1.11 Heavy oils and their viscosity.

Figure 1.12 Friction loss.

Figure 1.13 Types of flow.

Figure 1.14 Turbulent flow: velocity profile.

Figure 1.15 Concentric eccentric profile: (a) rectangular profile; (b) ellipse;...

Figure 1.16 Hydraulic diameter.

Figure 1.17 Conversion factor

δ

.

Figure 1.18 Moody diagram.

Figure 1.19 Absolute roughness

k

.

Figure 1.20 Example.

Figure 1.21 Geodetic feed pressure.

Figure 1.22 A negative geodetic suction head.

Figure 1.23 Closed circuit.

Figure 1.24 Static feed pressure.

Figure 1.25 Example of a pumping installation.

Figure 1.26 Bernoulli in moving frames.

Figure 1.27 Water hammer distractors.

Figure 1.28 Slowly closing valve.

Figure 1.29 Tube.

Figure 1.30 Flexible tube.

Figure 1.31 Obstacle.

Figure 1.32 Flow over a hydrofoil.

Figure 1.33 Hydrofoil.

Figure 1.34 Hydrofoil in flow.

Figure 1.35 Static pressure.

Figure 1.36 Projected surfaces.

Figure 1.37 Behavior of a hydrofoil.

Figure 1.38 Stall.

Figure 1.39 Flow around an obstacle.

Figure 1.40 Streamlined object (aerodynamic profile).

Figure 1.41 Helicopter screws and airplane wings.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Piston pump.

Figure 2.2 Crank‐connecting rod mechanism.

Figure 2.3 Disc valve: disc, seat.

Figure 2.4 Ball valve.

Figure 2.5 Cuff rings.

Figure 2.6 Cuff rings double acting pump.

Figure 2.7 Piston rings.

Figure 2.8 Piston rings double acting pimp.

Figure 2.9 Plunger pumps.

Figure 2.10 Water well pump.

Figure 2.11 Water well pump.

Figure 2.12 Double acting pump.

Figure 2.13 Double acting pump.

Figure 2.14 Double acting pump.

Figure 2.15 Operation principle membrane pump.

Figure 2.16 Electrically driven membrane pump.

Figure 2.17 Principle compressed air drive membrane pump.

Figure 2.18Figure 2.18 Section membrane pump.

Figure 2.19 Membrane pump.

Figure 2.20 Triplex plunger pump.

Figure 2.21Figure 2.21 Triplex plunger pump.

Figure 2.22 Triplex scouring‐plunger pump, 60 [bar], 3700 [l/h].

Figure 2.23 Triplex progress of flow.

Figure 2.24 Hydrophore.

Figure 2.25 Hydrophore group with piston.

Figure 2.26 “Booster pump.”

Figure 2.27 Suction head theoretically.

Figure 2.28 Influence vapor.

Figure 2.29 Influence velocity.

Figure 2.30 Crank‐rod mechanism.

Figure 2.31 Position, velocity, and acceleration of the piston.

Figure 2.32 Acceleration loss.

Figure 2.33 Liquid velocity.

Figure 2.34 Suction side.

Figure 2.35 Flows in the pump installation.

Figure 2.36 On press side.

Figure 2.37 Implementation of a piston pump with air chambers.

Figure 2.38 Manometric head.

Figure 2.39 Theoretical pressure.

Figure 2.40 Pressure in pump.

Figure 2.41 Pump installation.

Figure 2.42 Characteristic of the installation (

system curve

).

Figure 2.43 Characteristic of the pump.

Figure 2.44 System curve.

Figure 2.45 Pressure relief valve.

Figure 2.46 Ball relief valve.

Figure 2.47 Changing duty point.

Figure 2.48 Spring dewatering.

Figure 2.49 Concrete pump.

Figure 2.50 Classification hydraulic pumps.

Figure 2.51 Sliding vane pump.

Figure 2.52 Sliding vane pump.

Figure 2.53 Sliding vane pump with variable flow (a) direct and (b) indirect pi...

Figure 2.54 Gear pump.

Figure 2.55 Teeth on shaft.

Figure 2.56 Relief grooves.

Figure 2.57 Axial leak compensation.

Figure 2.58 Bypass.

Figure 2.59Figure 2.59 Gear pump with internal toothing.

Figure 2.60 Parts.

Figure 2.61 Gear pump with internal toothing.

Figure 2.62 Gear pump with internal toothing.

Figure 2.63 One‐shaft screw pump.

Figure 2.64 Two‐axis screw pump.

Figure 2.65 Two‐axis screw pump.

Figure 2.66Figure 2.66 Screws.

Figure 2.67Figure 2.67 Screws.

Figure 2.68 Axial equilibrium.

Figure 2.69Figure 2.69 Operation.

Figure 2.70Figure 2.70 Three‐dimensional view.

Figure 2.71 Woman with screw pump.

Figure 2.72 Three‐axis screw pump.

Figure 2.73 Three‐axis screw pump with magnetic coupling.

Figure 2.74 Radial plunger pump.

Figure 2.75 Radial pump.

Figure 2.76 Plunger pump with rotating disc.

Figure 2.77 Suction and press action.

Figure 2.78 Axial plunger pump with rotating cylinder block (swash plate pump).

Figure 2.79 Swash plate pump.

Figure 2.80 Three‐dimensional view swash plate pump.

Figure 2.81 Oblique cylinder block.

Figure 2.82Figure 2.82 Three‐dimensional view knee pump.

Figure 2.83Figure 2.83 Knee pump.

Figure 2.84 Parts.

Figure 2.85 Two‐lobe pump.

Figure 2.86Figure 2.86 Lobe pump.

Figure 2.87Figure 2.87 Roots pump.

Figure 2.88 Roots pump.

Figure 2.89 Operation principle.

Figure 2.90 Lobe pump.

Figure 2.91 Types of rotors.

Figure 2.92 Five‐lobe pump.

Figure 2.93 Lobe pump.

Figure 2.94Figure 2.94 Cutter knives.

Figure 2.95Figure 2.95 Cutter.

Figure 2.96 The pressure delivering roots pump is preceded by a cutter and a tr...

Figure 2.97 Principle operation peristaltic pump.

Figure 2.98Figure 2.98 Implementations.

Figure 2.99 Peristaltic pump.

Figure 2.100 Big peristaltic pump.

Figure 2.101 Mono pump.

Figure 2.102Figure 2.102 Three‐dimensional view of a mono pump.

Figure 2.103Figure 2.103 Mono pump parts.

Figure 2.104 Mono pump stator.

Figure 2.105 Operation mono pump.

Figure 2.106 Cardan coupling.

Figure 2.107 Mono pump preceded by transport screw.

Figure 2.108 Pressure and number of stages.

Figure 2.109 Operation.

Figure 2.110Figure 2.110 Impeller.

Figure 2.111 Flex impeller pump.

Figure 2.112 Characteristics.

Figure 2.113 Operation side channel.

Figure 2.114Figure 2.114 Side Channel pump.

Figure 2.115Figure 2.115 Two‐stage side channel pump.

Figure 2.116 Side channel pump preceded by a radial impeller.

Figure 2.117 Side channel.

Figure 2.118 Characteristic side channel pump.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Operation.

Figure 3.2 Operation: axial inlet.

Figure 3.3 Implementation..

Figure 3.4 Section of centrifugal pump.

Figure 3.5 Technical drawing.

Figure 3.6 Impeller forms.

Figure 3.7 Closed impeller.

Figure 3.8 Wear ring.

Figure 3.9 Wear ring.

Figure 3.10 Half‐open impeller.

Figure 3.11 Open impeller.

Figure 3.12 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.13 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.14 Definition volumetric flow.

Figure 3.15

c

2

r

determines the flow.

Figure 3.16 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.17 Perpendicular surface.

Figure 3.18 Perpendicular section

A

′

.

Figure 3.19 Static pressure rise in closed pump of part

dm

.

Figure 3.20 Vane channel as diffusor.

Figure 3.21 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.22 Example 3.1.

Figure 3.23 Velocity triangles, Example 3.1.

Figure 3.24 Bump free and non‐bump free entry.

Figure 3.25 Diffusor.

Figure 3.26 Diffusor.

Figure 3.27 Guide wheel and diffusor.

Figure 3.28 Partitions in diffusor.

Figure 3.29 Pressure and velocity progress.

Figure 3.30 Influence of vane angle.

Figure 3.31 Velocity triangle.

Figure 3.32 Feed pressure and flow.

Figure 3.33 System curve.

Figure 3.34 Friction losses and bump losses.

Figure 3.35 Manometric pressure.

Figure 3.36 Operating point.

Figure 3.37 Efficiency. Point P is the BEP.

Figure 3.38 Influence rpm.

Figure 3.39 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.40 Surge.

Figure 3.41 Instability.

Figure 3.42 Pump curves.

Figure 3.43 Application field.

Figure 3.44 Homologous series of pumps. 50/160 means pump outlet diameter 40 [m...

Figure 3.45 Throttling: evolution of characteristic.

Figure 3.46 Throttling: pressure loss.

Figure 3.47 Throttle vanes (IGVs). Source: Atlas Copcoc.

Figure 3.48 Bypass regulation.

Figure 3.49 Characteristic behavior.

Figure 3.50 Regulation speed.

Figure 3.51 Comparison by‐pass versus throttling regulation of flow.

Figure 3.52 Starting up the pump.

Figure 3.53 Self‐priming centrifugal pump.

Figure 3.54 Self‐priming pump.

Figure 3.55 Self‐priming pump with ejector.

Figure 3.56 More impellers.

Figure 3.57 High pressure centrifugal pump.

Figure 3.58 Implementation high pressure pump.

Figure 3.59 Multi‐cell pump, modular design pump.

Figure 3.60 Roto‐jet pump.

Figure 3.61 Section roto‐jet pump.

Figure 3.62 Characteristics.

Figure 3.63 Operating principle vortex pump.

Figure 3.64 Implementation.

Figure 3.65 Implementation vortex pump.

Figure 3.66 Vortex Submersible pump.

Figure 3.67 Avoidance of clogging.

Figure 3.68 Principle of an axial pump.

Figure 3.69 Axial pump.

Figure 3.70 Axial pump.

Figure 3.71 Plan view.

Figure 3.72 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.73 Passage area A.

Figure 3.74 Perpendicular surface

A'

.

Figure 3.75 Channel acting as a diffuser.

Figure 3.76 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.77 Example 3.4.

Figure 3.78 Example 3.4.

Figure 3.79 Diffusor.

Figure 3.80 Guide wheel.

Figure 3.81 Guide wheel.

Figure 3.82 Vane profile.

Figure 3.83Figure 3.83 Velocity triangles on top and foot of vane.

Figure 3.84 Axial pump.

Figure 3.85 Francis vane (Screw) pump.

Figure 3.86 Variant.

Figure 3.87 Francis vane pump.

Figure 3.88Figure 3.88 Francis vane pump.

Figure 3.89Figure 3.89 Implementation

Figure 3.90 Implementation.

Figure 3.91 Mixed flow pump.

Figure 3.92 Guide wheel.

Figure 3.93 Mixed flow pump.

Figure 3.94 Turbopumps.

Figure 3.95 Characteristic curves of an axial pump.

Figure 3.96Figure 3.96 Characteristics of a mixed flow pump.

Figure 3.97 Characteristic curves of a radial pump.

Figure 3.98 Archimedes pump.

Figure 3.99Figure 3.99 Archimedes screw.

Figure 3.100Figure 3.100 Implementation.

Figure 3.101Figure 3.101 Implementation.

Figure 3.102 Archimedes screw on a site.

Figure 3.103 Velocity triangles.

Figure 3.104 Characteristic.

Figure 3.105 Bundle of characteristics.

Figure 3.106 Characteristics bundled together.

Figure 3.107 Characteristics at various impeller diameters.

Figure 3.108 One bundle.

Figure 3.109 Global characteristic.

Figure 3.110 Efficiency curves.

Figure 3.111 Characteristics bundled together.

Figure 3.112 General graphic homologous series of pumps.

Figure 3.113 Good and bad series of pumps.

Figure 3.114 Characteristic per pump.

Figure 3.115 Specific speed (SI unit with

N

in rpm).

Figure 3.116 Pump efficiency and specific speed.

Figure 3.117 Attacked rotor centrifugal pump by cavitation.

Figure 3.118 Axial pump damaged by cavitation.

Figure 3.119 Mounting (after pompendokter.nl).

Figure 3.120 Suction pressure.

Figure 3.121 Pump installation.

Figure 3.122 Characteristic centrifugal pump.

Figure 3.123 Characteristic centrifugal pump at various speeds.

Figure 3.124 Inducer before impeller.

Figure 3.125Figure 3.125 Characteristic with and without inducer.

Figure 3.126Figure 3.126 Inducer.

Figure 3.127 Inducers.

Figure 3.128 Double sided inlet.

Figure 3.129 Dashed lines are parabola for changing speed

N

and constant specif...

Figure 3.130 Double vs single suction pump.

Figure 3.131 Eye.

Figure 3.132

NPSH

r

and eye diameter.

Figure 3.133 Stable operation window without cavitation, in function of N

ss

.

Figure 3.134 Series connection.

Figure 3.135 Parallel connection.

Figure 3.136 Pump curve.

Figure 3.137 Duty point.

Figure 3.138 Parallel connection.

Figure 3.139 Correction factors

k

for standards of the Hydraulic Institute.

Figure 3.140 Correction factors

f

according to KSB.

Figure 3.141 Characteristic curves.

Figure 3.143Figure 3.143 Multi cells submersible pump.

Figure 3.142 Submersible pump.

Figure 3.144Figure 3.144 Submersible pumps.

Figure 3.145Figure 3.145 Multi cell submersible pump.

Figure 3.146 Half‐axial submersible pump.

Figure 3.147 Electropumps.

Figure 3.148 Turbopumps for contaminated liquids.

Figure 3.149 Two‐channel pump.

Figure 3.150 Three‐channel impeller.

Figure 3.151 One‐channel pump.

Figure 3.152 One‐channel pump.

Figure 3.153 Cutter impellers.

Figure 3.154 Cutter pumps.

Figure 3.155 Support under the bearing.

Figure 3.156 Support under the bearing.

Figure 3.157 Centerline mounted.

Figure 3.158 Close coupled.

Figure 3.159 Vertical mounting close coupled, in line.

Figure 3.160 Back pull out construction.

Figure 3.161 Sight on the pump of Figure 3.160.

Figure 3.162 Radially split centrifugal pump.

Figure 3.163 Axially split pumps.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Jet pump.

Figure 4.2 Values.

Figure 4.3 Liquid jet pump (left: stainless steel, middle: PP, right: PTFE for ...

Figure 4.4 Application.

Figure 4.5 Mobile unit.

Figure 4.6 Application.

Figure 4.7 Neutralization basin.

Figure 4.8 Feedback pump.

Figure 4.9 Principle.

Figure 4.10 Air pressure pump.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 External cavity seal.

Figure 5.2 External gap type seal with concentric grooves.

Figure 5.3 External gap seal with helical grooves.

Figure 5.4 External labyrinth seal, passages arranged axially.

Figure 5.5 External labyrinth seat; passages arranged radially.

Figure 5.6 Inclined passages.

Figure 5.7 Labyrinth seal consisting of multiple sealing washers.

Figure 5.8 Rotating disc acting as a shield.

Figure 5.9 Purpose of lip seal.

Figure 5.10 Principle of lip seal () and garter springs ().

Figure 5.11 Lip seals: stern tube aft seal.

Figure 5.12 Lip seals: yellow: rubber, gray: metal reinforcement, 4th figure: w...

Figure 5.13 Lip facing inward or outward.

Figure 5.14 Single lip and double lip.

Figure 5.15 Double seal, one reinforced, and triple seal.

Figure 5.16 Lip seal.

Figure 5.17 Flexibility of V‐ring seals.

Figure 5.18 V‐ring seals.

Figure 5.19Figure 5.19 Combination two V‐rings and a labyrinth seal.

Figure 5.20 Labyrinth and two opposing V‐seals.

Figure 5.21 Four‐shaft seal: water‐cooled gland packing.

Figure 5.22 Gland materials.

Figure 5.23 Constructive dimensions.

Figure 5.24 Number of rings.

Figure 5.25 Counter vanes.

Figure 5.26 Lantern rings.

Figure 5.27 Lantern ring and gland rings.

Figure 5.28 External flushing of glands via lantern ring.

Figure 5.29 Application fields for type of seals.

Figure 5.30 Mechanical seal: mating faces.

Figure 5.31 Mechanical seal.

Figure 5.32 Global view on mechanical seal.

Figure 5.33 Mechanical seal.

Figure 5.34Figure 5.34 Cooling of the seal faces.

Figure 5.35 Unbalanced seal.

Figure 5.36 Equilibrium of forces.

Figure 5.37 Unbalanced seal.

Figure 5.38 Equilibrium of forces.

Figure 5.39 Balanced mechanical seal.

Figure 5.40 Single internal seal.

Figure 5.41 Single external seal.

Figure 5.42 PTFE bellows instead of spring external seal.

Figure 5.43 Back to back.

Figure 5.44 Back to back arrangement.

Figure 5.45 Tandem double seal configuration.

Figure 5.46 Tandem seal.

Figure 5.47 Dual seal configuration.

Figure 5.48 Face‐to‐face seal.

Figure 5.49 Hydrodynamic seal.

Figure 5.50 Journal bearing.

Figure 5.51 Journal.

Figure 5.52 Babbit.

Figure 5.53 Oil supply.

Figure 5.54 Two parallel faces.

Figure 5.55 Tilted bearing.

Figure 5.56 Infinitesimal volume of liquid.

Figure 5.57 Converging gap.

Figure 5.58 Second term of

u

for P = 2.

Figure 5.59 Velocity distribution (second term).

Figure 5.60 Velocity distribution for

u

is the sum of Figures  5.57 and 5.59...

Figure 5.61 Journal bearing: lift force.

Figure 5.62 Pressure distribution in journal bearing.

Figure 5.63 Diverging gap.

Figure 5.64 Hydrodynamic tracks (hydropaths) in seal rings.

Figure 5.65 Simple image of a floating ring seal.

Figure 5.66 Forces on a floating ring.

Figure 5.67 Segmented floating ring seals in housing.

Figure 5.68 Garter spring, and segmented floating rings.

Figure 5.69 Rotor.

Figure 5.70 Cross‐section of magnet rings and containment shell.

Figure 5.71 Gear pump driven by magnetic coupling.

Figure 5.72 Hermetic vane pump.

Figure 5.73Figure 5.73 Principle of a canned motor pump.

Figure 5.74Figure 5.74 Canned motor pump type CAM with internal cooling.

Figure 5.75Figure 5.75 Canned motor pump type CAM with external cooling.

Figure 5.76 Multistage canned motor pump type CAM.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Compressor.

Figure 6.2 Compression work.

Figure 6.3 Graphical interpretation of the specific compression work.

Figure 6.4 Compression.

Figure 6.5 Specific technical work (colored).

Figure 6.6 Flow.

Figure 6.7 Converging–diverging nozzle.

Figure 6.8 Velocity, static pressure, and specific volume.

Figure 6.9 Types of compressors.

Figure 6.10 Partial pressure.

Figure 6.11

pv

diagram of water.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Indicator diagram.

Figure 7.2 Section two‐cylinder piston compressor V.

Figure 7.3 Components of compressor with cross head.

Figure 7.4 Crankshaft hyper‐compressor.

Figure 7.5 Principle of a double acting compressor.

Figure 7.6 Teflon piston rings.

Figure 7.7Figure 7.7 Four‐cylinder piston compressor.

Figure 7.8Figure 7.8 Vertical cylinder, labyrinth piston.

Figure 7.9Figure 7.9 Vertical cylinder, labyrinth piston.

Figure 7.10 Horizontal two‐cylinder piston compressor.

Figure 7.11 Piston compressor with labyrinth pistons.

Figure 7.12 Valves double‐acting piston.

Figure 7.13 Valve.

Figure 7.14Figure 7.14 Plate valve.

Figure 7.15Figure 7.15 Plate valve.

Figure 7.16 Valve of a hyper‐compressor.

Figure 7.17 Piston compressor as vacuum pump.

Figure 7.18 Influence allowable volume on the pressure ratio.

Figure 7.19 Hydrogen diaphragm compressor 1000 [bar

g

].

Figure 7.20 Technical work.

Figure 7.21 Various types of compression.

Figure 7.22 Cooling ribs.

Figure 7.23 Piston compressor with pressure vessel, fan, and cooling ribs.

Figure 7.24

ph

diagram for butane.

Figure 7.25 Two‐stage compressor.

Figure 7.26 Influence two‐stage compression on compression work.

Figure 7.27 Two‐stage compressor.

Figure 7.28 Two‐stage compressor with intercooling in the middle.

Figure 7.29 Three‐stage tandem compressor.

Figure 7.30Figure 7.30 Three‐stage compressor: vertical: double‐acting, horizon...

Figure 7.31Figure 7.31 Three‐stage piston compressor.

Figure 7.32 Hyper‐compressor (six‐stage), 3500 [bar].

Figure 7.33 Two‐stage compression with intercooler.

Figure 7.34 Throttling suction line.

Figure 7.35 Regulation throttling suction line.

Figure 7.36 Regulation opening suction valve.

Figure 7.37 One‐stage, multiple‐cylinder piston compressor (refrigeration). Suc...

Figure 7.38 Increasing size dead volume.

Figure 7.39 Star connection.

Figure 7.40 Triangle connection.

Figure 7.41 Phase and line voltage are vectors.

Figure 7.42 Triangle–star transformation.

Figure 7.43 Torque versus speed for an induction motor.

Figure 7.44 Regulation of the torque for an induction motor.

Figure 7.45 First part of the VFD.

Figure 7.46 Adding a lager capacitor makes a DC voltage form the AC voltage.

Figure 7.47 Third part of VFD.

Figure 7.48 Pulse width modulation (PWM).

Figure 7.49 A VFD.

Figure 7.50 Refrigerant piston compressor (semi‐hermitic).

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Operation principle roots compressor.

Figure 8.2 Roots compressor (the biggest – 98.000 [m

3

/h]).

Figure 8.3 Technical work.

Figure 8.4 Synchronous gear transmission.

Figure 8.5 Flow.

Figure 8.6 Flow and torque.

Figure 8.7 Labyrinth seal.

Figure 8.8 Three‐lobe oil‐free roots blower.

Figure 8.9 Twisted rotors.

Figure 8.10 Operation vane compressor.

Figure 8.11 Three‐dimensional sight vane compressor.

Figure 8.12 Difference between piston and vane compressor.

Figure 8.13 Indicator diagram of a vane compressor.

Figure 8.14 Extra energy with a vane compressor.

Figure 8.15 Two‐stage vane compressor.

Figure 8.16 Two‐stage vane compressor with intercooling.

Figure 8.17 Screw compressor with housing. Three lobes versus five recesses.

Figure 8.18Figure 8.18 Three‐ to four‐screw compressor, 1 [bar].

Figure 8.19 3/2 compressor.

Figure 8.20 Operation screw compressor.

Figure 8.21 Operation screw compressor.

Figure 8.22 Water cooling curtain after the first stage.

Figure 8.23 Energy gain in a two‐stage implementation screw compressor.

Figure 8.24 Two‐stage implementation of a screw compressor.

Figure 8.25 Synchronous gearbox.

Figure 8.26 Screw compressor: internal sight.

Figure 8.27Figure 8.27 Screw compressor of Figure 8.26.

Figure 8.28 Screw compressor of Figure 8.26 with soundproofing housing.

Figure 8.29 Regulation screw compressor.

Figure 8.30 Regulation screw compressor.

Figure 8.31 Regulation pressure ratio.

Figure 8.32 Regulation flow.

Figure 8.33 Semi‐hermetic screw compressor.

Figure 8.34 Mono‐screw compressor.

Figure 8.35 Operation mono‐screw compressor with water injection.

Figure 8.36Figure 8.36 Elements mono‐screw: a screw rotor and two gate rotors.

Figure 8.37Figure 8.37 Mono‐screw compressor.

Figure 8.38Figure 8.38 Operation suction process.

Figure 8.39Figure 8.39 Operation compression.

Figure 8.40 Outlet.

Figure 8.41 Regulation flow with slider.

Figure 8.42Figure 8.42 Regulation of flow and pressure – separately.

Figure 8.43Figure 8.43 Regulation of flow and pressure – together.

Figure 8.44 Scroll compressor.

Figure 8.45 Operation scroll compressor – internal compression.

Figure 8.46 Rotor.

Figure 8.47Figure 8.47 Spiral.

Figure 8.48Figure 8.48 Stator.

Figure 8.49 Rotor and Scroll.

Figure 8.50 Tooth rotors.

Figure 8.51 Operation principle of tooth compressor: two cycles.

Figure 8.52 Operation rolling piston.

Figure 8.53 Parts rotary compressor.

Figure 8.54 Stator.

Figure 8.55 Swing compressor.

Figure 8.56Figure 8.56 Half‐moons as hinges.

Figure 8.57Figure 8.57 Parts.

Figure 8.58 Swing compressor.

Figure 8.59 Operation of a water ring compressor.

Figure 8.60Figure 8.60 Water ring compressor rotor.

Figure 8.61Figure 8.61 Water ring compressor with housing.

Figure 8.62 Sight on the housing and inlet port.

Figure 8.63 Two‐stage compressor.

Figure 8.64 Blow‐off to the atmosphere.

Figure 8.65 Bypass regulation.

Figure 8.66 Throttling the suction line.

Figure 8.67 Start–stop regulation.

Figure 8.68 Frequency regulation.

Figure 8.69 Semi‐hermetic refrigerant compressor.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Centrifugal fan.

Figure 9.2Figure 9.2 Centrifugal fan for air treatment, forward‐curved vanes.

Figure 9.3Figure 9.3 Plastic fan (corrosion resistant).

Figure 9.4 Fan with two‐sided entry.

Figure 9.5 Static and dynamic pressure.

Figure 9.6 Determination of the total pressure of a fan.

Figure 9.7 Types of fans.

Figure 9.8 Backward‐curved vanes.

Figure 9.9 Forward‐curved vanes.

Figure 9.10 Impeller forms ‐ radial vanes.

Figure 9.11 Characteristics for backward‐curved vanes.

Figure 9.12 Characteristics for forward‐curved vanes.

Figure 9.13 Characteristics for radial‐curved vanes.

Figure 9.14 Fan characteristics.

Figure 9.15 Preset diagram for BGS and BGD.

Figure 9.16 Preset diagram FGD and FGS.

Figure 9.17Figure 9.17 FGS‐400.

Figure 9.18 BGS‐400.

Figure 9.19 Cross‐stream fan.

Figure 9.20 Cross‐stream fan vortex.

Figure 9.21 Implementation.

Figure 9.22Figure 9.22 Operation of a side channel fan.

Figure 9.23Figure 9.23 Sight on rotor.

Figure 9.24 Implementation side channel fan.

Figure 9.25 Centrifugal fan.

Figure 9.26Figure 9.26 Turbocompressor in a diesel engine.

Figure 9.27Figure 9.27 Turbocompressor

Figure 9.28 High speed turbocompressor

Figure 9.29 Rotor of a centrifugal compressor

Figure 9.30Figure 9.30 Multistage centrifugal with half stator and full rotor.

Figure 9.31Figure 9.31 Upper sight on a multistage open centrifugal compressor ...

Figure 9.32Figure 9.32 Two stage centrifugal compressor with intercooling.

Figure 9.33Figure 9.33 Implementation three stage compressor.

Figure 9.34 Four stage centrifugal compressor with intercooling.

Figure 9.35 Isothermal compression with a centrifugal compressor.

Figure 9.36 Flow of compressed air through coolers at a three stage implementat...

Figure 9.37 Centrifugal refrigeration hermetic compressor.

Figure 9.38 Principle of an axial fan.

Figure 9.39 Axial fan.

Figure 9.40 Axial fan.

Figure 9.41 Characteristic of a fan.

Figure 9.42 Two‐stage axial fan.

Figure 9.43 Mounting.

Figure 9.44 Characteristic of a two‐stages axial fan.

Figure 9.45

Γ

 < 1.

Figure 9.46

Γ

 = 1.

Figure 9.47

Γ

 > 1.

Figure 9.48

Γ

= 0.5.

Figure 9.49 Velocity diagram contrarotating fans.

Figure 9.50 Lockheed XFV‐1.

Figure 9.51Figure 9.51 Lockheed XFV‐1.

Figure 9.52 Antonov AN‐70.

Figure 9.53 Fan with variable pitch.

Figure 9.54 Characteristics of fans with variable pitch.

Figure 9.55 Variable vane.

Figure 9.56Figure 9.56 Trim mechanism (hydraulic).

Figure 9.57Figure 9.57 Hyper fan for refrigeration installation.

Figure 9.58Figure 9.58 Cooling tower.

Figure 9.59Figure 9.59 Transport of vanes.

Figure 9.60 Curvature of vanes.

Figure 9.61 Vane channel axial compressor.

Figure 9.62 Axial compressor.

Figure 9.63 Multistage axial compressor.

Figure 9.64 Velocity triangles example.

Figure 9.65 Surge limit.

Figure 9.66 Characteristic.

Figure 9.67 General case of a tube

Figure 9.68 Flow function ψ.

Figure 9.69 Converging–diverging nozzle.

Figure 9.70 Calculation example of a nozzle.

Figure 9.71 Various situations of counterpressure.

Figure 9.72 Progress of mass flow with situations marked in function of

p

2

.

Figure 9.73 Progress of mass flow with situations marked in function of

p

3

.

Figure 9.74 Choke limit line on compressor characteristic.

Figure 9.75 Comparison of characteristics.

Figure 9.76 Flow passage.

Figure 9.77 Cooling axial compressor.

Figure 9.78 Regulation volumetric flow via rotation speed.

Figure 9.79 Characteristic.

Figure 9.80 Flow increase from

ν

to

ν′

.

Figure 9.81 Velocity triangles in the case that the flow decreases.

Figure 9.82 Effect of orientable guide vanes.

Figure 9.83 Characteristic with IGV.

Figure 9.84 Orientable stator vanes.

Figure 9.85 Implementation of variable stator vanes

Figure 9.86 IGV.

Figure 9.87 IGV and a centrifugal compressor.

Figure 9.88

pv

diagram.

Figure 9.89

Ts

diagram.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Principle of a jet ejector.

Figure 10.2 Welded steam ejector compressor.

Figure 10.3 Mixing heat exchanger.

Figure 10.4 Single‐stage steam jet fan ejector, using two 5 ejectors and three ...

Figure 10.5 Single‐stage steam jet fan ejector using three surface heat exchang...

Figure 10.6 Surface heat exchanger.

Figure 10.7Figure 10.7 Tubes of a shell and tube heat exchanger.

Figure 10.8 Drawing of shell and tube heat exchanger.

Figure 10.9 Plate heat exchanger.

Figure 10.10 Drawing of plate heat exchanger.

Figure 10.11 Section view of spiral heat exchanger.

Figure 10.12 Spiral heat exchanger.

Figure 10.13 Gas jet fan.

Figure 10.14 Gas jet compressor.

Figure 10.15 Gas jet liquid ejector.

Figure 10.16 Application steam jet fan.

Figure 10.17 Application gas jet fan.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Kinetic gas theory.

Figure 11.2 Mean free distance.

Figure 11.3 Applications on vacuum areas.

Figure 11.4 Bourdon measuring device.

Figure 11.5 Bourdon measuring devices.

Figure 11.6 Pirani gauge.

Figure 11.7 Thermocouple gauge.

Figure 11.8 Capacity membrane gauge.

Figure 11.9 Ionization gauges.

Figure 11.10 Hot cathode gauge and cold cathode gauge.

Figure 11.11 Types of flow.

Figure 11.12 Characteristic of a diaphragm vacuum pump.

Figure 11.13 Characteristic of a turbomolecular vacuum pump.

Figure 11.14 Diaphragm piston vacuum pump.

Figure 11.15 Operating principle.

Figure 11.16 Single‐stage jet pump.

Figure 11.17 Single‐stage steam jet vacuum ejector.

Figure 11.18 Heating ejector with steam.

Figure 11.19 Five‐stage steam jet pumps.

Figure 11.20 Two‐stage ejector with twin element surface condenser.

Figure 11.21Figure 11.21 Three stage ejector, 3 surface condensers.

Figure 11.22Figure 11.22 Two‐stage jet pump with heat exchangers.

Figure 11.23 Two‐stage jet pump with shell and tube heart exchangers : open she...

Figure 11.24 Performance of multistage steam jet pumps.

Figure 11.25 Dependence of vacuum pressure on temperature of the water.

Figure 11.26 Application of a liquid vacuum ejector pump.

Figure 11.27 Application of a gas jet vacuum pump.

Figure 11.28 Operation of a water ring pump with ejector.

Figure 11.29 Liquid ring pump with two‐sided entry.

Figure 11.30 Vane pump with three vanes.

Figure 11.31 Two‐vane pump.

Figure 11.32 Two‐vane vacuum pump.

Figure 11.33 Two‐stage vane pump.

Figure 11.34 Gas ballast.

Figure 11.35 Process in a vane pump with and without gas ballast.

Figure 11.36 Screw vacuum pump.

Figure 11.37Figure 11.37 Screw vacuum pump.

Figure 11.38 Screw vacuum pump.

Figure 11.39 Rolling piston.

Figure 11.40 Operation of a cycle.

Figure 11.41 Operation multistage claw vacuum pump.

Figure 11.42 Performance of multistage claw pumps.

Figure 11.43 Roots vacuum pump.

Figure 11.44 Roots vacuum pump.

Figure 11.45 Roots compressor as vacuum pump.

Figure 11.46 Multistage roots vacuum pump.

Figure 11.47 Diffusion pump.

Figure 11.48 Fractioning.

Figure 11.49 Diffusion pump.

Figure 11.50 Booster pump.

Figure 11.51 Distraction of molecules on a steady plate and a moving plate.

Figure 11.52Figure 11.52 Movement of molecules through the pump.

Figure 11.53Figure 11.53 Principle of a molecular pump.

Figure 11.54 Turbomolecular pump.

Figure 11.55 Zeolite crystals.

Figure 11.56 Zeolite with a porous structure.

Figure 11.58 Section adsorption pump.

Figure 11.57 Adsorption isotherms for zeolite 13X.

Figure 11.59 Sublimation pump.

Figure 11.60 Sight on titanium wires.

Figure 11.61 Operational principle of an ion pump.

Figure 11.62 First ever ion pump (1957).

Figure 11.63 Ion pump: sight on cathodes.

Guide

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Pumps and Compressors

Marc Borremans

Erasmus University College BrusselsAnderlecht, Belgium

Copyright

This edition first published 2019

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This Work is a co‐publication between John Wiley & Sons Ltd and ASME Press

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Marc Borremans to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Borremans, Marc, 1951‐ author.

Title: Pumps and Compressors / Marc Borremans, Erasmus University College

 Brussels, Anderlecht, Belgium.

Description: First edition. | Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons

 Ltd, [2019] | Series: Wiley-ASME press series | Includes index. |

 Identifiers: LCCN 2019009784 (print) | LCCN 2019012441 (ebook) | ISBN

 9781119534204 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119534082 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119534143

 (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Pumping machinery. | Compressors.

Classification: LCC TJ900 (ebook) | LCC TJ900 .B67 2019 (print) | DDC

 621.6/9–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019009784

Cover design: Wiley

Cover image: ©Franco Nadalin/EyeEm/Getty Images, ©esemelwe/Getty Images

Preface

When I studied electro‐mechanical engineering at the University of Brussels, my professor of applied mechanics explained how turbopumps and turbines work. He proved the equation of Euler: he drew two curved lines on the blackboard (yeah, that was 1970) and proved Euler's law, a proof of one page. Then he said, “This law applies to all pumps and turbines.” That was it. I wondered, “What do I know about a pump or turbine?” I had no answer. It was only when I became a professor and had to teach courses like “Pumps and compressors” and “Steam and gas turbines” and started to read magazines, brochures, and books on the subject that I saw what those devices looked like without a casing and how they worked. I also think that a beautiful or detailed picture can explain much more than text alone or dry formulas. That opinion informs this book. There are more than 700 drawings and pictures in this book. I hope you like them!

I worked a lot as a professor. I started in 1973 giving courses in electricity, electrotechnics, electronics, and high‐frequency techniques for four years. Then I became a professor in mechanics, giving courses in thermodynamics, applied thermodynamics (pumps and compressors, combustion engines, steam and gas turbines, refrigeration techniques, heat techniques), materials science, fluid mechanics, strength of materials, pneumatics and hydraulics, CAD2D, CAD3D, CNC, CAM, and so. For these subjects, I designed detailed courses, first on the typewriter (do you know what that is?) and then, from 1983, on the computer. My first computer had an 8‐bit processor with 16 kB of RAM and the printer was a matrix printer. In total I offered 45 subjects. When I ended my career, my courses comprised 2857 pages per year.

When I retired in 2007, I started collecting information for this book, beginning with my own course, and spent a year constantly writing on and researching the subject. I wrote in my mother tongue: Dutch.

In 2007, a search for “pumps” on Google elicited no fewer than 94 million references. The word “compressor” had a hit rate of 18 million. This is because both devices account for a significant part of the infrastructure of buildings, houses, and factories. It is reckoned that in a petrochemical plant there is one pump installed for every employee.

With this knowledge and 35 years' teaching experience, I started to draw up my own sort of encyclopedia. I collected as much information as possible from the literature, company brochures, and the Internet in order to catalogue as many of the pumps and compressors on the market as possible, writing a description of them, including their properties. It is left to the reader to find out which pump or compressor is the best for a certain job. That choice will not be distilled immediately from the book. The choice of a pump or compressor is not an exact science; it is an assessment of the pros and cons before a definitive choice can be made. Reasons for choosing a pump for a specific job are based on price, maintenance, lifecycle, regulation, type of fluid, etc. A reference list at www.wiley.com/go/borremans/pumps provides a lot of information including videos and animations that can be found on the internet for most types of pumps and compressors.

Much later, in 2018, I translated it into English, not without doing more research over several months. What you hold in your hands is the result. Maybe you could do the same work. But by buying this book you spare yourself a lot of time and money. If you now search Google using the word “pump”, you will get a lot of hits, but a lot of these will concern “shoe pumps.” For the word “compressor” you'll get 21 million hits.

Beyond this, most pictures in the book are not available anymore on the Internet. Nowadays, nearly all companies just show the casings of their pumps and compressors. Somebody told me it is because they don't want their ideas to be stolen. But to me that is pointless: rival companies can just buy a pump, dismantle it, and reverse engineer it. Just like the Japanese did after World War II, but they added the concept of constant quality and so made many improvements.

This book also uses concepts of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, two subjects I taught. In fact, pumps and compressors apply the concepts of these two basic branches of engineering science. Don't worry if this isn't your area of expertise: the information you will need to understand these branches is given in this book. When I started my career the subject I taught was called “Applied mechanics and thermodynamics” and later it was separated into “Pumps and compressors,” “Combustion engines and turbines,” and “Refrigeration techniques.”

This book is intended for technical high school students, college students, plant engineers, process engineers, and pump and compressor sales reps. Of course, in high schools, one has to make abstract on the mathematical framework. The book is also a kind of encyclopedia of the greater part of pumps and compressors on the market. It is impossible for a teacher or professor to go through the whole book in one course.

I use simple language to explain everything and in the hope that it will be easy for the reader to follow the reasoning. I oppose writing that forces the reader first has to make a grammatical analysis of every sentence.

Marc Borremans

[email protected]

https://www.borremansengineering.com

Acknowledgment

This colorful book wouldn't have been possible without the contribution of 67 enthusiastic companies, all over the world. They allowed me to use their pictures. They are, in alphabetical order:

AerzenAgilentAlfa LavalAlupAllweilerAndritzAteliers FrançoisAtlas CopcoBegemanBitzerBogeBurhardtBörgerBornemannBosch‐Rexroth GmbHCameron Compressor SystemsClasalCornellDabDaikin,DaurexDewekom EngineeringDuraEnsival MoretEbbm‐Papst

EggerEriksFlowserveFriothermJohnsonGardner DenverGeaGlynwed/Reinhütte pumpenGrassoHibonHoerlinger ValveHermetic pumps GmbHHus (Verder)Ingersoll RandiLLmVARCITT GoldpumpsSPXFlowKaeserKlimaKnfKoertingKSBLewVacLeybold VacuumPDC Machines

PfeifferPsg DoverRitzRotojetSeepexSepcoSihi‐Sterling (Flowserve)Speck PumpeScam‐TorinoShamai

SKFSystemairSulzerStorkVerderairViking PumpWarmanWattsWeirWemco

I would like to thank some people from Wiley, as well: Eric Willner for believing in the project, Steve Fassioms, Tim Bettsworth (the man with the sharp eye) for the editing, and in advance the typesetters, for their excellent work.

Used Symbols

Symbol

Meaning

Unit

a

Acceleration

m/s

2

a

′

Acceleration in suction line

m/s

2

A

Section piston

m

2

A

Cross section channel

m

2

A

surface

m

2

A

′

Section suction line

M

2

A

′

Perpendicular surface

m

2

c

⊥

Velocity perpendicular on surface

m/s

c

∥

Velocity along surface

m/s

c

Absolute velocity at impeller

m/s

c

Absolute at inlet rotor

m/s

c

l

Velocity lower surface hydrofoil

m/s

c

p

Specific heat at constant pressure

J/kg.K

c

v

Specific heat at constant volume

J/kg.K

c

u

Velocity upper surface hyrdofoil

m/s

c

1

r

Radial component

m/s

C

L

Lift factor

‐

C

D

Drag factor

‐

D

Diameter

m

D

Drag force

N

D

Diameter impeller

m

D

H

Hydraulic diameter

m

F

Force

N

F

C

Centrifugal force

N

g

Gravity acceleration

m/s

2

H

Height

m

h

Depth impeller

m

h

Specific enthalpy

J/kg

H

geo

Geodetic height

m

H

man

Manometric height (head)

m

H

p

Geodetic press height

m

H

s

Geodetic suction height

m

H

s

,

max

Maximum suction head

m

H

f

Friction loss head

m

k

Absolute roughness

m

l

1

Distance covered during suction stroke

m

l

2

Distance covered during press stroke

m

L

Length piston rod

m

L

Lift force

N

L

Length pipe line

m

L

′

Fictive length suction line

m

m

Mass

kg

m

*

Displaced mass per cylinder

kg

M

Molar mass

kg/kmol

n

Polytropic exponent

‐

N

Speed

rmp

N

s

Specific speed

m

3/4

 · s

−3/2

N

ss

Suction specific speed

m

3/4

 · s

−3/2

N

q

Dimionless specific speed

‐

N

ω

Dimensionless specific speed

‐

NPSH

a

Available net positive suction head

m

NPSH

ss

Suction net positive suction head

‐

NPSH

r

Required net positive suction head

m

O

cd

Surface under curve cd

J

O

ab

Surface under curve ab

J

p

v

Vapor pressure

Pa

p

Static pressure

Pa

p

a

Atmospheric pressure

Pa

p

abs

Absolute pressure

Pa

p

eff

Effective pressure

Pa

p

dyn

Dynamic pressure

Pa

p

man

Manometric (feed) pressure

Pa

p

geo

Geodetic (feed) pressure

Pa

p

v

,

p

Vapor pressure press vessel

Pa

p

v

,

s

Vapor pressure suction vessel

Pa

p

r,p

Pressure press chamber

Pa

p

r,s

Pressure suction chamber

Pa

p

f,s